The Haptic ‘Oblique Effect’ in Children's and Adults' Perception of Orientation

Perception ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 631-646 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edouard Gentaz ◽  
Yvette Hatwell
Keyword(s):  
Horizontal Plane ◽  
Haptic Perception ◽  
Sagittal Plane ◽  
Oblique Effect ◽  
The Other ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
Plane Scanning ◽  
Effect Of Age

The haptic perception of vertical, horizontal, and diagonal orientations was studied in children (aged 7 and 9 years) and in adults. The purpose was to test the hypothesis that the haptic oblique effect results from the different scanning movements at work when one hand explores an oblique standard and the other hand sets the response rod. In experiment 1, blindfolded subjects reproduced the orientation of a standard rod presented in either the frontal, the horizontal, or the sagittal plane, and this task was achieved either ipsilaterally (the same hand explored the standard and set the response rod) or contralaterally (one hand explored the standard and the other hand set the response rod). Since, in the sagittal plane, scanning movements are analogous when the left and right hands explore oblique orientations, no oblique effect should be observed in this condition if the hypothesis is valid. Moreover, a development effect should be observed, since young children generally rely more on movement coding than do older children and adults. Results did not support these predictions: the same oblique effect appeared in the frontal and the sagittal planes both in the ipsilateral and in the contralateral condition, and the effect of age was not in the direction predicted by the hypothesis. The results were consistent with the hypothesis in the horizontal plane only. Experiments 2 and 3 provided further tests of this hypothesis but both failed to support it. Taken together, the results of these three experiments did not support the assumption and it is suggested that the haptic oblique effect may be linked to the gravitational cues provided by the arm—hand system when it acts in the three spatial planes.

scholarly journals The emergence and evolution of optimistic expectations in schoolchildren

2016 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 492
Author(s):  
Carolina Falcón ◽  
Santos Orejudo ◽  
Teresa Fernández-Turrado ◽  
Francisco Javier Zarza
Keyword(s):  
Positive Change ◽  
The Other ◽  
Optimistic Bias ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Future Events ◽  
The Way

<p>When we study optimism in children, we note the temporary emergence of a bias that leads them to make optimistic predictions. In this study we intend to learn more about changes that can be observed in the optimistic bias of 6- to 12-year old schoolchildren when they predict future events, and in the way they justify those predictions. A total of 77 pupils participated in this study; we evaluated each one of them individually with a Piagetian interview, asking them to formulate predictions about a series of hypothetical situations. After analyzing whether a child’s prediction implied that the situation would maintain itself or would change for better or for worse, we classified the justifications they provided for their predictions. Results show that these subjects regarded positive change as more likely in the case of psychological or hybrid events than for purely biological ones, and that younger children tended to display a greater bias in favor of the likelihood of positive change. These younger children justified their predictions stating that nature or the passing of time could be responsible for the changes, without needing further intervention on the part of other agents. Older children, on the other hand, tended to provide similar kinds of explanations to justify their expectation of stasis. </p>

Effect of Age and Experience On the Filial Behaviour of Tilapia Mossambica Fry (Pisces : Cichlidae)

Behaviour ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 61 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 276-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.I. Russock ◽  
M.W. Schein
Keyword(s):  
Cichlid Fish ◽  
The Other ◽  
Previous Experience ◽  
Previous Exposure ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Mouth Size ◽  
Perceptual Schema ◽  
First Time ◽  
Early Social Experience ◽  
Effect Of Age

AbstractThis study investigated the nature of social bond formation in fry of the maternal moutbrooding cichlid fish, 1'. mossambica. Attention was especially devoted to possible behavioural predispositions of the fry in addition to the effects of early social experience. Three different maternal models were used in the study: I) a black pit model, which previous research had indicated might be highly attractive to the fry; 2) a red rectangle, which previous research had indicated might be an inadequate maternal model; and 3) a preserved female T. niossambica. All fry were removed from their mother's mouth as eggs and hatched under artificial conditions so that they were never exposed to normal maternal stimuli. Separate groups of naive fry were tested for their responsiveness to all three models on days 10, 12, 16, and 22 post-hatching; under normal conditions fry are released from their mother's mouth for the first time about day 10 and leave their mother's presence about day 22 post-hatching. Other groups of fry were exposed to one of the three maternal models for varying lengths of time on day I, I through 6, 8, 10, or 12 and then tested for their responsiveness to all three models on day 10, 12, 16, or 22. It was found that all groups of naive fry of a given age exhibited the same level of responsiveness to all three maternal models. There was a peak of positive responsiveness on day 12 and a decrease by day 16; this pattern is similar to the pattern of responsiveness exhibited by maternally reared fry toward their real mother. Previous exposure to any of the models failed to prevent the decline in positive responsiveness observed in naive fry on day 16. Previous exposure to models also failed to have any effect, at any age, on the response of fry to the black pit model: fry which had been exposed to models responded at the same level as naive fry of the same age. On the other hand, previous exposure with any model often resulted in a significant decrease in positive responses to the red rectangle while such experience had an intermediate effect on later responsiveness to the preserved female T. mossambica. It was concluded that T. mossambica fry hatch with an initial perceptual schema that predisposes the fry to react to certain characteristics of the broody mother. However, when the fry are naive they initially respond to almost any object, regardless of whether or not the object fits their schema. If the object to which they initially respond does not fit their schema (i.e., the red rectangle), experience with the inadequate object will cause them to fail to respond to the inadequate object in the future; previous experience with objects that better fit their schema will also result in a similar lack of positive responsiveness. On the other hand, the fry will respond positively to a model that closely matches their schema (i.e., the black pit model) regardless of their previous experience. Finally, the fry's initial perceptual schema undergoes an irreversible developmental deterioration. This deterioration explains why the fry in the present study exhibited a significant decrease in positive responsiveness by day 16 regardless of their previous experience; it also explains why normally reared fry always leave their real mother by approximately day 22. It would be highly adaptive for the fry to ignore or avoid maternal stimuli after day 22 since an attraction to mouth-size holes could be fatal once they have left their mother.

Effect of age at first joining on lifetime production by Border Leicester × Merino ewes

1969 ◽  
Vol 9 (40) ◽  
pp. 477 ◽  
Author(s):  
DJ Cannon ◽  
JC Bath
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
The Other ◽  
Meat Production ◽  
Early Autumn ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Effect Of Age

Three hundred and fifty Border Leicester X Merino ewes, born March-April 1961, were drafted to two flocks, A and B. Flock A only was joined with rams on February 14, 1962. Subsequently both flocks were joined in November or December each year from 1962 to 1965. The flocks were depastured together on all occasions except for joining and lambing of flock A in 1962. There were negligible differences, between the flocks, in ewe deaths, wool cut, lambs born and reared, lamb birth weight and lamb carcase weight for the mean for the four years or in each of the years 1963 to 1966. Meat production in flock A was increased by 12 kg per ewe as a result of the extra lambing. On the other hand, 3 per cent of the ewes of flock A died in 1962 but no deaths occurred in flock B. Joining when 10-11 months old in early autumn did not disrupt the practice of joining when 20-21 months old in early summer, and, in the experiment, was the most profitable procedure.

Effects of Hand Orientation and Delay on the Verbal Judgment of Haptically Perceived Orientation

Perception ◽  
10.1068/p5330 ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 741-755 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sander Zuidhoek ◽  
Astrid M L Kappers ◽  
Albert Postma
Keyword(s):  
Horizontal Plane ◽  
Haptic Perception ◽  
Reference Frames ◽  
Oblique Effect ◽  
Spatial Location ◽  
Verbal Response ◽  
Hand Orientation ◽  
Orientation Information ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Orientation Perception

We examined the haptic perception of orientations of a single bar throughout the horizontal plane using a verbal response: participants were to assign a number of minutes to the orientation of a bar defined with respect to the stimulus table. Performance was found to be systematically biased. Deviations were consistent with, yet much smaller than, those resulting from haptic motor matching tasks. The size and direction of the deviations were found to correlate with hand orientation, and not to depend on spatial location per se, suggesting a role for hand-centred reference frames in biasing performance. Delaying the response by 10 s led to a small improvement only of right-hand perceptions, indicating different hemispheric involvement in processes involved in retaining and/or recoding of haptic orientation information. Also the haptic oblique effect was found with the current verbal response. Importantly, it was affected neither by hand orientation nor by delay, suggesting that the oblique effect is independent of the aforementioned deviations in orientation perception.

ON THE OTHER HAND: THE COSTS AND BENEFITS OF LEFT-HANDEDNESS

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-86
Author(s):  
Sarah A. Fritsche ◽  
Annukka K. Lindell
Keyword(s):  
Substance Abuse ◽  
The Other ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Fitness Costs ◽  
Left Handedness ◽  
Left Handed ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Lecture Room ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Left And Right

Left-handers have been persecuted by right-handers for millennia. This right bias is evident cross-culturally, linguistically (right is literally and figuratively ‘right’, with lefties being described as ‘gauche’, ‘sinister’ and ‘cack-handed’), and environmentally (e.g., equipment design, including power tools, ticket machines, and lecture-room desks). Despite this, the proportion of left-handers has remained constant at approximately 10% of the hominid population, implying that though there are costs associated with left-handedness (if there were not, the proportions of left- and right-handers would be 50:50), left handers must also enjoy fitness advantages that maintain the genes for left-handedness in the population. This paper reviews the costs and benefits of being left-handed, exploring research examining the effects of handedness on brain structure, cognitive function, and human behaviour. The research confirms a variety of left-hander advantages, including some cognitive superiorities, higher wages, and greater sporting and fighting prowess. On the other hand, left-handedness is also associated with significant fitness costs, including an increased risk of accidents, higher substance abuse susceptibility, and earlier death, in comparison with right-handers. In sum, left-handedness confers both costs and benefits, with the latter outweighing the former, maintaining the genes for left-handedness in the population.

scholarly journals Rings with Boolean Lattices of One-Sided Annihilators

Symmetry ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 1909
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Jastrzębska
Keyword(s):  
Complete Lattice ◽  
Associative Ring ◽  
The Other ◽  
Nilpotent Ring ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Complemented Lattices ◽  
Reduced Ring ◽  
Boolean Lattices ◽  
Left And Right

The present paper is part of the research on the description of rings with a given property of the lattice of left (right) annihilators. The anti-isomorphism of lattices of left and right annihilators in any ring gives some kind of symmetry: the lattice of left annihilators is Boolean (complemented, distributive) if and only if the lattice of right annihilators is such. This allows us to restrict our investigations mainly to the left side. For a unital associative ring R, we prove that the lattice of left annihilators in R is Boolean if and only if R is a reduced ring. We also prove that the lattice of left annihilators of R being two-sided ideals is complemented if and only if this lattice is Boolean. The last statement, in turn, is known to be equivalent to the semiprimeness of R. On the other hand, for any complete lattice L, we construct a nilpotent ring whose lattice of left annihilators coincides with its sublattice of left annihilators being two-sided ideals and is isomorphic to L. This construction shows that the assumption of R being unital cannot be dropped in any of the above two results. Some additional results on rings with distributive or complemented lattices of left annihilators are obtained.

QF - 1 Rings of Global Dimension ≦ 2

1973 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 345-352
Author(s):  
Claus Michael Ringel
Keyword(s):  
Global Dimension ◽  
The Other ◽  
Frobenius Rings ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Dimension 2 ◽  
Left And Right

R. M. Thrall [10] introduced QF — 1, QF — 2 and QF — 3 rings as generalizations of quasi-Frobenius rings. (For definitions, see section 1. It should be noted that all rings considered are assumed to be left and right artinian.) He proved that QF — 2 rings are QF — 3 and asked whether all QF — 1 rings are QF — 2, or, at least, QF — 3. In [9] we have shown that QF — 1 rings are very similar to QF — 3 rings. On the other hand, K. Morita [6] gave two examples of QF — 1 rings, one of them not QF — 2 and therefore not QF — 3, the other one QF — 3, but not QF — 2.

Effect of age at first marriage, number of wives, and type of marital union on fertility

1979 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 341-351 ◽  
Author(s):  
Israel Sembajwe
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
First Marriage ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Age At First Marriage ◽  
Lower Fertility ◽  
Marital Union ◽  
Effect Of Age

SummaryThis paper examines the effect of age at first marriage, number of wives and type of marital union on fertility among Yoruba females in Western Nigeria. The evidence indicates that age at first marriage and hunband's number of wives do not have a significant effect on completed fertility. Type of marital union, on the other hand, seems to have an effect on fertility. Women in de facto unions experience lower fertility than women in formal marriages.

Automotive Lifts: Unrestrained vs. Restrained Swing Arms

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralph L. Barnett ◽  
John B. Glauber
Keyword(s):  
Risk Taking ◽  
Horizontal Plane ◽  
The Other ◽  
Structural Behavior ◽  
Horizontal Force ◽  
Structural System ◽  
Theoretical Possibility ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Bending Resistance ◽  
Practical Reality

To perform automotive maintenance, there are many makeshift ways of lifting and holding a vehicle including the use of forklifts, overhead hoists and cranes, jacks of every kind, jack stands and various ramp systems. When automobiles fall from these devices, the causes are usually obvious and we disapprovingly tolerate the risk taking. On the other hand, when a vehicle falls from a dedicated automotive lift, the accident is entirely unacceptable. This paper examines several hidden dangers associated with a particular class of lifts that are “frame engaging.” Various styles of these lifts use four cantilevered arms to elevate and support vehicles on adapter pads positioned on the arms’ free ends. If the vehicle slides off of one or more pads, it usually falls catastrophically. The cantilevered arms, when raised, are supposed to be restrained against rotation in a horizontal plane. When restrained, the arms provide a robust structural system for resisting horizontal workplace forces that tend to slide vehicles off the pads. The arms maintain the horizontal locations of the adapters by developing bending and axial planar resistance. If, on the other hand, the arms are free to pivot due to sloth or poor design, their structural behavior is dramatically transformed. The planar bending resistance of the arms completely disappears and they become direct stress diagonal truss members; the vehicle itself unwittingly becomes the truss’ tension chord. The appearance of the fixed and pivoting systems is the same; however, the truss action magnifies the horizontal forces acting on the adapter pads increasing the slip probability. Indeed, depending on the orientation of the pivoting swing arms, any finite horizontal force applied to a vehicle may lead to an unbounded tangential “slide-out” force. This is, of course, a theoretical possibility, not a practical reality.

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