Estimating the Possible Effect of Belt and Road Initiative on Brazilian Economic Growth

Brazil's future participation in the Belt and Road Initiative will promote economic growth, increase the importance of the initiative on the international scene and contribute to the promotion of bilateral economic and trade relations between China and Latin America countries.This paper analyses the alleged effect of BRI on Brazilian economy if the country would have chosen to join the program in the past years (2013-2019) as other countries in the world did. The alleged effect is calculated using the methodology of synthetic control: a statistical method used to evaluate the effect of an intervention/programme in comparative case studies.The results show that Brazil could benefit from joining the Belt and Road Initiative: the GDP per capita rate would be 4.73% higher each year, on average.However, to Brazil joins the BRI, it will be necessary for China and Brazil to know how to maintain a frequent and structured dialogue that projects confidence, opens paths and does not leave governmental dialogue behind what is happening in practical reality. Moreover, more academic research about the initiative and a greater dissemination of its benefits by the media will be needed to raise awareness among the public and politicians about a probable BRI agreement by Brazil.

Mechanisms for resolving international contracts for building and construction disputes: آليات حسم منازعات العقود الدولية للبناء والتشييد

Consider of resolving international contracts for building and construction is extremely important for architects and building construction implementers, as international building and construction contracts are complex contracts and countless international parties participate in their implementation. The aim of this research is to show the legal implications of implementing dispute resolution mechanisms, international contracts in construction and construction. The International Building and Construction Contract does not deviate from being a complex, international commercial contract, from private law contracts, even with the presence of the state or a legal person as a party to the contracts, this does not change their legal nature as contracts of law. The private where the results of the following research study showed: 1- The failure of national legislation to address many of the problems arising from international contracts for building and construction, which are of a technical nature due to their rapid development that are unable to keep pace with those national legislations, thus enhancing the role of rapidly developing and modifying model contracts to ensure simulation of the practical reality of these new technical problems and to provide the best means. To solve it, we extracted from the research the following results. 2- Model contracts are not considered contracts in the strict legal sense as they do not include consent between two parties, but rather they are a pre- prepared contract formulation in printed form, so that it is ready for use by the parties to the contract, and it is not evidence except for the persons who agreed to the agreement to refer to it where the search was used The inductive approach to measuring and understanding its archeology, as it relied on reviewing previous literature and studies in explaining the legal implications, and the research recommendations came as follows: 1- Attaching special importance to drafting international contracts for building and construction, and entrusting this task to a team of legal, technical and economic experts who have the scientific and practical qualities that qualify them to do this task in the best way, so that the parties to these contracts can avoid or at least reduce the disputes arising from these contracts. 2- Preparation and drafting of a unified Arab contract as a model for concluding international contracts for building and construction, which is evident in the customs and habits of this industry derived from our contemporary reality and in line with the legal concepts prevailing in our Arab countries, so that they act as the actual guarantee on which every contractor from our Arab society depends.

The Extent of the Impact of Taxes on Financing Decisions and Control Processes in those Decisions

The debates sparked by the tax treatment of realized, reinvested, and distributed profits led to various taxation techniques, concluding that, while economic theory claims that any company's goal is to maximize profit, the practical reality shows that some companies only want to make a satisfactory profit and thus pay as little tax as possible, In the context of accounting methods that allow businesses to show results that are more in accordance with their goals than with reality, within specified bounds. Based on a set of eight hypotheses that we will test on a sample of industry enterprises using the research methodology of panel-based models, we will try to argue the importance of managing the tax burden and highlight the tax repercussions on investment decisions, their financing methods, and the value of the company.

Olódumare and Esu in Yorubá Religious Thought

Theological and philosophical debates on deities do not end easily; rather they open new vistas of understanding and further argumentation. In a previous work, I argued that there are two pairs of Olódumare and Es̩u in contemporary Yorubá religious thought and praxis. This conclusion was to navigate the extreme position that Olódumare and the Christian God have nothing in common. Although Segun Ogungbemi recently maintained the strict theological and moral differences between Olódumare and God using existential lens, he has not addressed the practical reality instantiated by the contemporary Yorubá diverse worshipers. Danoye Ogúntó̩lá-Láguda’s position on Olódumare and Es̩u is also slightly different from Ogúngbemí’s, although the former maintains a more practical posture. From their arguments I propose, in addition to my earlier two-pair argument that contemporary Yorubá may have four pairs of Olódumare and Esu: the first pair is autochtho ̩ - nous to the Yorubá, the second is Christian, the third Islamic, and the fourth, philosophical.

The loneliness of the long-distance ethnobotanist: a constructive critique of methods used in an ethnoveterinary study in Mongolia

Background Fieldwork plays an important role in research projects across a variety of fields, especially in the multidisciplinary setting of natural and social science research. As is the nature of fieldwork, things do not always work out as planned, and yet this is not often written about. In response to the need for honest and transparent accounts of fieldwork, the purpose of this article is to review the methods used during fieldwork for the first author’s dissertation research on ethnoveterinary knowledge. Methods To critically review and reflect on the fieldwork methods used for an ethnoveterinary study in Mongolia, we compare the theory underpinning each method with the practical reality of implementing the method in the field. From this comparison, we draw out and discuss a number of key themes. Results Eighteen methods and approaches used for the research project are reviewed and compared. From this, we distil and further discuss the following five overarching themes: reflections on specific data collection methods (free listing, semi-structured interviews with interpreters, voucher specimen collection); assumptions around involving local people; power dynamics; gender relations; and researcher well-being. Conclusion By juxtaposing the theory and practical reality of the methods used, we highlight many potential fieldwork challenges and, within this context, offer general pointers, especially for novice female researchers doing fieldwork in foreign countries. A critical review of this type, where the experience and use of various methods, techniques, and approaches are openly shared and evaluated, is a contribution to selecting, adapting, and fine-tuning the methods best suited to a particular research context.

Illustrative Techniques in the Primary School

The goal of this chapter is to contribute to the area of teaching about technology, especially by using illustrative aids, kits as didactic training tools in contemporary schools, and to define what is required by this field in view of the goals of the teaching process, especially of the education theory. The study summarises the issue of illustrative aids, from the view of their application to the area of general training, and formulates answers to some related practical issues of the relevant subject didactics. The chapter presents the results of past research surveys which were conducted in relation to incorporating illustrative aids - kits into education, and of the effectiveness of the implemented education in the practical reality of teaching. One subject of discussion also includes the condition/the current state of implementing education in the primary school environment. The aim of this chapter is to provide a comparative and analytical insight into the teaching of general technical subjects in primary schools in the context of technical kits, defining current trends and approaches to the implementation of educational activities. The broader intention is thus to contribute to the development of a sectoral didactics of technical subjects, targeted at lower school levels and educational practice.

Vector for the development of functional literacy of schoolchildren: a normative basis

Актуальность статьи обусловлена изменяющимися требованиями к качеству образования современных школьников, предъявляемых на мировом уровне. Функциональная грамотность предстает как интегрирующий феномен, способствующий развитию способности и готовности школьников использовать знания для решения различного рода практических задач. Цель статьи заключается в том, чтобы определить нормативное поле сферы формирования и оценки функциональной грамотности школьников для развития образовательных систем согласно современным мировым требованиям к качеству образования. Авторами статьи проведен аналитический обзор нормативно-правовых документов, регламентирующих повышение уровня качества образования в мире, а также воспитание функционально грамотной личности, способной не только получать и воспроизводить готовые знания, но и применять их в ситуациях практической действительности. Статья предназначена для педагогов, студентов педагогических вузов, а также для широкого круга читателей, интересующихся проблемой развития функционально грамотной личности. The relevance of the article is due to the changing requirements for the quality of education of modern schoolchildren, presented at the world level. Functional literacy appears as an integrating phenomenon that contributes to the development of the ability and readiness of schoolchildren to use knowledge to solve various practical problems. The purpose of the article is to determine the normative field of the sphere of formation and assessment of functional literacy of schoolchildren for the development of educational systems in accordance with modern world requirements for the quality of education. The authors of the article conducted an analytical review of the regulatory documents regulating the improvement of the quality of education in the world, as well as the education of a functionally literate person who is able not only to receive and reproduce ready-made knowledge, but also to apply it in situations of practical reality. The article is intended for teachers, students of pedagogical universities, as well as for a wide range of readers interested in the problem of developing a functionally literate personality.

PENA CRIMINAL: POR UMA TEORIA UNIFICADORA DAS FINALIDADES DA PUNIÇÃO

This article aims to analyze the theories about the purposes of criminal punishment, identifying the philosophical construction of absolutist theories, especially Kant and Hegel, as well as the relativistic theories of general prevention and special prevention, negative and positive. In time, the intention will be to verify the complexity of the criminal phenomenon and to investigate the various stages that the sentence is presented in the legal scope, questioning the possibility of integration between the different theories in order to unify them in search of a better response to the practical reality that presents itself, respecting the autonomy of the offender as a manifestation of its human dignity, as well as directing the application of the sanction to the valorization of the equality and constitution of a society less disaggregating.

On Knowing One’s Reason

This chapter is about the question whether one can act for the reason that p when one does not know that p. A negative answer to this question has been promoted by Unger, Hornsby, Hyman, and others, suggesting that the picture of motivation presented in my Practical Reality is not sufficiently respectful of the important differences between acting in the light of knowledge and acting in the light of mere belief, justified or otherwise. In responding to these criticisms, this paper revisits various themes from that book, in particular the non-factivity of reasons-explanations, and certain changes to the views expressed there are accepted.