Financing Environmental Protection in Economies in Transition: The Role of Environmental Funds

10.1068/b2663 ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 365-377 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Francis
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
Economies In Transition ◽  
Revenue Sources ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Independent States ◽  
Governmental Institutions ◽  
Eastern European Countries

Most countries with economies in transition in Central and Eastern Europe and the New Independent States of the former Soviet Union use earmarked, environmental funds to channel subsidised finance for environmental protection. In some Central and Eastern European countries in particular, the funds are major financiers of environmental investments. The funds are typically governmental institutions capitalised by various revenue sources, including environmental charges and fines. They generally provide grants or soft loans for a wide range of environmental protection activities. Although a number of circumstances in economies in transition may justify the provision of subsidised finance for environmental investments, and though funds have been endorsed as potentially effective transitional mechanisms, a number of concerns remain as regards their role vis-à-vis other environmental policy tools, their effectiveness and efficiency, and their impact on the development of more market-based financing mechanisms. In this paper I will review development trends among the funds, examine issues critical to their role and operation, and identify institutional strengthening needs.

Environment in the Transition towards Market Economies: An Overview of Trends in Central and Eastern Europe and the New Independent States of the Former Soviet Union

10.1068/b2658 ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 331-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tony Zamparutti ◽  
Brendan Gillespie
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Central And Eastern Europe ◽  
Economic Production ◽  
Environmental Objectives ◽  
Action Programme ◽  
Independent States ◽  
Eastern European Countries ◽  
New Independent States

The 1993 Environmental Action Programme for Central and Eastern Europe presented a series of recommendations for integrating environmental objectives into the process of economic and democratic reform in Central and Eastern European countries (CEEC) and the New Independent States of the former Soviet Union (NIS). In this paper, on the basis of findings of a recent OECD study, we look at progress across the region in light of these recommendations. In several CEEC, there has been a synergy among economic reforms, democratic development, and environmental improvement. These countries have seen important improvements in environmental conditions but now face a variety of challenges, many tied to the process of accession to the EU and the need to deepen integration between environment and sectoral policies, such as those for agriculture and transport. In other countries, and in particular many NIS, pollution reductions have mainly resulted from declines in economic production. Many of these countries face ongoing crisis in terms of establishing economic reform, stable societies, and environmental protection. In several areas of the former Soviet Union, environmental problems—in particular poor access to safe drinking water—pose serious threats to human health. Addressing these problems presents a difficult challenge both for national governments and for international cooperation agencies.

Classification of phraseological synonyms in English and Azerbaijani

2020 ◽  
Vol 60 (11) ◽  
pp. 134-137
Author(s):  
Dilara Rashid Khanbabayeva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
European Association ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
East German ◽  
Eastern European Countries ◽  
The Given

The presented article deals with the classification of English synonyms. The notion of phraseology is wide.Here concepts of some distinguished scientists are presented in the given article. Phraseology (from Greek φράσις phrasis, "way of speaking" and -λογία -logia, "study of") is a scholarly approach to language which developed in the twentieth century. It took its start when Charles Bally's notion of locutions phraseologiques entered Russian lexicology and lexicography in the 1930s and 1940s and was subsequently developed in the former Soviet Union and other Eastern European countries. From the late 1960s on it established itself in (East) German linguistics but was also sporadically approached in English linguistics. The earliest English adaptations of phraseology are by Weinreich (1969) within the approach of transformational grammar, Arnold (1973), and Lipka. In Great Britain as well as other Western European countries, phraseology has steadily been developed over the last twenty years. The activities of the European Society of Phraseology (EUROPHRAS) and the European Association for Lexicography (EURALEX) with their regular conventions and publications attest to the prolific European interest in phraseology. European scholarship in phraseology is more active than in North America. Bibliographies of recent studies on English and general phraseology are included in Welte (1990) and specially collected in Cowie & Howarth (1996) whose bibliography is reproduced and continued on the internet and provides a rich source of the most recent publications in the field. Key words: phraseology,synonym,language,linguistics,scientist

Central and Eastern Europe & The Republics of the Former Soviet Union: Guide to Current Sources of Laws and Other Documents in English

1994 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-190
Author(s):  
Marta Kiszely
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Central And Eastern Europe ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
Electronic Format ◽  
Rapid Changes ◽  
English Translations ◽  
Foreign Materials ◽  
Eastern European Countries

Due to the rapid changes in the legal systems of Central and Eastern European countries and the republics of the former Soviet Union, the question that researchers and librarians nowadays face is how to get current foreign materials in English in a reliable published form. Only two years ago the problem was that there were no comprehensive, consistent, and current sources in English translations. Today the problem is not so much finding sources as being certain of the reliability and continuity of the available sources. There is a boom in new publications and services (both primary and secondary, both in paper and in electronic format), but one cannot always count on them for timely, regular publication, and consistent scope of coverage.

Assistance to Nuclear Safety Regulatory Bodies in the Central and Eastern European countries and the Former Soviet Union

1995 ◽  
Vol 209 (2) ◽  
pp. 149-153
Author(s):  
R J Campbell ◽  
G J Vaughan
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Nuclear Safety ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Eastern Bloc ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
Regulatory Bodies ◽  
Eastern European Countries

The Regulatory Bodies of the former Eastern Bloc countries are striving towards the adoption of internationally recognized regulatory practices. This paper provides some background and an update on the assistance being provided to them by the Western regulatory community.

scholarly journals Problems of Privatisation and Regulation in Transition Economies

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yeşim Reel
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Transition Economies ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Relative Size ◽  
European Countries ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Standards And Regulations ◽  
Eastern European Countries ◽  
New Institutions

In spite of difficulties, most transition economies in the Former Soviet Union (FSU) and Eastern Europe now have private sectors whose relative size is comparable to the private sectors in Western European countries. The transition countries have had very different objectives, but most started privatisation more or less with the same policy, based on the experience of the United Kingdom, although this was soon to change. While most of the Eastern European countries were fast to adopt modern standards and regulations, some FSU countries have lagged behind. Along with a wide range of gains for producers and consumers, there have been drawbacks, such as social polarisation and forms of capture (of business, of the state). Unlike most analysis of transition, which considers major components, this paper looks at the microeconomics of transition, since this involves the creation of markets through the process of privatisation. In general, transition economies have to develop new institutions and polices to support the privatisation and restructuring. In addition to these, they require regulation, which has been under-developed and causes other, different problems, related to the development of new models. Therefore, the need for a new, third phase of transformation is highlighted. New initiatives on labour, capital and regulation issues become vital now in transition economies.

Institutions, Nationalism, and the Transition Process in Eastern Europe

1993 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 65-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Svetozar Pejovich
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Transition Process ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Convincing Case ◽  
Current Production ◽  
Eastern European Countries

In the late 1980s, the actual accomplishments of capitalism finally made a convincing case against socialism. After several decades of experimentation with human beings, socialism in the former Soviet Union and Eastern European countries (hereafter, Eastern Europe) died an inglorious death. To an economist, the present value of the expected future benefits from socialism fell relative to their current production costs. And Marx was finally dead and, hopefully, buried.

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