Perception of Slope in Photographs

Perception ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 26 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 179-179
Author(s):  
J W Huber ◽  
I R L Davies
Keyword(s):  
Focal Length ◽  
Matching Task ◽  
Task Characteristics ◽  
Viewing Distance ◽  
Free Viewing ◽  
Texture Characteristics ◽  
Wide Angle Lens ◽  
Available Information ◽  
Practical Implications ◽  
Station Point

Perceptions of characteristics of space such as slope, distance, and depth are frequently inaccurate, both in the real world and in pictures. We carried out experiments to study factors that influence the accuracy of perceived slope in photographs. Slopes varied in angle from 5° to 45° inclinations against the horizontal, and in the information available to the observer (outline shape and texture characteristics). We found that perceived slope is correlated with real slope ( r=0.99), but that observers consistently overestimate slope. The latter depends not only on the available information, but also on the focal length of the lens with which slopes were photographed. Overestimation is less pronounced for the wide-angle lens compared to the standard lens. A comparison of free viewing and viewing from the correct station-point showed that the latter leads to less overestimation of slope. Since the viewing distance was too far under free viewing, the results are compatible with geometrical optics. In a further experiment the effects of magnification and minification were studied by deliberately viewing the photographs from fixed points closer or further away than the station-point; this led to an increase and decrease in overestimation, respectively. Finally, results are frequently dependent on task characteristics: magnitude judgements of photographs without an anchoring point can only be accurate to a level of scale. Thus using an action-based matching task may lead to more accurate slope perception. We therefore carried out a comparison experiment using a matching task to check for the generality and action-dependence of our results. Practical implications for the use of photographs as surrogates for natural viewing are discussed.

Effects of Viewing Distance and Visual Angle on Metameric Matches

1982 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-126
Author(s):  
Ranald R. MacDonald ◽  
Francis Pratt ◽  
Martin E. Beattie
Keyword(s):  
Visual Angle ◽  
Matching Task ◽  
Viewing Distance

A metameric matching task was used to study the effect of viewing distance and visual angle on the appearance of bichromatic stimuli. Increasing the viewing distance resulted in a shift towards the longer wavelength component. Effects of visual angle were also found.

Predicting advertising execution effectiveness: scale development and validation

2016 ◽  
Vol 50 (1/2) ◽  
pp. 306-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arch G. Woodside
Keyword(s):  
High Impact ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Scale Development And Validation ◽  
Available Information ◽  
Development And Validation ◽  
Business Journalism ◽  
Practical Implications ◽  
Influence Behavior

Purpose – This paper aims to present a commentary on the Armstrong et al. (2015) proposals to use checklists of Armstrong’s “advertising principles” to predict the effectiveness of alternative advertising executions and their tests of validity using paired ads with day-after recall scores. Design/methodology/approach – This paper discusses literature from anecdotal business journalism, cognitive science and behavioral economics that attempt to explain and accurately predict high-impact advertising. The commentary considers the value of using checklists and the relevancy complexity theory for examining whether or not checklists versus other tools are useful for accurately predicting advertising effectiveness. Findings – Anecdotal reports and scientific studies using true experiments support the practical benefits of advertising executives referring to advertising principles in the form of checklists when deciding which advertisement to run. Armstrong, Du, Green and Graefe (ADGG) provide a useful early warning tool that is useful for indicating ads that will not be effective, but their checklist method is unlikely to indicate which ads will have high impact. Researchers and executives should create and test the efficacy of configurations of content and design for identifying highly effective ads; testing should be done in clutter and using behavioroid measures (not seven-point scales); recall measures are inadequate proxies for behavior. Practical implications – By calling attention to the possibilities of using the persuasive advertising principles to test the ability to select specific ads that will most influence behavior such as purchases, ADGG offer a valuable contribution. Too often, advertisers and other decision makers ignore useful readily available information; creating tools useful for improving the quality of decision-making is missing in many marketing management contexts. ADGG indicate that such a tool is possible avoiding ads that are likely to be poor performing, advertising executions. Originality/value – This paper serves to emphasize the substantial value in using rigorous checklists as a step in making complex decisions such as advertising execution selections to avoid undesirable outcomes.

scholarly journals Does More Information Lead to Better Informing?

10.28945/2383 ◽  
2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meliha Handzic
Keyword(s):  
Detrimental Effect ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Task Context ◽  
Processing Efficiency ◽  
Decision Accuracy ◽  
Information Availability ◽  
Available Information ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Practical Implications

This study investigated the impact of increased information availability on people's ability to process and use information in a judgemental decision making task context. The main findings indicate that increased availability had a detrimental effect on people's information processing efficiency. This, in turn, led to reduced decision accuracy. These findings have important practical implications, as they emphasise the danger of ever increasing information supply enabled by new technology. The findings also suggest a need for future research aimed at improving people's ability to make sense of the available information.

The Task-Dependent use of Binocular Disparity and Motion Parallax under Natural Viewing Conditions

Perception ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 26 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 99-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
M F Bradshaw ◽  
B De Bruyn ◽  
R A Eagle ◽  
A D Parton
Keyword(s):  
Binocular Disparity ◽  
Motion Parallax ◽  
Static Condition ◽  
Matching Task ◽  
Viewing Distance ◽  
Horizontal Meridian ◽  
Absolute Distance ◽  
Physical Stimuli ◽  
Additional Improvement ◽  
Better Than

The use of binocular disparity and motion parallax information was compared in three different psychophysical tasks for which natural viewing and physical stimuli were used. Natural viewing may be an important factor in interpreting experiments which have addressed the ability to use disparity and parallax both separately and in combination (see Frisby et al, 1996 Perception25 129 – 154). The stimuli consisted of configurations of three bright LEDs carefully aligned in the horizontal meridian and presented in darkness. The distance of the middle LED (flashing at 5 Hz) could be adjusted along the midline in accordance with the tasks which included: (i) a depth nulling task, (ii) a depth matching task, and (iii) a shape task—match base/height of triangle. Each task was performed at two viewing distances (1.5 and 3.0 m) and under four different viewing conditions: (i) monocular-static, (ii) monocular-moving, (iii) binocular-static, and (iv) binocular-moving. Note that the different tasks differ in their dependence on viewing distance, and the available cues for viewing distance differ between viewing conditions. Four observers made ten settings in each condition at each distance. Observers, as expected, performed badly (bias and accuracy) in all tasks in the monocular-static condition. Nulling was accurate in the other viewing conditions (no estimate of viewing distance required). Performance was best in the matching task (ratio of viewing distances) but although binocular-static was significantly better than monocular-moving performance in this and in the shape task (absolute distance required), there was no additional improvement in the binocular-moving condition. Results show that observers can recover structure accurately from parallax or disparity information in real-world stimuli.

The Effect of Face Masks on Forensic Face Matching: An Individual Differences Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandro Estudillo ◽  
Peter James Hills ◽  
Wong Hoo Keat
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Face Mask ◽  
Public Spaces ◽  
Matching Task ◽  
Mask Condition ◽  
Full View ◽  
Face Matching ◽  
Face Experiment ◽  
Unfamiliar Faces ◽  
Practical Implications

In the forensic face matching task, observers are presented with two unfamiliar faces and must determine whether they depict the same identity. Due to the Covid-19 pandemic, some governmental authorities require the use of face masks in public spaces. However, face masks impair face identification by disrupting holistic processing of faces. The present study explores the effect of face masks on forensic face matching. Compared to a full-view condition, performance decreased when a face mask was superimposed on one face (Experiment 1) and both faces (Experiment 2) of a pair. Although a positive correlation between the full-view and the mask conditions was found, high proficiency in the full-view condition did not always generalize to the mask condition. Additionally, the mask generally has a more negative impact in those participants with better performance in the full-view condition. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.

School externalities and scholastic performance: an efficiency analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 102-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Deutsch ◽  
Audrey Dumas ◽  
Jacques Silber
Keyword(s):  
Peer Effects ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Efficiency Analysis ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Data Envelopment ◽  
Education Policies ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Scholastic Performance ◽  
Available Information ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyze the determinants of scholastic performance using an efficiency analysis perspective. Design/methodology/approach The authors apply data envelopment analysis (DEA) at the pupil level using the 2009 PISA survey in Azerbaijan. Before applying DEA with multiple outputs, this paper integrates the maximum amount of available information on inputs via the use of correspondence analysis. Findings The results show that scholastic efficiency depends positively on the externalities due to the resources of the school and to a peer effect. The analysis of the determinants of these externalities shows how they influence scholastic performance and has some policy implications. Practical implications Education policies should promote the resource externality, because its effect is more homogeneous among pupils. The mechanisms generating school externalities should be taken into consideration by educational authorities, when allocating resources to school and should give some guidelines about how to use these resources and how to manage a school in order to promote peer effects externalities. Originality/value The authors distinguish various sources of efficiency: that of the pupil and that due to school externalities operating via resources and peer effects. The authors relate the efficiency due to school externalities to individual, family and school characteristics.

Pictorial Perspective: Perception of Size, Linear, and Texture Perspective in Children and Adults

Perception ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 675-684 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret A Hagen ◽  
Rochelle Glick
Keyword(s):  
Grade Level ◽  
Distance Judgment ◽  
Sixth Grade ◽  
Size Judgment ◽  
Matching Task ◽  
Viewing Condition ◽  
Percent Correct ◽  
Real Scene ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Station Point

Perception of size, linear, and texture perspective was investigated in third-grade and sixth-grade children and in college adults in three separate studies. A matching task required the observer to choose from a set of four alternative real scenes the correct match for the test stimulus, which was either a picture or a real scene. Correct performance required that the subject utilize perspective information for both size and distance relations. Erroneous choices available to the subject indicated errors in size judgment, in distance judgment, or in both simultaneously. View was either restricted at the correct station point or was free, with head motion. There were no significant effects of grade level. For all three groups, mean percent correct was nearly 100% with the real-scene test stimuli, and significantly below the chance level with the picture test stimuli. Errors in size judgment occurred most frequently, indicating that the geometrically correct rate of perspective convergence was too rapid to be seen by the subjects as perceptually acceptable. With size-perspective information alone, the number of size plus distance errors also increased significantly. There was no significant effect of viewing condition.

scholarly journals Aging and Decision-Making: A Conceptual Framework for Future Research - A Mini-Review

Gerontology ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 140-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Corinna E. Löckenhoff
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
Age Differences ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Process Models ◽  
Task Characteristics ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Compensatory Mechanisms ◽  
Practical Implications ◽  
Life Decision

Age differences in decision-making are of theoretical interest and have important practical implications, but relevant lines of work are distributed across multiple disciplines and often lack integration. The present review proposes an overarching conceptual framework with the aim of connecting disjointed aspects of this field of research. The framework builds on process models of decision-making and specifies potential mechanisms behind age effects as well as relevant moderators including task characteristics and contextual factors. After summarizing the extant literature for each aspect of the framework, compensatory mechanisms and ecological fit between different components of the model are considered. Implications for real-life decision-making, remaining research gaps, and directions for future research are discussed.

Escape the “Hockey stick” trap: five potent strategic moves that spur growth

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 11-20
Author(s):  
Brian Leavy
Keyword(s):  
Design Methodology ◽  
Trigger Points ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Hockey Stick ◽  
Economic Profit ◽  
Strategy Process ◽  
Available Information ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose This interview with the authors of Strategy – Beyond the Hockey Stick offers their insights into a major problem which has bedevilled the strategy process in too many companies over the years - the combination of bold but delusional “hockey-stick” forecasts and timid strategic moves – a coupling that severely limits the impact of any strategy. Design/methodology/approach The McKinsey authors examined publicly available information on the world’s 2,393 largest companies, and plotted their average annual economic profit Findings They found that the curve is extremely steep at the both ends: those in the top quintile average some 30 times as much economic profit as those in the middle three quintiles. Practical implications One of the biggest pitfalls in the strategy process is this very human propensity for bold forecasts and timid actions. Strategy requires confronting uncertainly head-on by embracing the notion of probability by calibrating the odds of a strategy succeeding, building in explicit trigger points to re-examine decisions as we learn more. 10; Originality/value What has been largely missing from the literature is a study of the average-to-top transition based on an extensive data set, one that encompasses a greater range of performance profiles and average-to-top transition trajectories. This is the knowledge gap that Strategy Beyond the Hockey Stick: People, Probabilities, and Big Moves to Beat the Odds fills.

scholarly journals A Major QTL is associated with berry grape texture characteristics

OENO One ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 183-206
Author(s):  
Manna Crespan ◽  
Daniele Migliaro ◽  
Silvia Vezzulli ◽  
Sara Zenoni ◽  
Giovanni Battista Tornielli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Skin Resistance ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Skin Thickness ◽  
Berry Skin ◽  
Texture Parameters ◽  
Texture Characteristics ◽  
Main Gene ◽  
Available Information ◽  
Major Qtl

Berry texture and berry skin mechanical properties are traits with high agronomic relevance because they are related to quality parameters and marketing requirements of wine, table, and raisin grapes. Searching for QTLs linked to berry texture, an F1 population of 152 individuals and their parents were used in this study. These F1 plants were obtained crossing Raboso Veronese, a seeded black wine grape cultivar, and Sultanina, a seedless white grape variety, especially used for raisins. Density flotation was applied for berry sorting improving the management of many and highly variable genotypes, irrespective of the quantification of specific molecule classes. Berries were evaluated for technological ripeness parameters and mechanical properties. Texture parameters were taken as raw data and as data normalised on berry dimensions, i.e., berry diameter or surface or volume. SSR molecular markers were used to produce a genetic map and a major QTL for berry texture was found on chromosome 18 with traits related to berry firmness showing a phenotypical explained variance higher than 60 %, and traits related to berry resilience, springiness and cohesiveness showing a variance higher than 50 %. Surprisingly, this QTL showed to be associated with SSR markers linked to VviAGL11, the main gene linked to seedlessness. VviAGL11 expression and co-expression profiling during grape ripening was evaluated using available information; this data suggested a role for this gene on the texture of a ripe berry.List of Abbreviations:ABW, average berry weightBR, berry resilienceBR_diam, berry resilience normalised on berry diameterBR_sur, berry resilience normalised on berry surfaceBR_vol, berry resilience normalised on berry volumeBS_ratio, berry springinessBS_ratio_diam, berry springiness normalised on berry diameterBS_ratio_sur, berry springiness normalised on berry surfaceBS_ratio_vol, berry springiness normalised on berry volumeBCo, berry cohesivenessBCo_diam, berry cohesiveness normalised on berry diameterBCo_sur, berry cohesiveness normalised on berry surfaceBCo_vol, berry cohesiveness normalised on berry volumeBH, berry hardnessBH_diam, berry hardness normalised on berry diameterBH_sur, berry hardness normalised on berry surfaceBH_vol, berry hardness normalised on berry volumeBG, berry gumminessBG_diam, berry gumminess normalised on berry diameterBG_sur, berry gumminess normalised on berry surfaceBG_vol, berry gumminess normalised on berry volumeBCh_ratio, berry chewinessBCh_ratio_diam, berry chewiness normalised on berry diameterBCh_ratio_sur, berry chewiness normalised on berry surfaceBCh_ratio_vol, berry chewiness normalised on berry volumeFsk, berry skin break forceWsk, berry skin break energyEsk, berry skin resistance to the axial deformationSpsk, berry skin thickness

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