Dark Energy and the Riddle of the Cosmological Constant

Dark energy was created to interpret astronomical observations that the earlier standard model of cosmology could not explain. First, measurements of the pattern of cosmic background radiation revealed that the universe must be large-scale flat, corresponding to an average density greater than the "dark" and visible matter combined account for.

Cosmic Background

A possibility is that in cosmic background, primordial photon lattice where emerges a way to mass conservation, a photon was disturbed to create a spin then lead to its neighbors consecutively avalanching -- CMB -- into this a small ripple, which inverse spin directions pointing to a world was made of matter or antimatter whichever is parity violation; now cosmos was like an expanding hole -- an isotropic gravity field -- in photon lattice that influenced on everything, so inertia will be partly clarified.

CORRELATION BETWEEN INCIDENCE OF X-MONOSOMY AND COSMIC BACKGROUND RADIATION

Objective: Examining the incidence of X-monosomy among chromosomal aneuploidies with relation to cosmic background radiation. Method: We have processed the results of prenatal chromosome investigations performed in the 26-year period between 1990 and 2015. In the current study, we have paid special attention to abnormalities affecting the fetal sex chromosomes. The incidence of X-monosomy among sex chromosomal aneuploidies was studied in view of the intensity of cosmic background radiation. Results: In the 26-year period total of 43,272 fetal chromosomal investigations were carried out at our Department. In that period, sex chromosomal abnormality was detected in 230 cases (0.53 %), 92 of which (0.21 %) turned out to be X-monosomies. An uneven incidence ratio of X-monosomy could be observed as producing a wave line. As compared to nearby years, a peak was noted in 1997 (17 cases), somewhat smaller peak involving six cases was observed in 2002, likewise, 2008 yielded another small peak with five cases. Similar curves were obtained when mosaic and non-mosaic forms were studied separately. Based on the above, we looked for a mutagenic effect that could have been present in an explicit form around about the year 1997 and be associated with the higher incidence of X-monosomy in that period. An increase in the intensity of cosmic radiation could be one of those effects. The extremely high rate of chromosomal aberrations in 1997 coincided with the local minimum of the solar flares, therefore solar radiation could not be blamed for those aberrations. At the same time, however is suggestive of a causal relationship between the increase in galactic cosmic background radiation flux and higher incidence of X-monosomy around about 1997. Conclusions: Examining the incidence of sex chromosome aberrations, with special regard to X-monosomy, we have concluded the latter occurred more frequently during higher cosmic background radiation.

VIP-2 —High-Sensitivity Tests on the Pauli Exclusion Principle for Electrons

The VIP collaboration is performing high sensitivity tests of the Pauli Exclusion Principle for electrons in the extremely low cosmic background environment of the underground Gran Sasso National Laboratory INFN (Italy). In particular, the VIP-2 Open Systems experiment was conceived to put strong constraints on those Pauli Exclusion Principle violation models which respect the so-called Messiah–Greenberg superselection rule. The experimental technique consists of introducing a direct current in a copper conductor, and searching for the X-rays emission coming from a forbidden atomic transition from the L shell to the K shell of copper when the K shell is already occupied by two electrons. The analysis of the first three months of collected data (in 2018) is presented. The obtained result represents the best bound on the Pauli Exclusion Principle violation probability which fulfills the Messiah–Greenberg rule.

Primordial universe with the running cosmological constant

Theoretically, the running of the cosmological constant in the IR region is not ruled out. On the other hand, from the QFT viewpoint, the energy released due to the variation of the cosmological constant in the late Universe cannot go to the matter sector. For this reason, the phenomenological bounds on such a running are not sufficiently restrictive. The situation can be different in the early Universe when the gravitational field was sufficiently strong to provide an efficient creation of particles from the vacuum. We develop a framework for systematically exploring this possibility. It is supposed that the running occurs in the epoch when the Dark Matter already decoupled and is expanding adiabatically, while the usual matter should be regarded approximately massless and can be abundantly created from vacuum due to the decay of vacuum energy. By using the handy model of Reduced Relativistic Gas for describing the warm Dark Matter, we consider the dynamics of both cosmic background and linear perturbations and evaluate the impact of the vacuum decay on the matter power spectrum and to the first CMB peak. Additionally, using the combined SNIa+BAO data, we find the best-fit values for the free parameters of the model.