UASB Performance and Perspectives in Urban Wastewater Treatment at Sub-Mesophilic Operating Temperature

UASBs present several advantages compared to conventional wastewater treatment processes, including relatively low construction cost facilities, low excess sludge production, plain operation and maintenance, energy generation in the form of biogas, robustness in terms of COD removal efficiency, pH stability, and recovery time. Although anaerobic treatment is possible at every temperature, colder climates lead to lower process performance and biogas production. These factors can be critical in determining the applicability and sustainability of this technology for the treatment of urban wastewater at low operating temperature. The purpose of this study is the performance evaluation of a pilot-scale (2.75 m3) UASB reactor for treatment of urban wastewater at sub-mesophilic temperature (25 °C), below the optimal range for the process, as related to biogas production and organic matter removal. The results show that, despite lower methane production and COD removal efficiency compared to operation under ideal conditions, a UASB can still achieve satisfactory performance, and although not sufficient to grant effluent discharge requirements, it may be used as a pretreatment step for carbon removal with some degree of energy recovery. Options for UASB pretreatment applications in municipal WWTPs are discussed.

Electron transfer via cytochrome b6f complex displays sensitivity to Antimycin A upon STT7 kinase activation.

The cytochrome b6f complex (b6f) has been initially considered as the ferredoxin-plastoquinone reductase (FQR) during cyclic electron flow (CEF) with photosystem I that is inhibited by antimycin A (AA). The binding of AA to the b6f Qi-site is aggravated by heme-ci, which challenged the FQR function of b6f during CEF. Alternative models suggest that PROTON GRADIENT REGULATION5 (PGR5) is involved in a b6f-independent, AA-sensitive FQR. Here, we show in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii that the b6f is conditionally inhibited by AA in vivo and that the inhibition did not require PGR5. Instead, activation of the STT7 kinase upon anaerobic treatment induced the AA sensitivity of b6f which was absent in stt7-1. However, a lock in State 2 due to persisting phosphorylation in the phosphatase double mutant pph1;pbcp did not increase AA sensitivity of electron transfer. The latter required a redox poise, supporting the view that state transitions and CEF are not coercively coupled. This suggests that the b6f-interacting kinase is required for structure-function modulation of the Qi-site under CEF favoring conditions. We propose that PGR5 and STT7 independently sustain AA-sensitive FQR activity of the b6f. Accordingly, PGR5-mediated electron injection into an STT7-modulated Qi-site drives a Mitchellian Q cycle in CEF conditions.

Modernization of Anaerobic Bioreactor for Waste Water Purification Plant

Analysis of literature sources suggests that the use of anaerobic treatment methods is especially effective for high concentrations of contaminants in wastewater, as well as for large volumes of water supplied for treatment, which is typical for industrial wastewater. In biotechnological production and food industry, waste water has a high level of pollution with organic compounds, it is advisable to use anaerobic treatment methods. Anaerobic wastewater treatment processes are characterized by low energy consumption and the ability to recover energy through the combustion of methane. To ensure the required temperature regime for the operation of the bioreactor, a new design of the heat exchange device of the anaerobic bioreactor with immobilized microorganisms has been developed. This design of the bioreactor can provide the required degree of wastewater purification at significantly lower costs for construction, operation, and material and energy resources. For clarity, the design features were designed bioreactor with a plane load of bundled software SOLIDWORKS and a mathematical model of the processes of anaerobic wastewater treatment.

Anaerobic Treatment for Palm Oil Mill Effluent Using Covered In-the Ground Anaerobic Reactor (CIGAR)

Wastewater from crude palm oil mills contains high organic matter, which potentially produces biogas through anaerobic digestion processes. The design and operation of an anaerobic bioreactor require a good understanding of the reaction kinetic in the bioreactor. This study aimed to evaluate the biogas production from POME and to determine the kinetic parameters of microbial growth and the substrate utilization rates in a CIGAR. An experiment was conducted using a 5-m3 bioreactor with a working volume of 4.4 m3. Wastewater from the Bekri palm oil mill was stored in a 5-m3 tank. After stabilization, the wastewater was loaded into the reactor at a rate of 100 to 250 L/d, corresponding to a COD loading rate of 1.373-3.097 kg·m-3.d-1, and an HRT of 18-44 days. Monod, Contois, Moser, and Shuler kinetic models were evaluated. The results showed that the Shuler model performed best for microbial activities, while the first order reaction model performed best for the substrate utilization kinetic. The maximum specific growth rate (μmax) for the Shuler model was 0.052 d-1 and the saturation constant (Kso) was 0.119. The maximum substrate utilization rate constant (ks) was 2.183 d-1 and biomass yield (Yx/s) 0.024 kg/kg. The maximum average efficiency of anaerobic degradation (34.4%) occurred at a feeding rate of 100 L/d with methane yield of 0.120 Nm3/kg of removed COD. This value is relatively low compared to the maximum potential of 0.350 Nm3/kg CODr.

Biogas Production through Co-Digestion of Olive Mill with Municipal Sewage Sludge and Cow Manure

The treatment of olive mill (OM) residues from agricultural facilities is a daunting challenge since tremendous amounts are disposed per annum that should be treated. One of the promising treatment methods is the anaerobic methanogenic digestion of OM residues. In current investigations, the anaerobic digestion of the OM substrate is enhanced through mixing its slurries with sewage sludge (SS) or with cow manure (C), which consists of the kernels for the digestion process. Besides feedstock, other operational parameters such as hydraulic retention time (HRT), temperature and pH have a great impact on the biogas production rate and quality. Experimental investigations were conducted by means of the anaerobic biodegradation of the substrate for OM-SS and -C using a batch reactor under mesophilic conditions and foreseen HRT for 30 days. Almost neutral pH values of 7.4-7.6 were found for the anaerobic treatment of the substrate for OM-SS, and a slightly acidic pH in the range of 4.8-5.3 was found for the anaerobic treatment of the substrate for OM-C. The results revealed that the biogas production for OM-SS and -C exceeded 0.07 and 0.31 LBiogas/(LFerm·day), respectively. Regarding the COD reduction, its removal efficiency was obtained as 46.1 and 53.8% for OM-SS and -C respectively. For economic concerns, significant methane yields were attained as 56.8 and 115.8 [LCH4/kgCOD] for the OM-SS and -C substrates, respectively. In virtue of these remarkable merits, anaerobic methanogenic digestion should be adapted to a commercial scale for the treatment and biogas production of OM residues.

Results of compact facility work with anaerobic treatment of highly concentrated runoffs

This scientific work is devoted to the results of the local treatment facilities’ work for food enterprises sewerage. The complex under consideration is intended for the anaerobic processing of whey, formed during fermented milk production. Whey is one of the specific organic substances, which main component is lactose (sucrose). It is converted under anaerobic conditions into lactic acid, which is a metabolic dead end. The capacity can be used as a homogenizing tank, obtained in this way. In the future, it is proposed to increase the homogenizer volume to 100 m3. It is recommended to use ammonium hydroxide or sulfate to ensure the required ratio between COD and biogenic element (nitrogen) in the loaded whey. Possible biogenic additives can be sewage sludge or slurry. The experience of adjustment was shown that slurry from cattle farms was quite simple, inexpensive and quite effective. Slurry can be injected in 3-4 m3 every 2-3 days. The stability of pH values in the bioreactor can be ensured by the correct placement of sensors for monitoring this indicator and by changing the method of alkali introduction. It is recommended to install pH control sensors at the bottom of the bioreactor, instead of whey loading pipeline. In order to provide for fractional injection of alkali, we should introduce part of the alkali at the homogenization stage, and part directly into the bioreactor. For an unimpeded build-up of anaerobic biomass, it is recommended to replace the centrifuge thickener operating with flocculant with the classic version of thickening in a compactor without flocculant adding.

Looking for lipases and lipolytic organisms in low-temperature anaerobic reactors treating domestic wastewater

Poor lipid degradation limits low-temperature anaerobic treatment of domestic wastewater even when psychrophiles are used. We combined metagenomics and metaproteomics to find lipolytic bacteria and their potential, and actual, cold-adapted extracellular lipases in anaerobic membrane bioreactors treating domestic wastewater at 4℃ and 15℃. Of the 40 recovered putative lipolytic metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs), only three (Chlorobium, Desulfobacter, and Mycolicibacterium) were common and abundant (relative abundance ≥ 1%) in all reactors. Notably, some MAGs that represented aerobic autotrophs contained lipases. Therefore, we hypothesised that the lipases we found are not always associated with exogenous lipid degradation and can have other roles such as polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) accumulation/degradation and interference with the outer membranes of other bacteria. Metaproteomics did not provide sufficient proteome coverage for relatively lower abundant proteins such as lipases though the expression of fadL genes, long-chain fatty acid transporters, was confirmed for four genera (Dechloromonas, Azoarcus, Aeromonas and Sulfurimonas), none of which were recovered as putative lipolytic MAGs. Metaproteomics also confirmed the presence of 15 relatively abundant (≥1%) genera in all reactors, of which at least 6 can potentially accumulate lipid/polyhydroxyalkanoates. For most putative lipolytic MAGs, there was no statistically significant correlation between the read abundance and reactor conditions such as temperature, phase (biofilm and bulk liquid), and feed type (treated by ultraviolet light or not). Results obtained by metagenomics and metaproteomics did not confirm each other and further work is required to identify the true lipid degraders in these systems. Keywords: Anaerobic treatment, domestic wastewater, psychrophilic extracellular lipases, metagenomics, metaproteomics

Applicability of biological wastewater treatment for various industries

Biological treatment methods are used to remove organic and some inorganic substances from wastewater using the simplest organisms that use these substances for nutrition, breaking them down using cellular processes. The article deals with the aerobic, anaerobic and anoxic stages of biological wastewater treatment. Their differences are explained and the best way to use biological processes is analyzed according to the type of industry/production. At wastewater treatment plants, anaerobic treatment is often used at first to remove a significant part of organic substances from wastewater before sending them for further aerobic treatment. Aerobic treatment is effective for various types of wastewater, especially with lower biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD). A comparative analysis of wastewater composition from food, oil and gas processing, pharmaceutical and pulp and paper industries was carried out. In the presence of organic compounds, the technology is chosen depending on the total organic matter content or the total COD content, which characterizes the total organic matter in water. A combination of anaerobic and aerobic methods is possible, if a discharge into the sewer system or into water bodies is required. The grounds for the application of biological wastewater treatment of these industries are given.