Emissions Responsibility and Relative Importance of the Productive Sectors in Turkey: 2002-2011

Turkey has realized high growth rates during the period of 2002-2011, except in 2008 and 2009 years. It is thought that the rapidly growing in the country may cause a lot of environmental damage, especially air pollution problems. In other words, the productive sectors have produced two outputs which are economic value added and air pollutants. This study used input output matrixes are to find out the strategically important sectors as it is known key sectors and weak sectors caused the environmental effects in the country. For this purpose, it has been tried to investigate air pollutant quantities which caused by the production process of the sectors in the period of 2002-2011 and performed the input-output tables for Turkey constructed in the World Input Output Database (WIOD) Project. These input-output tables include the emission satellite accounts, which are CO2 emissions and other air pollutants, respectively N2O, CH4, N2O, NOx, SOx, CO, NMVOC and NH3, disaggregated for the 34 sectors. It is expected that the outcomes of the study may contribute to sustainable growth debates and environmental policy implementations in Turkey.

Transaction Costs of Large and Mid-sized Corporations in Russia

In the times of economic instability in most developed countries, a decrease is experienced in the effectiveness of many large public corporations. Such corporations are facing high expenditures (transaction costs mostly) and extremely low return on invested capital. Medium-sized businesses, on the contrary, prove to be more efficient: they show an acceptable level of profitability and total cost savings. The purpose of the present study is to calculate and analyse transaction costs of medium and large corporations and identify an impact of these costs on the performance of companies. Within the the framework of a neoinstitutional approach a complex of institutional factors influencing a company’s development is being explored. The efficiency of institutional forms is determined through studying such factors as transaction costs. In line with this theory, the transaction cost level of corporations is estimated, which enables one to make their comparative analysis in economic sectors. The analysis has revealed that the relative level of transaction costs with large corporations is two times higher than that in the event of middle ones. A comparative analysis of return on sales in two groups of companies has pointed to a fact that after 2010 the margin of middle-sized companies exceeded the profitability of large companies. The relationship between the level of transaction costs and return on sales in two groups of companies is being quantified as well. We have proved that middle-sized corporations have shown a direct relationship. On the contrary, transaction costs negatively affect profitability in large corporations.

The Influence of Acquisitions on a Firm’s Performance within a Sector: An Application on Istanbul Stock Exchange

In recent years it have seen a significant increase in the number of business mergers and acquisitions. There are number of reasons led to this trend. Amongst them it is the need to increase the firm financial performances. This paper mainly is focuses on other different effects of mergers and acquisitions on the financial performance of businesses. In this study, looking at Turkish stock exchange listed firms that have experienced acquisitions or mergers and the effects of such mergers on their performance. In this context, it be looked at textile firms and firms based on stone and land work that experienced acquisitions in 2010. The firms are Altinyildiz in textile and Çimbeton in the mining sectors respectively. Having look at the financial performances of these firms in their respective sectors before the acquisitions (2007, 2008, 2009), the acquisitionsin 2010, 9 rates were used the in TOPSIS method. According to findings, the acquisitioned firm’s show that they have positive effects on the financial performances of the firms. It is observed that there are differences in sectors’ period and degrees. In this case, it’s possible to explain the sectoral dynamics and acquisions of the firms’ integration.

Decomposition Analysis of CO2 Emissions for Turkey and Iran over 1990-2010

There exists an important awareness for reduction of CO2 emissions to obtain a sustainable world. Together with this, there is a great deal of interest for decomposition analysis to see the accelerating and decelerating factors of CO2 emissions. The aim of this project is to decompose CO2 emissions in economic sectors for the two superpowers of Middle East, Iran and Turkey, over the time period between 1990 and 2010, for Turkey obtained a rapid growth performance in recent years and Iran which is the energy superpower of the world. Refined Laspeyres Index decomposition method and a consistent data gathered from the World Bank’s and UN’s databases have been used during the analysis. Five main sectors (agriculture, manufacturing, transportation, construction and other service sectors) and four main impacts (scale effect, composition effect, energy intensity effect and carbon intensity effect) have been considered to see the increasing and decreasing factors of CO2 emissions. Various interesting results are observed for both of the countries, for each of the economic sectors. Generally scale effect and energy intensity effect are the dominant impacts for all sectors of both countries. However composition effect and carbon intensity effect are also important contributors for economic activities of these two countries. Overall, our analysis showed that these two countries should pay attention for energy intensity and sustainable economic growth.

The Causal Relationship between Inflation and Unemployment: A Panel Cointegration and Causality Analysis

Central Asian Republics have been facing high unemployment rates and inflation problems since they established. This work is based on the Phillips curve, which deals the opposite relationship between inflation and unemployment. In the article, unemployment rates and Consumer Price Index (CPI) are used. Within this work, the relationship between inflation and unemployment is examined by the panel data analysis for Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Macedonia and Turkey (1996-2012).We acquired the data of this work from the web site of the IMF. Panel Unit Root Tests are used in order to test stagnation of the data. Afterwards Cointegration Test and Panel Causality Test are used. After that panel cointegration and panel causality tests were made to learn if a cointegral relationship was occurred between inflation and unemployment rate or not. As a result of this study we done, the data level is not stable. Because of that reason, we took the difference of them. There is a one-sided causal relation from inflation to unemployment rates in Turkey and other countries.

Effect of 2008 Global Economic Crisis on Turkey’s Manufacturing Sector’s Performance: An Application on the Borsa Istanbul Campanies

In this study we analyzed the effect of 2008 financial crisis on firm performance. With this aim we used manufacturing sector in Turkey. In our study we used 119 firms traded on Borsa Istanbul and quarterly data belong to 2004-2012 period. In this study we examined the period before and after 2008 crisis. We applied one sample kolmagorov-smirnov test to know whether the data has normal distribution. Also we used T-Test Analysis to compare average of the data. At the result of analysis financial ratios that accounts receivable turnover, liquidity, net working capital, short term debt / Total Debt, Financial Leverage Ratio, founded different in before and after year 2008, according to year 2008.

The Paradoxical Effect of International Funds in Turkey: Dutch Disease

International funds flow freely across the countries both quantitatively and legally as a result of financial liberalization carried out by globalization process and huge amount of money flows into the countries in liberal system. Particularly for developing countries, these fund flows refer as hot money are mentioned frequently with respect of positive and negative signs. High export performance of the Netherlands as a result of discovering large natural gas reserve leads to increase rapidly its own currency. In 1959 when economic indicators getting worse, the reason of crisis appears as decreasing export in consequence of over-valued currency leads to decrease the industrial production. This paradoxical situation is named as “Dutch Disease” in economics literature. The purpose of this study is examining the effect of hot money inflow on the manufacturing sector of Turkey and testing Dutch disease for Turkish economy. In this paper, the monthly data 2006:01-2013:12 from Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey is used. Test results of causality tests that Toda-Yamamoto method (1995) and Hacker-Hatemi-J (2006) bootstrap method approve that there is no causality between portfolio investment and manufacturing industrial production index and also export. The results confirm that portfolio investments do not lead to Dutch disease for Turkey.

The Role of OECD Corporate Governance Principles in the Integration of Commonwealth of Independent States Countries to the World Economy

The founding members of The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) consist of mostly the European countries. The organization which is regional in nature and more focused on Europe has global aims like contributing to developments of world trade and economic development of members and other countries in the process of economic development. Corporate Governance Principles published for the first time in 1999 by OECD that can be adapted by each country according to their circumstances, provide guidance to countries in order to achieve the objectives. Corporate Governance Principles mainly focus on the responsibility, fairness, transparency and accountability. Gaining their independence after the dissolution of Soviet Union, the countries established Commonwealth of Independent States. They began to build their economic structures and make their presence felt in the world economy. Some developments like establishment of capital market can be seen as the best example of that effect. For all countries including Eurasia, adapting to the new institutional arrangements for businesses has become more important to continue their existence. Moreover, such integration between the CIS and world countries will contribute positively to developments of economic and cultural relationships. In this respect, enterprises in CIS countries are expected to shape their organizational structure according to international rules and standards. In this paper, the emerging developments of CIS countries due to being member to OECD and their compliance with Corporate Governance Principles, their possible problems and Corporate Governance Principles which is seen as common ground between CIS and world countries are evaluated.

EU Enlargement to the Balkans: Membership Perspective to the Balkan Countries

After the dispersion of the Soviet Union, the European Union embarked upon an intense relationship with the Central and Eastern European Countries. The transition into capital market and democratization of these countries had been supported by the Ministers of Foreign Affairs at the beginning of 1989 before the collapse of the Soviet Union System. The European Agreements were signed between the EU and Hungary, Poland, and Czechoslovakia on December 16th, 1991. 10 Central and Eastern Europe Countries became the members of the EU on May 1st, 2004. With the accession of Bulgaria and Romania into the EU on January 1st, 2007, the number of the EU member countries reached up to 27, and finally extending to 28 with the membership of Croatia to the EU on July 1st, 2013. Removing the Western Balkan States, Serbia, Montenegro, Albania, and Bosnia and Herzegovina from the scope of external relations, the EU included these countries in the enlargement process in 2005.The European Commission has determined 2014 enlargement policy priorities as dealing with the fundamentals on preferential basis. In this context, the developments in the Balkans will be closely monitored within the scope of a new approach giving priority to the superiority of law. The enlargement process of the EU towards the Balkans and whether or not the Western Balkan States will join the Union will be analyzed.

The Impact of the Oil Revenues on the Standard of Living in Oil-Exporting Countries of the Former Soviet Union

The aim of our study is to examine the impact of the oil revenues on the standard of living in oil-exporting countries of the former Soviet Union and to make policy suggestions based on the obtained findings. It has been explain that resource dependency adjust the structure of these countries' economies, which leads to income inequality compensation changes in different sectors of the economy. Characteristic of resource- rich of post-Soviet oil exporters countries - Russia, Kazakhstan and Azerbaijan have been analyzed. It has been demonstrated that dependency on resources modifies the structure of these countries’ economies, which leads to income inequality based on employment via a mechanism of labor compensation changes in different sectors of the economy. We are going to employ co-integration and error correction methods in our empirical analysis. Is there a long-run relationship between the oil revenues and the standard of living in oil-exporting countries of the former Soviet Union; What is the role of dynamics of the oil revenues in the standard of living in the short run; What is the magnitude of speed of adjustment from the short-run fluctuation towards long-run equilibrium of the system; What is the direction of long- and short-run causality in the oil revenues - standard of living relationship.