Long-Lasting Detection Facilitation Induced by Gabor Flankers

Perception ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 25 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 155-155
Author(s):  
Y Tanaka ◽  
D Sagi
Keyword(s):  
Time Course ◽  
Detection Threshold ◽  
Stimulus Onset ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
High Contrast ◽  
Spatial Filters ◽  
Contrast Detection ◽  
Separation Threshold ◽  
Sensitivity Changes

Contrast detection threshold of a Gabor signal (GS) is enhanced in the presence of high contrast GS flankers. Repetitive performance of the task induces contrast sensitivity changes on different time scales: minutes when using mental imagery, and weeks in the context of perceptual learning. We tested the time course of lateral enhancement within a single trial, using a forward masking technique. Contrast detection thresholds were measured (2AFC) for a foveal GS target presented briefly (32 ms) preceded by a presentation (80 ms) of two high-contrast GS flankers, with stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) varying from 0 to 3600 ms. Using target-to-mask separation of 3\lambda and 12\lambda (\lambda =18°, GS wavelength), we found that the 3\lambda separation GS flankers decreased target threshold by 0.25 log units at SOA=0 and by 0.17 log units at 3600 ms. At 12\lambda separation, threshold decreased by 0.11 log units at SOA=0 and by 0.14 log units at 3600 ms. Long-term and short-term enhancements showed similar dependence on stimulus configuration (maximal for collinear target and masks) and local parameters (orientation and spatial frequency differences between target and flankers). The results imply that spatial filters in early vision retain an input trace for as long as a few seconds (up to 14.4 seconds tested). This trace may subserve the consolidation of filter activity into long-term memory.

Neural Oscillation Correlates Chemistry Decision-Making

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (03) ◽  
pp. 1750031 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li-Yu Huang ◽  
Hsiao-Ching She ◽  
Tzyy-Ping Jung
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Stimulus Onset ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Neural Oscillation ◽  
Beta Power ◽  
The Given

This study explored the electroencephalography (EEG) dynamics during a chemistry-related decision-making task and further examined whether the correctness of the decision-making performance could be reflected by EEG activity. A total of 66 undergraduate students’ EEG were collected while they participated in a chemistry-related decision-making task in which they had to retrieve the relevant chemistry concepts in order to make correct decisions for each task item. The results showed that it was only in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) cluster that distinct patterns in EEG dynamics were displayed for the correct and incorrect responses. The logistic regression results indicated that ACC theta power from 300[Formula: see text]ms to 250[Formula: see text]ms before stimulus onset was the most informative factor for estimating the likelihood of making correct decisions in the chemistry-related decision-making task, while it was the ACC low beta power from 150[Formula: see text]ms to 250[Formula: see text]ms after stimulus onset. The results suggested that the ACC theta augmentation before the stimulus onset serves to actively maintain the relevant information for retrieval from long-term memory, while the ACC low beta augmentation after the stimulus onset may serve the function of mapping the encoded stimulus onto the relevant criteria that the given participant has held within his or her mind to guide the decision-making responses.

scholarly journals Alpha-band oscillations track the retrieval of precise spatial representations from long-term memory

2019 ◽  
Vol 122 (2) ◽  
pp. 539-551 ◽  
Author(s):  
David W. Sutterer ◽  
Joshua J. Foster ◽  
John T. Serences ◽  
Edward K. Vogel ◽  
Edward Awh
Keyword(s):  
Memory Retrieval ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Initial Study ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Spatial Representations ◽  
Alpha Band ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Spatial Memories

A hallmark of episodic memory is the phenomenon of mentally reexperiencing the details of past events, and a well-established concept is that the neuronal activity that mediates encoding is reinstated at retrieval. Evidence for reinstatement has come from multiple modalities, including functional magnetic resonance imaging and electroencephalography (EEG). These EEG studies have shed light on the time course of reinstatement but have been limited to distinguishing between a few categories. The goal of this work was to use recently developed experimental and technical approaches, namely continuous report tasks and inverted encoding models, to determine which frequencies of oscillatory brain activity support the retrieval of precise spatial memories. In experiment 1, we establish that an inverted encoding model applied to multivariate alpha topography tracks the retrieval of precise spatial memories. In experiment 2, we demonstrate that the frequencies and patterns of multivariate activity at study are similar to the frequencies and patterns observed during retrieval. These findings highlight the broad potential for using encoding models to characterize long-term memory retrieval. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Previous EEG work has shown that category-level information observed during encoding is recapitulated during memory retrieval, but studies with this time-resolved method have not demonstrated the reinstatement of feature-specific patterns of neural activity during retrieval. Here we show that EEG alpha-band activity tracks the retrieval of spatial representations from long-term memory. Moreover, we find considerable overlap between the frequencies and patterns of activity that track spatial memories during initial study and at retrieval.

Cutaneous masking. I. Psychophysical observations on interactions of multipoint stimuli in man

1979 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 1048-1060 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. E. Laskin ◽  
W. A. Spencer
Keyword(s):  
Test Stimulus ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Detection Threshold ◽  
Conditioning Stimulus ◽  
Stimulus Onset ◽  
Direct Function ◽  
Cutaneous Sensation ◽  
Test Stimulation ◽  
Temporal Features ◽  
The Central Nervous System

1. Psychophysical masking of cutaneous sensation at the locus of punctate test stimulation has been quantitatively examined with phasic mechanical and brief air-pulse stimuli using a conditioning-test stimulus paradigm. 2. Masking was maximal at the minimal interstimulus distance effective with this paradigm, varies inversely with interstimulus distance, and is demonstrable with the conditioning and test stimuli up to 10 cm apart on the forearm. 3. The degree of masking was found to be a direct function of the relative intensity of the conditioning stimulus with respect to the test stimulus. 4. Variations in the interstimulus interval permitted an investigation of the temporal features of cutaneous masking. It was detectable from 10 ms before to 70 ms after conditioning stimulation. Maximum masking occurred when the test stimulus was delivered about 10 ms following conditioning stimulus onset. 5. We also noted the much less marked, but still significant, enhancement phenomenon, in which weak conditioning stimuli, at just-threshold intensity levels, lowered the detection threshold for sensation at the test stimulus locus. We found this enhancement of sensation to have the same spatial distribution as did masking, but a much reduced time course. It began with the test stimulus presented simultaneously with the conditioning stimulus, peaked with 10--15 ms interstimulus intervals, but decayed in less than 40 ms. 6. Since psychophysical experiments often form the framework for the understanding of physiologic processes, it is suggested that these behavioral determinations of enhancement and masking may be correlated with the electrophysiologic properties of excitation and inhibition in neurons of the major primary somatic pathways of the central nervous system.

scholarly journals Sustained Attention and Spatial Attention Distinctly Influence Long-term Memory Encoding

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Megan T. deBettencourt ◽  
Stephanie D. Williams ◽  
Edward K. Vogel ◽  
Edward Awh
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Attention ◽  
Sustained Attention ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Stimulus Onset ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Attention And Memory ◽  
Memory Encoding ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Our attention is critically important for what we remember. Prior measures of the relationship between attention and memory, however, have largely treated “attention” as a monolith. Here, across three experiments, we provide evidence for two dissociable aspects of attention that influence encoding into long-term memory. Using spatial cues together with a sensitive continuous report procedure, we find that long-term memory response error is affected by both trial-by-trial fluctuations of sustained attention and prioritization via covert spatial attention. Furthermore, using multivariate analyses of EEG, we track both sustained attention and spatial attention before stimulus onset. Intriguingly, even during moments of low sustained attention, there is no decline in the representation of the spatially attended location, showing that these two aspects of attention have robust but independent effects on long-term memory encoding. Finally, sustained and spatial attention predicted distinct variance in long-term memory performance across individuals. That is, the relationship between attention and long-term memory suggests a composite model, wherein distinct attentional subcomponents influence encoding into long-term memory. These results point toward a taxonomy of the distinct attentional processes that constrain our memories.

scholarly journals Different Training Procedures Recruit Either One or Two Critical Periods for Contextual Memory Consolidation, Each of Which Requires Protein Synthesis and PKA

1998 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 365-374 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roussoudan Bourtchouladze ◽  
Ted Abel ◽  
Nathaniel Berman ◽  
Rachael Gordon ◽  
Kyle Lapidus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Contextual Fear Conditioning ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Protein Synthesis Inhibitor ◽  
Critical Periods ◽  
Synthesis Inhibitor ◽  
Contextual Memory ◽  
Contextual Fear

We have used a combined genetic and pharmacological approach to define the time course of the requirement for protein kinase A (PKA) and protein synthesis in long-term memory for contextual fear conditioning in mice. The time course of amnesia in transgenic mice that express R(AB) and have genetically reduced PKA activity in the hippocampus parallels that observed both in mice treated with inhibitors of PKA and mice treated with inhibitors of protein synthesis. This PKA- and protein synthesis-dependent memory develops between 1 hr and 3 hr after training. By injecting the protein synthesis inhibitor anisomycin or the PKA inhibitor Rp-cAMPs at various times after training, we find that depending on the nature of training, contextual memory has either one or two brief consolidation periods requiring synthesis of new proteins, and each of these also requires PKA. Weak training shows two time periods of sensitivity to inhibitors of protein synthesis and PKA, whereas stronger training exhibits only one. These studies underscore the parallel dependence of long-term contextual memory on protein synthesis and PKA and suggest that different training protocols may recruit a common signaling pathway in distinct ways.

scholarly journals Sustained attention and spatial attention distinctly influence long-term memory encoding

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan T. deBettencourt ◽  
Stephanie D. Williams ◽  
Edward K. Vogel ◽  
Edward Awh
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Attention ◽  
Sustained Attention ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Stimulus Onset ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Attention And Memory ◽  
Memory Encoding ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractOur attention is critically important for what we remember. Prior measures of the relationship between attention and memory, however, have largely treated “attention” as a monolith. Here, across three experiments, we provide evidence for two dissociable aspects of attention that influence encoding into long-term memory. Using spatial cues together with a sensitive continuous report procedure, we find that long-term memory response error is affected by both trial-by-trial fluctuations of sustained attention and prioritization via covert spatial attention. Furthermore, using multivariate analyses of EEG, we track both sustained attention and spatial attention prior to stimulus onset. Intriguingly, even during moments of low sustained attention, there is no decline in the representation of the spatially attended location, showing that these two aspects of attention have robust but independent effects on long term memory encoding. Finally, sustained and spatial attention predicted distinct variance in long-term memory performance across individuals. That is, the relationship between attention and long-term memory suggests a composite model, wherein distinct attentional subcomponents influence encoding into long-term memory. These results point towards a taxonomy of the distinct attentional processes that constrain our memories.

scholarly journals The dynamics of fidelity over the time course of long-term memory

2016 ◽  
Vol 88 ◽  
pp. 1-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kimele Persaud ◽  
Pernille Hemmer
Keyword(s):  
Time Course ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Term Memory

scholarly journals Importin-7 mediates memory consolidation through regulation of nuclear translocation of training-activated MAPK in Drosophila

2016 ◽  
Vol 113 (11) ◽  
pp. 3072-3077 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qian Li ◽  
Xuchen Zhang ◽  
Wantong Hu ◽  
Xitong Liang ◽  
Fang Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Memory Consolidation ◽  
Mushroom Body ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Nuclear Translocation ◽  
Time Window ◽  
Image Data ◽  
Nuclear Accumulation ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Behavioral Impact

Translocation of signaling molecules, MAPK in particular, from the cytosol to nucleus represents a universal key element in initiating the gene program that determines memory consolidation. Translocation mechanisms and their behavioral impact, however, remain to be determined. Here, we report that a highly conserved nuclear transporter, Drosophila importin-7 (DIM-7), regulates import of training-activated MAPK for consolidation of long-term memory (LTM). We show that silencing DIM-7 functions results in impaired LTM, whereas overexpression of DIM-7 enhances LTM. This DIM-7–dependent regulation of LTM is confined to a consolidation time window and in mushroom body neurons. Image data show that bidirectional alteration in DIM-7 expression results in proportional changes in the intensity of training-activated MAPK accumulated within the nuclei of mushroom body neurons during LTM consolidation. Such DIM-7–regulated nuclear accumulation of activated MAPK is observed only in the training specified for LTM induction and determines the amplitude, but not the time course, of memory consolidation.

scholarly journals Alpha-band oscillations track the retrieval of precise spatial representations from long-term memory

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
David W. Sutterer ◽  
Joshua J. Foster ◽  
John T. Serences ◽  
Edward K. Vogel ◽  
Edward Awh
Keyword(s):  
Memory Retrieval ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Continuous Space ◽  
Multiple Modalities ◽  
Oscillatory Power ◽  
Spatial Memories ◽  
Spatial Locations

AbstractA hallmark of episodic memory is the phenomenon of mentally re-experiencing the details of past events, and a well-established concept is that the neuronal activity that mediates encoding is reinstated at retrieval. Evidence for reinstatement has come from multiple modalities, including functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) and electroencephalography (EEG). These EEG studies have shed light on the time-course of reinstatement, but have been limited to distinguishing between a few categories and/or limited measures of memory strength. The goal of this work was to investigate whether recently developed experimental and technical approaches, namely an inverted encoding model applied to alpha oscillatory power in conjunction with sensitive tests of memory retrieval in a continuous space, can track and reconstruct memory retrieval of specific spatial locations. In Experiment 1, we establish that an inverted encoding model applied to multivariate alpha topography can track retrieval of precise spatial memories. In Experiment 2, we demonstrate that the pattern of multivariate alpha activity at study is similar to the pattern observed during retrieval. Finally, we observe that these encoding models predict memory retrieval behavior, including the accuracy and latency of recall. These findings highlight the broad potential for using encoding models to characterize long-term memory retrieval.

scholarly journals Dnmts and Tet target memory-associated genes after appetitive olfactory training in honey bees

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie D. Biergans ◽  
C. Giovanni Galizia ◽  
Judith Reinhard ◽  
Charles Claudianos
Keyword(s):  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Honey Bees ◽  
Dna Methyltransferase ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Methylation Pattern ◽  
Memory Formation ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Memory Retention ◽  
Term Memory

Abstract DNA methylation and demethylation are epigenetic mechanisms involved in memory formation. In honey bees DNA methyltransferase (Dnmt) function is necessary for long-term memory to be stimulus specific (i.e. to reduce generalization). So far, however, it remains elusive which genes are targeted and what the time-course of DNA methylation is during memory formation. Here, we analyse how DNA methylation affects memory retention, gene expression and differential methylation in stimulus-specific olfactory long-term memory formation. Out of 30 memory-associated genes investigated here, 9 were upregulated following Dnmt inhibition in trained bees. These included Dnmt3 suggesting a negative feedback loop for DNA methylation. Within these genes also the DNA methylation pattern changed during the first 24 hours after training. Interestingly, this was accompanied by sequential activation of the DNA methylation machinery (i.e. Dnmts and Tet). In sum, memory formation involves a temporally complex epigenetic regulation of memory-associated genes that facilitates stimulus specific long-term memory in the honey bee.

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