The partial replacement of palm kernel shell by carbon black and halloysite nanotubes as fillers in natural rubber composites

Although carbon black has been the dominant filler material for rubber composites for over a century, it is a finite, fossil fuel-based product that is sensitive to geopolitical issues and economics. Renewable sources of carbon need to be developed to replace carbon black in order to reduce dependence on petroleum. Biochar is the solid material left over after the anaerobic treatment of biomass at high temperature. In this work, two biochars made from coppiced hardwoods, Paulownia elongata and Populus tremuloides were used to partially replace carbon black in rubber composites using a 50/50 blend of butadiene rubber and natural rubber. Rubber composite samples using these biochars were able to replace 30% of the carbon black with virtually no loss in tensile strength, and improved elongation and toughness compared to the reference sample containing 100% carbon black.

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Partial Replacement of Carbon Black by Rice Hulls and Soy Short Fibres as Fillers in Natural Rubber Composites: Effect on Mechanical Properties

Biopolymers and Biomaterials ◽

10.1201/9781315161983-17 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 163-214

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Carbon Black ◽

Natural Rubber ◽

Partial Replacement ◽

Rubber Composites ◽

Rice Hulls ◽

Natural Rubber Composites ◽

Short Fibres

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The Partial Replacement of Halloysite Nanotubes (HNTs) and Precipitated Silica by Recycled Poly(ethylene Terephthalate) Powder on Cure Behavior, Tensile Properties and Morphology of Natural Rubber Composites

Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.471-472.622 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 471-472 ◽

pp. 622-627 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

H. Nabil ◽

Hanafi Ismail ◽

A.R. Azura

Keyword(s):

Natural Rubber ◽

Tensile Properties ◽

Morphological Characteristics ◽

Halloysite Nanotubes ◽

Partial Replacement ◽

Rubber Matrix ◽

Tensile Fracture ◽

Rubber Composites ◽

Precipitated Silica ◽

Natural Rubber Composites

In this article, halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) and precipitated silica were replaced by recycled polyethylene terephthalate powder (R-PET) in natural rubber composites. Five different compositions of NR/HNTs/R-PET and NR/Silica/R-PET composites [i.e. 100/20/0, 100/15/5, 100/10/10, 100/5/15, and 100/0/20 parts per hundred rubber (phr)] were prepared on a two-roll-mill. Comparison of the curing behavior, tensile properties, and morphological characteristics of natural rubber composites was studied. The results indicated that the replacement of HNTs and silica by R-PET decreased the tensile strength, tensile modulus, and elongation at break of composites, but NR/Silica/R-PET composites showed the lower trend than that NR/HNTs/R-PET did. The negative effect of these properties could be explained by the decrement of crosslink density, R-PET is unable to be transferred the stress due to the weal rubber-fillers interactions, and the reducing of ductility of rubber matrix. The curing results revealed that, with replacement of HNTs and Silica by R-PET, the scorch time (ts2) and cure time (tc90) were decreased. Scanning electron microscopy investigation of tensile fracture surfaces conﬁrmed that co-incorporation of NR/HNTs/R-PET would improve the dispersion of R-PET and enhanced the interactions between fillers and NR matrix rather than NR/Silica/R-PET composites.

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A Study on the Curing Characteristics, Tensile, Fatigue, and Morphological Properties of Alkali-Treated Palm Kernel Shell-Filled Natural Rubber Composites

BioResources ◽

10.15376/biores.12.1.1273-1287 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Shuhairiah Daud ◽

Hanafi Ismail ◽

Azhar Abu Bakar

Keyword(s):

Natural Rubber ◽

Palm Kernel ◽

Morphological Properties ◽

Rubber Composites ◽

Palm Kernel Shell ◽

Curing Characteristics ◽

Tensile Fatigue ◽

Natural Rubber Composites

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Silica-Milled Paulownia Biochar as Partial Replacement of Carbon Black Filler in Natural Rubber

Journal of Composites Science ◽

10.3390/jcs3040107 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 (4) ◽

pp. 107 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Steven C. Peterson

Keyword(s):

Carbon Black ◽

Natural Rubber ◽

Partial Replacement ◽

Styrene Butadiene Rubber ◽

Butadiene Rubber ◽

Rubber Composites ◽

Renewable Source ◽

Tire Industry ◽

Natural Rubber Composites ◽

Styrene Butadiene

Carbon black (CB) has been the dominant filler in the tire industry for decades. The demand for this petroleum byproduct is ever increasing, although petroleum markets can be volatile due to geopolitical issues. Finding sustainable, renewable substitutes for CB reduces the dependence on petroleum. Biochar is a renewable source of carbon that was studied as a potential CB replacement filler in styrene–butadiene rubber (SBR) composites, but little has been done in terms of natural rubber (NR). In this work, biochar made from fast-growing Paulownia elongata was co-milled with small amounts of silica in order to reduce the larger particle size typical with biochar respective to CB. The resulting silica-milled Paulownia biochar (PB) was then used to replace CB in natural rubber (NR) composites. By using this method to make natural rubber composites with 30% total filler, half of the CB was fully replaced with silica-milled biochar with very little loss (<6%) of tensile strength, and equal or better elongation and toughness compared to the 100% CB-filled control composite.

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