From a eutectic mixture to a deep eutectic system via anion selection: Glutaric acid + tetraethylammonium halides

2021 ◽  
Vol 155 (1) ◽  
pp. 014502
Author(s):  
Adriaan van den Bruinhorst ◽  
Laura J. B. M. Kollau ◽  
Mark Vis ◽  
Marco M. R. M. Hendrix ◽  
Jan Meuldijk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glutaric Acid ◽  
Eutectic Mixture ◽  
Eutectic System

Polymeric Eutectic System

2012 ◽  
Vol 528 ◽  
pp. 180-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Tuntarawongsa ◽  
T. Phaechamud
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Drug Release ◽  
Chemical Interaction ◽  
Polymer Concentration ◽  
Eutectic Mixture ◽  
Eutectic System ◽  
Biocompatible Polymer ◽  
Exponential Curve ◽  
Pharmaceutical Applications ◽  
The One

The liquid eutectic system comprising 1:1 menthol:camphor was selected to use as solvent due to it was lowest viscosity. Both menthol and camphor used in this eutectic system have been reported for their many pharmaceutical used. Various polymers were tested for their solubility in this eutectic system. Eudragit® EPO showed the highest solubility. Eudragit® EPO was the one of biocompatible polymer which could dissolve in this eutectic system up to 40% w/w with no chemical interaction of each compound. Viscosity of this system showed the exponential curve as a function of polymer concentration but all concentration showed the newtonian rheology. The pH and surface tension were slightly affected by type and amount of polymers. The obtained polymeric eutectic mixture should control the drug release for pharmaceutical applications.

Menthol, Borneol, Camphor and WS-3 Eutectic Mixture

2012 ◽  
Vol 506 ◽  
pp. 355-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Tuntarawongsa ◽  
T. Phaechamud
Keyword(s):  
Room Temperature ◽  
Chemical Interaction ◽  
Glass Plate ◽  
Eutectic Mixture ◽  
Contact Angle Measurement ◽  
Angle Measurement ◽  
Eutectic System ◽  
Newtonian Flow ◽  
Eutectic Systems ◽  
Unique Composition

Eutectic system is a mixture or solution which the ingredients solidify or liquefy simultaneously. A eutectic mixture is therefore that unique composition of two (or more) components that has the lower crystallization temperature or melting point. This aim of this study was to prepare and characterize the eutectic systems containing menthol, borneol, camphor and N-Ethyl-5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl) cyclohexanecarboxamide (WS-3). Menthol is able to form liquid eutectic at room temperature with camphor in the ratio of 8:2, 7:3, 6:4 and 5:5 whereas menthol and borneol in the ratio of 8:2 and 7:3, menthol and WS-3 in the ratio of 6:4 and 1:1. The rheology behavior of all liquid eutectic systems was Newtonian flow which the surface tension was in the range of 28-29 mN/m. From contact angle measurement, all liquid eutectic systems were categorized as high wettability to the glass plate. The suitable liquid eutectic system for further application as liquid carrier for injectable active compounds was 1:1 menthol:camphor because of its lowest viscosity. IR spectra indicated that there was no chemical interaction of these two materials in the selected liquid eutectic mixture.

scholarly journals Hydrogen Sorption and Reversibility of the LiBH4-KBH4 Eutectic System Confined in a CMK-3 Type Carbon via Melt Infiltration

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 19
Author(s):  
Filippo Peru ◽  
SeyedHosein Payandeh ◽  
Georgia Charalambopoulou ◽  
Torben R. Jensen ◽  
Theodore Steriotis
Keyword(s):  
Eutectic Mixture ◽  
Hydrogen Uptake ◽  
Decomposition Temperature ◽  
Carbon Surface ◽  
Side Reactions ◽  
Kinetic Properties ◽  
Eutectic System ◽  
High Hydrogen ◽  
Melt Infiltration ◽  
Interesting Approach

Metal borohydrides have very high hydrogen densities but their poor thermodynamic and kinetic properties hinder their use as solid hydrogen stores. An interesting approach to improve their functionality is nano-sizing by confinement in mesoporous materials. In this respect, we used the 0.725 LiBH4–0.275 KBH4 eutectic mixture, and by exploiting its very low melting temperature (378 K) it was possible to successfully melt infiltrate the borohydrides in a mesoporous CMK-3 type carbon (pore diameter ~5 nm). The obtained carbon–borohydride composite appears to partially alleviate the irreversibility of the dehydrogenation reaction when compared with the bulk LiBH4-KBH4, and shows a constant hydrogen uptake of 2.5 wt%–3 wt% for at least five absorption–desorption cycles. Moreover, pore infiltration resulted in a drastic decrease of the decomposition temperature (more than 100 K) compared to the bulk eutectic mixture. The increased reversibility and the improved kinetics may be a combined result of several phenomena such as the catalytic action of the carbon surface, the nano-sizing of the borohydride particles or the reduction of irreversible side-reactions.

A TEM investigation of a hyper-eutectic lead-tin alloy

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 562-563
Author(s):  
John A. Sutliff
Keyword(s):  
Volume Diffusion ◽  
Eutectic Mixture ◽  
Precipitation Reaction ◽  
Directionally Solidified ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Diffusion Controlled ◽  
Discontinuous Precipitation Reaction ◽  
Controlled Precipitation

Near-eutectic Pb-Sn alloys are important solders used by the electronics industry. In these solders, the eutectic mixture, which solidifies last, is the important microstructural consituent. The orientation relation (OR) between the eutectic phases has previously been determined for directionally solidified (DS) eutectic alloys using x-ray diffraction or electron chanelling techniques. In the present investigation the microstructure of a conventionally cast, hyper-eutectic Pb-Sn alloy was examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and the OR between the eutectic phases was determined by electron diffraction. Precipitates of Sn in Pb were also observed and the OR determined. The same OR was found in both the eutectic and precipitation reacted materials. While the precipitation of Sn in Pb was previously shown to occur by a discontinuous precipitation reaction,3 the present work confirms a recent finding that volume diffusion controlled precipitation can also occur.Samples that are representative of the solder's cast microstructure are difficult to prepare for TEM because the alloy is multiphase and the phases are soft.

Characterization of Chemical Impurities in Glutaraldehyde

1975 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 620-621
Author(s):  
B. J. Grenon ◽  
A. J. Tousimis
Keyword(s):  
Glutaric Acid ◽  
Spectroscopic Analysis ◽  
Aldol Condensation ◽  
Condensation Product ◽  
Amorphous Solid ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Impurity Component ◽  
Chemical Impurities ◽  
Soluble Liquid

Ever since the introduction of glutaraldehyde as a fixative in electron microscopy of biological specimens, the identification of impurities and consequently their effects on biologic ultrastructure have been under investigation. Several reports postulate that the impurities of glutaraldehyde, used as a fixative, are glutaric acid, glutaraldehyde polymer, acrolein and glutaraldoxime.Analysis of commercially available biological or technical grade glutaraldehyde revealed two major impurity components, none of which has been reported. The first compound is a colorless, water-soluble liquid with a boiling point of 42°C at 16 mm. Utilizing Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopic analysis, this compound has been identified to be — dihydro-2-ethoxy 2H-pyran. This impurity component of the glutaraldehyde biological or technical grades has an UV absorption peak at 235nm. The second compound is a white amorphous solid which is insoluble in water and has a melting point of 80-82°C. Initial chemical analysis indicates that this compound is an aldol condensation product(s) of glutaraldehyde.

In situ TEM observations of melting in nanosized eutectic Pb-Cd inclusions embedded in Al

1996 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 986-987
Author(s):  
S. Hagège ◽  
U. Dahmen ◽  
E. Johnson ◽  
A. Johansen ◽  
V.S. Tuboltsev
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Melt Spinning ◽  
Ternary Alloys ◽  
Solid Matrix ◽  
Eutectic System ◽  
In Situ Tem ◽  
In Situ Observation ◽  
Orientation Relationships ◽  
Transmission Electron

Small particles of a low-melting phase embedded in a solid matrix with a higher melting point offer the possibility of studying the mechanisms of melting and solidification directly by in-situ observation in a transmission electron microscope. Previous studies of Pb, Cd and other low-melting inclusions embedded in an Al matrix have shown well-defined orientation relationships, strongly faceted shapes, and an unusual size-dependent superheating before melting.[e.g. 1,2].In the present study we have examined the shapes and thermal behavior of eutectic Pb-Cd inclusions in Al. Pb and Cd form a simple eutectic system with each other, but both elements are insoluble in solid Al. Ternary alloys of Al (Pb,Cd) were prepared from high purity elements by melt spinning or by sequential ion implantation of the two alloying additions to achieve a total alloying addition of up to lat%. TEM observations were made using a heating stage in a 200kV electron microscope equipped with a video system for recording dynamic behavior.

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