Pre-clinical test for non-invasive (in vitro) blood glucose levels measuring at visible light wavelengths

The calibration method is an alternative method that can be used to analyze the relationship between invasive and non-invasive blood glucose levels. Calibration modeling generally has a large dimension and contains multicolinearities because usually in functional data the number of independent variables (p) is greater than the number of observations (p>n). Both problems can be overcome using Functional Regression (FR) and Functional Principal Component Regression (FPCR). FPCR is based on Principal Component Analysis (PCA). In FPCR, the data is transformed using a polynomial basis before data reduction. This research tried to model the equations of spectral calibration of voltage value excreted by non-invasive blood glucose level monitoring devices to predict blood glucose using FR and FPCR. This study aimed to determine the best calibration model for measuring non-invasive blood glucose levels with the FR and FPCR. The results of this research showed that the FR model had a bigger coefficient determination (R2) value and lower Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and Root Mean Square Error Prediction (RMSEP) value than the FPCR model, which was 12.9%, 5.417, and 5.727 respectively. Overall, the calibration modeling with the FR model is the best model for estimate blood glucose level compared to the FPCR model.

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Non-Invasive Determination of Blood Glucose Levels by Optical Waveguide

Iranian journal of diabetes and obesity ◽

10.18502/ijdo.v13i4.8001 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Mohsen Askarbioki ◽

Mojtaba Mortazavi ◽

Abdolhamid Amooee ◽

Saeid Kargar ◽

Mohammad Afkhami-Ardekani ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Glucose ◽

Optical Waveguide ◽

Interstitial Fluid ◽

Evanescent Waves ◽

The Body ◽

Statistical Population ◽

Glucose Levels ◽

Non Invasive ◽

Blood Glucose Levels

Objective: Today, there are various non-invasive techniques available for the determination of blood glucose levels. In this study, the level of blood glucose was determined by developing a new device using near-infrared (NIR) wavelength, glass optical waveguide, and the phenomenon of evanescent waves. Materials and Methods: The body's interstitial fluid has made possible the development of new technology to measure the blood glucose. As a result of contacting the fingertip with the body of the borehole rod, where electromagnetic waves are reflected inside, evanescent waves penetrate from the borehole into the skin and are absorbed by the interstitial fluid. The electromagnetic wave rate absorption at the end of the borehole rod is investigated using a detection photodetector, and its relationship to the people's actual blood glucose level. Following precise optimization and design of the glucose monitoring device, a statistical population of 100 participants with a maximum blood glucose concentration of 200 mg/dL was chosen. Before measurements, participants put their index finger for 30 seconds on the device. Results: According to this experimental study, the values measured by the innovative device with Clark grid analysis were clinically acceptable in scales A and B. The Adjusted Coefficient of Determination of the data was estimated to be 0.9064. Conclusion: For future investigations, researchers are recommended to work with a larger statistical population and use error reduction trends to improve the accuracy and expand the range of measurements.

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A Review of Non-Invasive Optical Systems for Continuous Blood Glucose Monitoring

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s21206820 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (20) ◽

pp. 6820

Author(s):

Bushra Alsunaidi ◽

Murad Althobaiti ◽

Mahbubunnabi Tamal ◽

Waleed Albaker ◽

Ibraheem Al-Naib

Keyword(s):

Blood Glucose ◽

Glucose Monitoring ◽

Daily Basis ◽

Glucose Sensing ◽

Blood Glucose Monitoring ◽

Optical Systems ◽

Glucose Levels ◽

Non Invasive ◽

Blood Glucose Levels ◽

Continuous Blood Glucose Monitoring

The prevalence of diabetes is increasing globally. More than 690 million cases of diabetes are expected worldwide by 2045. Continuous blood glucose monitoring is essential to control the disease and avoid long-term complications. Diabetics suffer on a daily basis with the traditional glucose monitors currently in use, which are invasive, painful, and cost-intensive. Therefore, the demand for non-invasive, painless, economical, and reliable approaches to monitor glucose levels is increasing. Since the last decades, many glucose sensing technologies have been developed. Researchers and scientists have been working on the enhancement of these technologies to achieve better results. This paper provides an updated review of some of the pioneering non-invasive optical techniques for monitoring blood glucose levels that have been proposed in the last six years, including a summary of state-of-the-art error analysis and validation techniques.

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Ridge Robust Regression Analysis on Measurement of Non-Invasive Blood Glucose Levels

International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications (IJSRP) ◽

10.29322/ijsrp.10.06.2020.p102109 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (06) ◽

pp. 913-917

Author(s):

Linda Rassiyanti ◽

Erfiani . ◽

Indahwati .

Keyword(s):

Regression Analysis ◽

Blood Glucose ◽

Robust Regression ◽

Glucose Levels ◽

Non Invasive ◽

Blood Glucose Levels

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Oral DhHP-6 for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms20061517 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 20 (6) ◽

pp. 1517 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Kai Wang ◽

Yu Su ◽

Yuting Liang ◽

Yanhui Song ◽

Liping Wang

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Blood Glucose ◽

Enzymatic Activity ◽

Glucose Levels ◽

Blood Glucose Levels

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is associated with pancreatic β-cell dysfunction which can be induced by oxidative stress. Deuterohemin-βAla-His-Thr-Val-Glu-Lys (DhHP-6) is a microperoxidase mimetic that can scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) in vivo. In our previous studies, we demonstrated an increased stability of linear peptides upon their covalent attachment to porphyrins. In this study, we assessed the utility of DhHP-6 as an oral anti-diabetic drug in vitro and in vivo. DhHP-6 showed high resistance to proteolytic degradation in vitro and in vivo. The degraded DhHP-6 product in gastrointestinal (GI) fluid retained the enzymatic activity of DhHP-6, but displayed a higher permeability coefficient. DhHP-6 protected against the cell damage induced by H2O2 and promoted insulin secretion in INS-1 cells. In the T2DM model, DhHP-6 reduced blood glucose levels and facilitated the recovery of blood lipid disorders. DhHP-6 also mitigated both insulin resistance and glucose tolerance. Most importantly, DhHP-6 promoted the recovery of damaged pancreas islets. These findings suggest that DhHP-6 in physiological environments has high stability against enzymatic degradation and maintains enzymatic activity. As DhHP-6 lowered the fasting blood glucose levels of T2DM mice, it thus represents a promising candidate for oral administration and clinical therapy.

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Baking Effect on Resistant Starch Digestion from Composite Bread Produced with Partial Wheat Flour Substitution

Journal of Food Quality ◽

10.1155/2020/9245035 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-13

Author(s):

Rafael Grassi de Alcântara ◽

Heidge Fukumasu ◽

Paulo Cesar Fabricio Raspantini ◽

Leonila Ester Reinert Raspantini ◽

Caroline Joy Steel ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Glucose ◽

Wheat Flour ◽

Resistant Starch ◽

Composite Flour ◽

Corn Flour ◽

Glucose Levels ◽

Baked Goods ◽

Blood Glucose Levels ◽

Green Banana

The consumption of composite flour, such as green banana and corn flour, is related to maintain stable blood glucose levels, due to high resistant starch levels. However, most of these studies have conducted analyses of unprocessed food such as flour. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of baking on resistant starch concentration and digestion from bread produced with partial wheat flour substitution. Response surface methodology was used to evaluate bread physical-chemical characteristics, and then, sensorial and nutritional qualities of the bread were evaluated. The feasibility of incorporating 40% of corn flour was demonstrated, while incorporation of 20% produced bread with similar characteristics to the control; for green banana flour, these levels were 20 and 10%, respectively. Resistant starch levels of composite breads were also enhanced by in vitro analyses. On the other hand, in vivo blood glucose levels evidenced that the ingestion of breads produced with partial wheat flour substitution by green banana or corn flour promoted a more important peak in blood glucose levels in comparison with control bread, which was never previously presented in the literature. Bread ingestion rapidly increased the blood glucose levels of rats; once during the baking process, starch granules become gelatinized and therefore easily digestible. Furthermore, this study also highlighted the lack and need for future investigation of wheat flour-substituted baked goods, in order to better understand mechanical properties formation and also product digestibility.

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Glycemic Variability in Diabetes Increases the Severity of Influenza

mBio ◽

10.1128/mbio.02841-19 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Rebecca J. Marshall ◽

Pornthida Armart ◽

Katina D. Hulme ◽

Keng Yih Chew ◽

Alexandra C. Brown ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Glucose ◽

Glycemic Variability ◽

Endothelial Barrier ◽

Glucose Levels ◽

Blood Glucose Levels ◽

Severe Influenza ◽

Increased Risk ◽

History Of

ABSTRACT People with diabetes are two times more likely to die from influenza than people with no underlying medical condition. The mechanisms underlying this susceptibility are poorly understood. In healthy individuals, small and short-lived postprandial peaks in blood glucose levels occur. In diabetes mellitus, these fluctuations become greater and more frequent. This glycemic variability is associated with oxidative stress and hyperinflammation. However, the contribution of glycemic variability to the pathogenesis of influenza A virus (IAV) has not been explored. Here, we used an in vitro model of the pulmonary epithelial-endothelial barrier and novel murine models to investigate the role of glycemic variability in influenza severity. In vitro, a history of glycemic variability significantly increased influenza-driven cell death and destruction of the epithelial-endothelial barrier. In vivo, influenza virus-infected mice with a history of glycemic variability lost significantly more body weight than mice with constant blood glucose levels. This increased disease severity was associated with markers of oxidative stress and hyperinflammation both in vitro and in vivo. Together, these results provide the first indication that glycemic variability may help drive the increased risk of severe influenza in people with diabetes mellitus. IMPORTANCE Every winter, people with diabetes are at increased risk of severe influenza. At present, the mechanisms that cause this increased susceptibility are unclear. Here, we show that the fluctuations in blood glucose levels common in people with diabetes are associated with severe influenza. These data suggest that glycemic stability could become a greater clinical priority for patients with diabetes during outbreaks of influenza.

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