Non-Invasive Determination of Blood Glucose Levels by Optical Waveguide

Objective: Today, there are various non-invasive techniques available for the determination of blood glucose levels. In this study, the level of blood glucose was determined by developing a new device using near-infrared (NIR) wavelength, glass optical waveguide, and the phenomenon of evanescent waves. Materials and Methods: The body's interstitial fluid has made possible the development of new technology to measure the blood glucose. As a result of contacting the fingertip with the body of the borehole rod, where electromagnetic waves are reflected inside, evanescent waves penetrate from the borehole into the skin and are absorbed by the interstitial fluid. The electromagnetic wave rate absorption at the end of the borehole rod is investigated using a detection photodetector, and its relationship to the people's actual blood glucose level. Following precise optimization and design of the glucose monitoring device, a statistical population of 100 participants with a maximum blood glucose concentration of 200 mg/dL was chosen. Before measurements, participants put their index finger for 30 seconds on the device. Results: According to this experimental study, the values measured by the innovative device with Clark grid analysis were clinically acceptable in scales A and B. The Adjusted Coefficient of Determination of the data was estimated to be 0.9064. Conclusion: For future investigations, researchers are recommended to work with a larger statistical population and use error reduction trends to improve the accuracy and expand the range of measurements.

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Towards Non-Invasive Extraction and Determination of Blood Glucose Levels

Bioengineering ◽

10.3390/bioengineering4040082 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 4 (4) ◽

pp. 82 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Catherine Todd ◽

Paola Salvetti ◽

Katy Naylor ◽

Mohammad Albatat

Keyword(s):

Blood Glucose ◽

Glucose Levels ◽

Non Invasive ◽

Blood Glucose Levels

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calibration modeling in non invasive blood glucose levels using support vector regression

International Journal of Scientific Research in Science Engineering and Technology ◽

10.32628/ijsrset21841123 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 185-189

Author(s):

Rosni A ◽

Hari Wijayanto ◽

Erfiani A

Keyword(s):

Blood Glucose ◽

Support Vector Regression ◽

The Body ◽

Coefficient Of Determination ◽

Support Vector ◽

Measurement Tool ◽

Calibration Model ◽

Glucose Levels ◽

Non Invasive ◽

Blood Glucose Levels

accurate measurement of blood glucose levels is needed in the treatment and prevention of diabetes mellitus. blood glucose levels can be measured by injuring (invasive) and not injuring (non-invasive) parts of the body. invasive measurements can cause discomfort for patients and require relatively more expensive costs. one alternative to overcome this problem is to develop a non-invasive measurement tool. the relationship between the two measurement results can be modeled using calibration. the aim of this study was to predict non-invasive blood glucose levels. the data used were part of the data on prototype clinical trial and development research for monitoring tools for non invasive blood glucose levels at the bogor agricultural university (ipb). the approach method used was support vector regression (svr) for high dimensional data in the calibration model. the results indicated that the svr using a base radial kernel was the best model. prediction results of non-invasive blood glucose levels had closer blood glucose levels to the results of invasive measurements. this wass supported by a greater value of the coefficient of determination and the smaller value of root mean square error prediction. furthermore, it can be concluded that the model obtained could be used to predict non-invasive glucose levels and could be recommended to related sectors. however, these results were still in a narrow range of data so that it becomes a suggestion for related parties to use more samples in order to widened the range of data.

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Non-Invasive Blood Glucose Monitoring Using a Curved Goubau Line

Electronics ◽

10.3390/electronics8060662 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (6) ◽

pp. 662 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Louis WY Liu ◽

Abhishek Kandwal ◽

Qingsha Cheng ◽

Hongjian Shi ◽

Igbe Tobore ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Glucose ◽

Glucose Monitoring ◽

Thick Layer ◽

The Body ◽

Blood Glucose Monitoring ◽

Vacuum Suction ◽

Measuring Device ◽

Glucose Levels ◽

Non Invasive ◽

Blood Glucose Levels

Non-invasive blood glucose monitoring at microwave frequencies is generally thought to be unreliable in terms of reproducibility of measurements. The failure to reproduce a blood glucose measurement from one experiment to another is in major part due to the unwanted interaction of leaky waves between the ambient environment and the blood glucose measuring device. In this work, we have overcome this problem by simply eliminating the leaky modes through the use of surface electromagnetic waves from a curved Goubau line. In the proposed methodology, a fixed volume of blood-filled skin tissue was first formed by vacuum suction and partially wound with a curved Goubau line which was coated with a 3 mm thick layer of gelatin/glycerin composite. Blood glucose levels were non-invasively determined using a network analyzer. At 4.5 GHz, a near-linear correlation exists between the measured S12 parameters and the blood glucose levels. The measured correlation was highly reproducible and consistent with the measurements obtained using the conventional invasive lancing approach. The findings of this work suggest the feasibility of non-invasive detection of left and right imbalances in the body.

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Microwave-based non-invasive blood glucose levels monitoring using flexible UWB antennas

12th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP 2018) ◽

10.1049/cp.2018.1223 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Fengzhou Wang

Keyword(s):

Blood Glucose ◽

Glucose Levels ◽

Uwb Antennas ◽

Non Invasive ◽

Blood Glucose Levels

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Comparison of Functional Regression and Functional Principal Component Regression for Estimating Non-Invasive Blood Glucose Level

Indonesian Journal of Statistics and Its Applications ◽

10.29244/ijsa.v5i1p14-25 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 14-25

Author(s):

Nurul Fadhilah ◽

Erfiani Erfiani ◽

Indahwati Indahwati

Keyword(s):

Blood Glucose ◽

Blood Glucose Level ◽

Glucose Level ◽

Principal Component Regression ◽

Principal Component ◽

Functional Regression ◽

Glucose Levels ◽

Non Invasive ◽

Blood Glucose Levels ◽

Functional Principal Component

The calibration method is an alternative method that can be used to analyze the relationship between invasive and non-invasive blood glucose levels. Calibration modeling generally has a large dimension and contains multicolinearities because usually in functional data the number of independent variables (p) is greater than the number of observations (p>n). Both problems can be overcome using Functional Regression (FR) and Functional Principal Component Regression (FPCR). FPCR is based on Principal Component Analysis (PCA). In FPCR, the data is transformed using a polynomial basis before data reduction. This research tried to model the equations of spectral calibration of voltage value excreted by non-invasive blood glucose level monitoring devices to predict blood glucose using FR and FPCR. This study aimed to determine the best calibration model for measuring non-invasive blood glucose levels with the FR and FPCR. The results of this research showed that the FR model had a bigger coefficient determination (R2) value and lower Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and Root Mean Square Error Prediction (RMSEP) value than the FPCR model, which was 12.9%, 5.417, and 5.727 respectively. Overall, the calibration modeling with the FR model is the best model for estimate blood glucose level compared to the FPCR model.

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A Review of Non-Invasive Optical Systems for Continuous Blood Glucose Monitoring

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s21206820 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (20) ◽

pp. 6820

Author(s):

Bushra Alsunaidi ◽

Murad Althobaiti ◽

Mahbubunnabi Tamal ◽

Waleed Albaker ◽

Ibraheem Al-Naib

Keyword(s):

Blood Glucose ◽

Glucose Monitoring ◽

Daily Basis ◽

Glucose Sensing ◽

Blood Glucose Monitoring ◽

Optical Systems ◽

Glucose Levels ◽

Non Invasive ◽

Blood Glucose Levels ◽

Continuous Blood Glucose Monitoring

The prevalence of diabetes is increasing globally. More than 690 million cases of diabetes are expected worldwide by 2045. Continuous blood glucose monitoring is essential to control the disease and avoid long-term complications. Diabetics suffer on a daily basis with the traditional glucose monitors currently in use, which are invasive, painful, and cost-intensive. Therefore, the demand for non-invasive, painless, economical, and reliable approaches to monitor glucose levels is increasing. Since the last decades, many glucose sensing technologies have been developed. Researchers and scientists have been working on the enhancement of these technologies to achieve better results. This paper provides an updated review of some of the pioneering non-invasive optical techniques for monitoring blood glucose levels that have been proposed in the last six years, including a summary of state-of-the-art error analysis and validation techniques.

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Ridge Robust Regression Analysis on Measurement of Non-Invasive Blood Glucose Levels

International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications (IJSRP) ◽

10.29322/ijsrp.10.06.2020.p102109 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (06) ◽

pp. 913-917

Author(s):

Linda Rassiyanti ◽

Erfiani . ◽

Indahwati .

Keyword(s):

Regression Analysis ◽

Blood Glucose ◽

Robust Regression ◽

Glucose Levels ◽

Non Invasive ◽

Blood Glucose Levels

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Comparison of Glucose Concentration in Interstitial Fluid, and Capillary and Venous Blood During Rapid Changes in Blood Glucose Levels

Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics ◽

10.1089/15209150152607132 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 3 (3) ◽

pp. 357-365 ◽

Cited By ~ 90

Author(s):

Suresh N. Thennadil ◽

Jessica L. Rennert ◽

Brian J. Wenzel ◽

Kevin H. Hazen ◽

Timothy L. Ruchti ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Glucose ◽

Glucose Concentration ◽

Interstitial Fluid ◽

Venous Blood ◽

Glucose Levels ◽

Blood Glucose Levels ◽

Rapid Changes

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Assessment of Blood Glucose and Electrolytes during Cardiopulmonary Bypass in Diabetic and Non-Diabetic Patients of Pakistan

Global Journal of Health Science ◽

10.5539/gjhs.v8n9p159 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 8 (9) ◽

pp. 159

Author(s):

Muhammad Bilal ◽

Abdul Haseeb ◽

Mohammad Hassaan Khan ◽

Akash Khetpal ◽

Muhammad Saad ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Glucose ◽

Cardiopulmonary Bypass ◽

Repeated Measures ◽

Artery Bypass ◽

The Body ◽

Diabetic Patients ◽

Blood Electrolytes ◽

Glucose Levels ◽

Blood Glucose Levels ◽

Significant Difference

INTRODUCTION: Perioperative hyperglycemia has been shown to be related to higher levels of morbidity and mortality in patients on cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), both diabetic and non-diabetic. Blood electrolytes, like sodium, potassium, calcium, and chloride play a very important role in the normal functioning of the body and can lead to a variety of clinical disorders if they become deficient. A minimal number of studies have been conducted on the simultaneous perioperative changes in both blood glucose and electrolyte levels during CPB in Pakistan. Therefore, our aim is to record and compare the changes in blood glucose and electrolyte levels during CPB in diabetic and non-diabetic patients.MATERIALS & METHODS: This was a prospective, observational study conducted on 200 patients who underwent CABG with CPB, from October 2014 to March 2015. The patients were recruited from the Cardiac Surgery Ward, Civil Hospital Karachi after they complied with the inclusion criteria. Repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare the trend of the changes perioperatively for the two groups.RESULTS: There was no significant difference in changes in blood glucose between the two groups (P = 0.62). The only significant difference detected between the two groups was for PaCO2 (P = 0.001). Besides, further analysis revealed insignificant group differences for the trend changes in other blood electrolytes (P > 0.05).CONCLUSION: Our findings highlighted that there is no significant difference in blood electrolytes changes and the increase in blood glucose levels between diabetic and non-diabetic patients.

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