scholarly journals Estimation of the information contained in the visible matter of the universe

AIP Advances ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 105317
Author(s):  
Melvin M. Vopson
Keyword(s):  
Visible Matter ◽  
The Universe

scholarly journals Developed turbulence and nonlinear amplification of magnetic fields in laboratory and astrophysical plasmas

2015 ◽  
Vol 112 (27) ◽  
pp. 8211-8215 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jena Meinecke ◽  
Petros Tzeferacos ◽  
Anthony Bell ◽  
Robert Bingham ◽  
Robert Clarke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Fields ◽  
Galaxy Clusters ◽  
Density Fluctuations ◽  
Line Broadening ◽  
Astrophysical Plasmas ◽  
Developed Turbulence ◽  
Visible Matter ◽  
Merger Event ◽  
The Universe ◽  
The Magnetic Field

The visible matter in the universe is turbulent and magnetized. Turbulence in galaxy clusters is produced by mergers and by jets of the central galaxies and believed responsible for the amplification of magnetic fields. We report on experiments looking at the collision of two laser-produced plasma clouds, mimicking, in the laboratory, a cluster merger event. By measuring the spectrum of the density fluctuations, we infer developed, Kolmogorov-like turbulence. From spectral line broadening, we estimate a level of turbulence consistent with turbulent heating balancing radiative cooling, as it likely does in galaxy clusters. We show that the magnetic field is amplified by turbulent motions, reaching a nonlinear regime that is a precursor to turbulent dynamo. Thus, our experiment provides a promising platform for understanding the structure of turbulence and the amplification of magnetic fields in the universe.

Particle physics today, tomorrow and beyond

2018 ◽  
Vol 33 (02) ◽  
pp. 1830003 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Ellis
Keyword(s):  
Dark Matter ◽  
Standard Model ◽  
Particle Physics ◽  
Beyond The Standard Model ◽  
Visible Matter ◽  
The Standard Model ◽  
Cosmological Inflation ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Lhc I

The most important discovery in particle physics in recent years was that of the Higgs boson, and much effort is continuing to measure its properties, which agree obstinately with the Standard Model, so far. However, there are many reasons to expect physics beyond the Standard Model, motivated by the stability of the electroweak vacuum, the existence of dark matter and the origin of the visible matter in the Universe, neutrino physics, the hierarchy of mass scales in physics, cosmological inflation and the need for a quantum theory for gravity. Most of these issues are being addressed by the experiments during Run 2 of the LHC, and supersymmetry could help resolve many of them. In addition to the prospects for the LHC, I also review briefly those for direct searches for dark matter and possible future colliders.

Is There a Fifth-Force? Using Galaxy Mergers to Constrain Dark-Matter Self-Interactions

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maggie McLean
Keyword(s):  
Dark Matter ◽  
Numerical Simulations ◽  
Fundamental Problem ◽  
Interacting Galaxies ◽  
Galaxy Mergers ◽  
Tidal Disruption ◽  
Fifth Force ◽  
Tidal Forces ◽  
Visible Matter ◽  
The Universe

Over ninety percent of the matter in the universe is believed to be “dark matter,” a mysterious form of matter the nature of which is still unknown. Since it cannot be detected directly, dark matter can only be inferred from its effect on visible matter. This leaves a significant gap in our knowledge. Without the ability to measure the influence of dark matter on other dark matter, we could miss a possible fifth fundamental force which mediates dark matter self-interactions. We propose a means of constraining the existence of a “fifth-force” by observing galaxies that are in the process of merging. Using numerical simulations, we examine the effect of including a hypothetical fifth-force on the tidal disruption of visible matter during galaxy mergers. We find distinct differences in the formation and appearance of tidal features produced during these interactions, providing an observable constraint on the strength of any “fifth-force.” The sheer volume of interacting galaxies that can be observed makes tidal forces a valuable tool in studying a fundamental problem that would otherwise pose a great challenge for physicists.

scholarly journals Stability of Elliptical Galaxies. Theoretical Aspects

1987 ◽  
Vol 127 ◽  
pp. 301-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
V.L. Polyachenko
Keyword(s):  
Stable State ◽  
Elliptical Galaxies ◽  
Stellar Clusters ◽  
Visible Matter ◽  
Dynamical Time ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Degree Of Anisotropy ◽  
Gravitating Systems ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Stellar Density

Stars, which contain more than 90% of the visible matter of the Universe, are organized into systems comprising a hierarchy of different masses and scales: from galactic stellar clusters to clusters of galaxies themselves. Most of the systems in this hierarchic sequence are collisionless: the characteristic time between collisions is much more than typical dynamical times (e.g., the period of oscillations). Various conditions of formation of collisionless gravitating systems leave traces on their main characteristic parameters—such as the angular momentum, the degree of anisotropy, the kind of dependence of the stellar density on coordinates, and so on. The lifetime of a system with a certain set of parameters depends essentially on whether these parameters belong to a region in which the system is stable, or not. If they do, the system may then exist practically without changes for an arbitrarily long time (in terms of the dynamical time scale); if they do not, it must quickly adjust to another, stable state.

Evaluation of Bianchi type VI0 magnetized anisotropic dark energy models with constant deceleration parameter in bimetric theory of gravitation

2015 ◽  
Vol 24 (02) ◽  
pp. 1550019 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. S. Borkar ◽  
A. Ameen
Keyword(s):  
Dark Matter ◽  
Dark Energy ◽  
Bianchi Type ◽  
Constant Deceleration Parameter ◽  
Exponential Law ◽  
Anisotropic Dark Energy ◽  
Energy Models ◽  
Visible Matter ◽  
Theory Of Gravitation ◽  
The Universe

In this paper, Bianchi type VI0 magnetized anisotropic dark energy models with constant deceleration parameter have been studied by solving the Rosen's field equations in Bimetric theory of gravitation. The models corresponding to power law expansion and exponential law expansion have been evaluated and studied their nature geometrically and physically. It is seen that there is real visible matter (baryonic matter) suddenly appeared only for small interval of time 0.7 ≤ t < 0.7598 and for the remaining whole range of time t, there is dark energy matter in the universe. Our investigations are supported to the observational fact that the usual matter described by known particle theory is about 4% and the dark energy cause the accelerating expansion of the universe and several high precision observational experiments, especially the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropic Probe (WMAP) satellite experiment (see [C. L. Bennett et al., Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 148 (2003) 1; WMAP Collab. (D. N. Spergel et al.), Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 148 (2003) 175; D. N. Spergel et al., Astrophys. J. Suppl. 170 (2007) 377; WMAP Collab. (E. Komastu et al.), Astrophys. J. Suppl. 180 (2009) 330; WMAP Collab. (G. Hinshaw et al.), Astrophys. J. Suppl. 208 (2013) 19; Plank Collab. (P. A. R. Ade), arXiv:1303.5076; arXiv:1303.5082]) conclude that the dark energy occupies near about 73% of the energy of the universe and dark matter is about 23%. In exponential law of expansion, our model is fully occupied by real visible matter and there is no chance of dark energy and dark matter.

The Galaxy Distribution

Fractals ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 06 (02) ◽  
pp. 109-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph L. McCauley
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Hierarchical Models ◽  
Theoretical Physics ◽  
Galaxy Distribution ◽  
Newtonian Cosmology ◽  
Visible Matter ◽  
The Galaxy ◽  
Show Evidence ◽  
Main Ideas ◽  
The Universe

From the standpoint of theoretical physics we can treat Newtonian cosmology as a problem in nonlinear dynamics. The attempt to average the density, in search of a method of making contact between theory and observation, is replaced by the more systematic idea of coarsegraining. I also explain in this context why two previous attempts at the construction of hierarchical models of the universe are not useful for data analysis. The main ideas behind two older competing data analyses purporting to show evidence from galaxy statistics for either a homogeneous and isotropic universe in one case, and for a mono-fractal universe in the other, are presented and discussed. I also present the method and results of a newer data analysis that shows that visible matter provides no evidence that would allow us to claim that the cosmological principle holds, or that the universe is fractal (or multifractal). In other words, observational data provides us with no evidence that the universe is either homogeneous and isotropic, or monofractal.

scholarly journals Dark Energy and the Riddle of the Cosmological Constant

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Dark Energy ◽  
Cosmological Constant ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Background Radiation ◽  
Cosmic Background Radiation ◽  
Average Density ◽  
Astronomical Observations ◽  
Cosmic Background ◽  
Visible Matter ◽  
The Universe

Dark energy was created to interpret astronomical observations that the earlier standard model of cosmology could not explain. First, measurements of the pattern of cosmic background radiation revealed that the universe must be large-scale flat, corresponding to an average density greater than the "dark" and visible matter combined account for.

scholarly journals Complements to Gravity Theories

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (7) ◽  
pp. 673-678
Author(s):  
Cynelle Olívia de Souza
Keyword(s):  
Dark Matter ◽  
Electromagnetic Interference ◽  
Electromagnetic Waves ◽  
Force Fields ◽  
Nuclear Forces ◽  
Strong Energy ◽  
Visible Matter ◽  
Gravity Theories ◽  
The Universe

Gravity, electricity, magnetism and strong and weak nuclear forces form the fundamental energies and force fields for the organization of matter in the universe. All visible matter emits electromagnetic waves at specific frequencies; dark matter does not emit them. It is assumed, or else, that it can be formed by particles like the neutrino, which subtly interact with electromagnetic waves and with matter. Under the action of strong energy, the neutrino can theoretically reach speeds greater than that of light. Such an effect can occur when this particle becomes detached from electromagnetic interference, which is very difficult to observe. Sound also participates in the transport of matter and energy and can participate as the main means of coupling neutrinos and transmitting their information.

scholarly journals Gravitational Lensing and Modified Newtonian Dynamics

2001 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-191
Author(s):  
Daniel J. Mortlock ◽  
Edwin L. Turner
Keyword(s):  
General Relativity ◽  
Gravitational Lensing ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Massive Particle ◽  
Speed Of Light ◽  
Modified Newtonian Dynamics ◽  
Newtonian Dynamics ◽  
Visible Matter ◽  
Relativistic Extension ◽  
The Universe

AbstractGravitational lensing is most often used as a tool to investigate the distribution of (dark) matter in the universe, but, if the mass distribution is known a priori, it becomes, at least in principle, a powerful probe of gravity itself. Lensing observations are a more powerful tool than dynamical measurements because they allow measurements of the gravitational field far away from visible matter. For example, modified Newtonian dynamics (MOND) has no relativistic extension, and so makes no firm lensing predictions, but galaxy–galaxy lensing data can be used to empirically constrain the deflection law of a MONDian point-mass. The implied MONDian lensing formalism is consistent with general relativity, in so far as the deflection experienced by a photon is twice that experienced by a massive particle moving at the speed of light. With the deflection law in place and no invisible matter, MOND can be tested wherever lensing is observed.

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