Long-term softening of surface and buried hard seeds of yellow serradella grown in a range of environments

1998 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 673 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. K. Revell ◽  
G. B. Taylor ◽  
P. S. Cocks
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
First Year ◽  
Mediterranean Environment ◽  
The Third ◽  
Hard Seeds ◽  
Ornithopus Compressus ◽  
Alternating Temperature ◽  
One Year

A 3-year field experiment was conducted to investigate seed softening in yellow serradella (Ornithopus compressus L.) in a low rainfall Mediterranean environment at Merredin, Western Australia. The study examined seeds of 4 accessions of serradella from separate growing sites (Pindar, Merredin, and Badgingarra), and included the effect of pod burial (only for accessions grown at Merredin). Pods were placed on the soil surface in December 1992 and sampled in March, June, and October for the next 3 years. Burial treatments (2 and 6 cm beneath the surface) commenced in June 1993 after pods had been on the soil surface for one summer. Samples were collected in June for the next 2 years. Softening of seeds over the first summer in the field was compared with that obtained in the laboratory with 16 weeks at a diurnally alternating temperature of 60/15ºC. Few seeds of any accession softened (generally <6%) at the soil surface during the first summer but the rate of softening increased over the next 2 years. The highest annual rate of softening was about 55% in the third year in accessions GEH72-1A and GEH72-2A. Accession of serradella hadmore influence on pattern of seed softening than site at which seeds were produced. Burial of pods at 2 cm markedly accelerated seed softening in all strains, particularly GEH72-1A and cv. Madeira, in which over 95% of hard seeds softened during the first year of burial. Softening at 6 cm was similar to that at the soil surface. Shallow burial of pods, as would occur during cereal cropping in one year,could improve regeneration of serradella, but reduce the longevity of its seed bank. Laboratory treatment at 60/15ºC generally over-estimated field softening during the first summer.The spread of germination in time in laboratory tests differed between accessions and was much wider in GEH72-2A than in others, extending up to 35 days. Such behaviour could provide insurance against total seedling loss following false breaks of season.

scholarly journals Slow-release fertilizers and possibilities of their utilizing in nursery

2004 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-164
Author(s):  
Petr Salaš
Keyword(s):  
Slow Release ◽  
Ornamental Plants ◽  
Woody Species ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Berberis Thunbergii ◽  
Slow Release Fertilizers ◽  
Picea Omorika ◽  
One Year ◽  
Two Stages

Reserve, slow-release fertilizers (SRF) enable to simplify the whole system of plant nutrition and fertilisation. Tabletted fertilizers of the Silvamix series represent a prospective product of Czech provenience. At our university, these fertilizers have been tested and used since the year 1991. Ornamental woody species grown in containers were investigated in two stages. Experiments with ornamental plants were established using one-year-old cuttings and seedlings of the following deciduous and evergreen woody species:Cotoneaster dammeri Skogholm,Berberis thunbergii,Potentilla fruticosa Snowflake,Ligustrum vulgare AtrovirensandPicea omorika. After planting into containers, fertilizers in the dose of 1 tablet (i.e. 10 g) per litre of substrate were applied either to roots level or on the soil surface in the container. Silvamix in the dose of 5 g.l-1was used as the tested fertilizer in the second stage. It was applied during the planting in the form of tablets and/or a powder. Control plants were fertilized in the course of growing season using a common agricultural fertilizer Cererit Z. The annual plants increments were measured. These experiments demonstrated a long-term optimum effect of this product on woody species and an equal quality and efficiency of its tabletted and powdered forms.

Seed softening, imbibition time, and seedling establishmentin yellow serradella

2002 ◽  
Vol 53 (9) ◽  
pp. 1011 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. B. Taylor ◽  
C. K. Revell
Keyword(s):  
Marked Effect ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
First Year ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Buried Seeds ◽  
Ornithopus Compressus ◽  
Intermediate Time ◽  
Softening Process ◽  
Viable Seeds ◽  
The Times

The first (preconditioning) and final stages of seed softening were studied over a 4-year period in 4 lines of yellow serradella (Ornithopus compressus L.): cvv. Santorini and Charano, and accessions GEH72-1A and GRC5045-2-2. Pods grown in 1997 were collected in December (start of summer) and placed on the soil surface or buried at a depth of 1 cm. Measurements of seed softening between years were made from pod samples removed in June each year. The progress of preconditioning and seed softening within the first 3 years was determined from samples taken at the end of February. Numbers of soft and viable seeds were determined from each sampling. Preconditioned seeds were identified by subjecting seeds to 7 gradual diurnal temperature cycles of 48/15°C in darkness before testing for permeability. Seed softening was markedly accelerated by pod burial in all 4 lines, with most buried seeds of GEH72-1A and Santorini softening during the first year. Seed softening was slower in GRC5045-2-2 and Charano, approaching a constant annual rate over the 4 years of the experiment. Despite this marked effect of burial the differences between lines in rates of softening of buried seeds were sufficient to have important implications for persistence under some management systems. Most seeds of all lines softened between February and June, indicating that shallow pod burial could be delayed in these lines until at least the end of February to promote the final stage of seed softening. Although large numbers of seeds of GEH72-1A and GRC5045-2-2 had preconditioned at the soil surface by the end of February, few went on to complete the softening process by June, when most had lost their preconditioned state. Treatment at 48/15°C was less successful in identifying preconditioned seeds of Santorini and Charano. Rates of imbibition differed markedly between lines. Most soft seeds of GEH72-1A and GRC5045-2-2 imbibed within days, whereas they took weeks in Santorini and an intermediate time in Charano. Seedling age distributions in the 4 lines in June closely reflected the times their soft seeds took to imbibe in the laboratory. Imbibition time can be an important germination regulating mechanism having implications that may be either favourable or unfavourable depending on rainfall distribution around the break of season and the system of management.

Effects of phosphorus on seed yields of subterranean clover, serradella and annual medics

1985 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 595 ◽  
Author(s):  
MDA Bolland
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
The Third ◽  
Hard Seeds ◽  
Annual Medics ◽  
Alternating Temperature ◽  
Seed Yields ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Number Of Seeds

In three experiments located near Esperance, Western Australia, the effect of superphosphate phosphorus on seed yields of subterranean clover, serradella and annual medics was measured on newly-cleared soils, using low seeding rates. In two experiments, the relationship between seed yield and the amount of phosphorus applied was linear for subterranean clover and serradella; seed yields increasing by 7-24 kg/ha for each kg/ha of phosphorus applied, depending on species, strain or cultivar, and location. In the third experiment, seed yields of annual medic species also increased markedly with increasing amounts of applied superphosphate phosphorus, this response also depended on species and strain or cultivar, but the responses become less marked with increasing amounts of phosphorus. For the annual medic species, the phosphorus treatments had no effect on average weight of one burr, number of seeds per burr, weight of one seed, or the rate of softening of hard seeds as measured both in a 15/60� alternating temperature oven (one cycle/day) or for samples of burrs collected periodically during summer from the field. For all legumes, the appearance of first flowers was not affected by phosphorus treatment.

Long-term cannulation model for blood sampling and intragastric infusion in the rat

1984 ◽  
Vol 247 (3) ◽  
pp. R595-R599 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Tsukamoto ◽  
R. D. Reidelberger ◽  
S. W. French ◽  
C. Largman
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Clinical Laboratory ◽  
Extended Period ◽  
Plasma Corticosterone ◽  
Blood Sampling ◽  
Success Rates ◽  
The Third ◽  
Minimal Stress

An improved methodology is described for long-term venous and gastric cannulation in the rat. The long-term efficacy of the cannulas for blood sampling and intragastric infusion of liquid diet was determined in 18 rats. No animals died after surgery, and weight gain was normal. During the first 6 wk, blood could be drawn repetitively in 94% of the rats, and continuous intragastric infusion of diet was maintained in all the animals. For an extended period of 11 wk, success rates for blood sampling and dietary infusion were 75 and 100%, respectively. Standard hematological, histopathological, and clinical laboratory tests showed no abnormal changes. Furthermore, plasma corticosterone levels were consistently low (0.5 +/- 0.11 to 1.52 +/- 0.55 micrograms/dl) from the third postoperative day throughout a period of 6 wk, indicating that animals were under minimal stress.

scholarly journals First year seed softening in three Hedysarum spp. in southern Queensland

2003 ◽  
Vol 43 (11) ◽  
pp. 1303 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. W. Bell ◽  
D. L. Lloyd ◽  
K. L. Bell ◽  
B. Johnson ◽  
K. C. Teasdale
Keyword(s):  
Soil Surface ◽  
First Year ◽  
Hard Seed ◽  
Seed Content ◽  
Constant Rate ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Hard Seeds ◽  
Hedysarum Coronarium ◽  
Seed Characteristics ◽  
Selection Of

Seed softening was investigated in 41 lines of Hedysarum coronarium, 5 lines of H. carnosum and 8�lines of H. flexuosum grown at Oakey, Queensland in 2000. After testing for initial hard seed content in each line, the remaining hard seeds were placed on the soil surface at Kingsthorpe on 15 January 2001. Changes in hard seed levels over the ensuing summer-autumn seed softening period were measured. The initial hard seed content in each species ranged from 20 to 79% in H. coronarium; 31 to 79% in H. carnosum; and 54 to 83% in H. flexuosum. No significant difference in the time of seed softening between accessions or species was identified. Despite the similar timing, the extent of softening varied greatly between accessions and species. The proportion of initially hard seed that softened ranged from 54 to 95% in H. coronarium; 27 to 45% in H. carnosum; and 50 to 74% in H. flexuosum. Accessions of H. coronarium and H. flexuosum softened the greatest proportion of seed between 15 January and 22�February with reducing amounts thereafter. Accessions of H. carnosum softened less seed over this period, appearing to display a slower, more constant rate of softening. Although total hard seed levels were relatively low, there was sufficient variability in hard seed levels to provide some scope for selection of desired hard seed characteristics.

Incidence and measurement of autumn seed softening within Medicago polymorpha L

1996 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 575 ◽  
Author(s):  
GB Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Soil Surface ◽  
Temperature Fluctuations ◽  
The Other ◽  
Laboratory Simulation ◽  
First Year ◽  
Medicago Polymorpha ◽  
Softening Behaviour ◽  
Hard Seeds ◽  
Total Seed

Softening of hard seeds during autumn rather than summer is a desirable characteristic for reducing seed losses in annual legumes from false breaks of season in Mediterranean environments. The incidence of this characteristic in Medicago polymorpha L. was determined in 34 lines grown at Toodyay, Western Australia, in 1993 and collected in December. Patterns of seed softening during summer and autumn 1993-94 were studied in pods placed on the soil surface in the field at Merredin, and in laboratory and glasshouse simulations at Perth. Summer seed softening was simulated in the laboratory by the removal of seeds from pods by hand, subjecting them to a diurnally fluctuating temperature of 60/15�C for 16 weeks, and testing their permeability. Residual hard seeds were subjected to 4 gradual diurnal temperature fluctuations of 35/10�C and re-tested for permeability as a measure of autumn seed softening. In the glasshouse study, pods were placed on the surface of soil in boxes, and emerged seedlings were counted after watering in March and June. Field softening in the first year ranged from 6.8 to 69.6%, but exceeded 40% in only 6 of the 34 lines. Proportions of total soft seeds present in the field in June that had softened after 1 March in the 34 lines were normally distributed, and ranged from 2.5 to 78.7%. The laboratory simulation markedly underestimated both autumn and total seed softening in 13 of the lines but effectively predicted field softening behaviour in the other 21 lines. The glasshouse technique overestimated the proportions of seeds softening in autumn in most lines and underestimated total softening in 12 of the 34 lines. A technique involving the use of a rain-out shelter is proposed for routine determination of the incidence of autumn seed softening in medic evaluation programs.

AB0641 MANAGING ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS (AS) WITH SHORT TERM BIOSIMILAR ADALIMUMAB REGIMEN IN A RESOURCE STRAPPED SETTING: A PROTOCOL DRIVEN COMMUNITY CLINIC ORIENTED STUDY

2020 ◽  
Vol 79 (Suppl 1) ◽  
pp. 1615.1-1615
Author(s):  
A. Chopra ◽  
N. Khadke ◽  
M. Saluja ◽  
T. Kianifard ◽  
A. Venugopalan
Keyword(s):  
Stress Reduction ◽  
Symptomatic Relief ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Substantial Improvement ◽  
First Year ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
One Year

Background:We were handicapped by the exorbitant cost of innovator anti-Tumour Necrosis Factor (TNF) drugs. Despite limited use, we sometimes observed long-term benefits following short term induction like use. Emboldened by advent of biosimilars, we carried out an investigational study.Objectives:To evaluate the effectiveness of a short regimen of biosimilar (Bs) Adalimumab in ASMethods:50 consenting patients (86% B27+) naïve for biologics and negative for latent TB screen were enrolled into an observational design study of one year; Baseline mean values for age, duration, ASDAS and CRP was 31 years, 98.8 months, 4.6 and 64 mg per dl respectively. During the first year, patients were begun with 40 mg Bs Adalimumab (Bs-ADL) (Exemptia™), injected fortnight, for 12-16 weeks. No patient received DMARD or steroid in the first year of study. Patients continued standard of care follow up program in the clinic. The ASAS (Assessment Spondyloarthritis International Society) improvement indices were used. Standard intention-to-treat analysis was performed; significant p <0.05.Results:Optimum ASAS 40 improvement was observed at week 12 (68%); substantial improvement lasted till week 36. At one year, the ASAS 40 was 38%; ASAS partial remission 22% patients. Pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF α and IL-17) showed conspicuous reduction; maximum drop in IL-6 at week 24 (See Figure). 11 patients withdrew in the first year. 30 patients completed two years and 22 patients completed 3 year follow up. Over time, there was substantial loss in the ASAS 20 and 40 responses but patients seemed satisfied with the on-going symptomatic relief and improved function. Admittedly, patients showed more adherences to advice on physical exercise and stress reduction. Flares were more frequent after 1 year requiring short term round the clock NSAID; only 5 patients could afford to repeat a short term Bs-ADL regimen and one patient underwent hip arthroplasty. None received steroids and 5 patients were begun on Sulfasalazine in the second year and monitored. We could not evaluate structural modification (AS). Selected outcomes over 2 and 3 years from the current study will be compared to matched control (derived from the clinic database). None developed TB or any serious drug related toxicity. 2 patients developed recurrent uveitis.Conclusion:This real life documented experience unravelled impressive long term benefits following a kick start short term induction regimen of Biosimilar Adalimumab in AS. Though contrary to standard practice, this seemed a practical solution in our setting. We speculate a psychological and motivational boost rather than a prolonged real time biological effect (Bs-ADL) for this phenomenon. Our study has important socioeconomic bearing and merits validation.Acknowledgement:This was essentially a non-commercial investigator-initiated study. Zydus Cedilla India provided a generous research grant with free of cost Bs_ADL to several patients and a large concession in the cost to the rest.Disclosure of Interests:Arvind Chopra Grant/research support from: Zydus Pharamceutical Ltd India, Nagnath Khadke: None declared, Manjit Saluja: None declared, Toktam Kianifard: None declared, Anuradha Venugopalan: None declared

The Shortsighted Treatment of Myelomeningocele: A Long-Term Case Report

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 311-313
Author(s):  
John M. Freeman
Keyword(s):  
Case Report ◽  
Routine Care ◽  
Treatment Center ◽  
The Third ◽  
Future Care ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Neurologic Function ◽  
One Year ◽  
Severe Hydrocephalus

Meningomyelocele is the most common severe congenital anomaly of the central nervous system (CNS), occurring in approximately 1/1,000 births. Until the late 1950s nothing was done for these children. Ingraham wrote that they should be given routine care until 18 months of age, when an accurate assessment of their neurologic function and intelligence could be made before closing the back. Many-most-died. The survivors who had severe hydrocephalus, hydronephrosis, and marked paraplegia, were left untreated at home or in institutions. The few survivors who did well were often children with meningoceles whose backs were then closed at 18 months. Studies from England suggest that 10% to 16% of children with meningomyelocele who are untreated are alive at 1 to 2 years, and at least 7% of the most severely affected survive to one year. If a child lives two months, he has a 28% chance of being alive at 11 years-untreated. With vigorous, early treatment he has a 50% to 80% chance of survival and, depending on the series, has a poor chance for a useful, productive life or a good chance for being "competitive." How then should we approach the newborn with a meningomyelocele? What should be our approach to his or her management? This case report is intended to emphasize the disastrous potential results of one common form of management. CASE REPORT An 8-year-old white boy was recently brought to the Birth Defects Treatment Center for recommendations about future care. He was the third child of middle class parents and was born and treated elsewhere.

Seedbank Dynamics of Two Swallowwort (Vincetoxicum) Species

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 136-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio DiTommaso ◽  
Lindsey R. Milbrath ◽  
Scott H. Morris ◽  
Charles L. Mohler ◽  
Jeromy Biazzo
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Management Strategy ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
First Year ◽  
Northeastern United States ◽  
The Third ◽  
Viable Seeds ◽  
Filled Seeds

Pale swallowwort and black swallowwort are European viny milkweeds that have become invasive in many habitats in the northeastern United States and southeastern Canada. A multiyear seedbank study was initiated in fall 2011 to assess annual emergence of seedlings and longevity of seeds of pale swallowwort and black swallowwort at four different burial depths (0, 1, 5, and 10 cm) over 4 yr. One hundred swallowwort seeds were sown in seed pans buried in individual pots, and emerged seedlings were counted and removed from May through September each year. A subset of seed pans was retrieved annually in October, and recovered seeds were counted and tested for viability. The majority of seedling emergence occurred during the first year (92% in 2012), and no new seedlings emerged in the third (2014) or fourth (2015) years. Pale swallowwort had relatively poor emergence at sowing depths of 0 cm (11%), 5 cm (6%), and 10 cm (0.05%—only one seedling), while 37% of pale swallowwort seeds emerged at 1 cm. The larger-seeded black swallowwort was more successful, with two-thirds of all sown seeds emerging at depths of 1 cm (71%) and 5 cm (66%), and 26% emerging at 10 cm. Only 16% of the surface-sown black swallowwort emerged. A large portion of the seeds that germinated at 10 cm, as well as at 5 cm for pale swallowwort, died before reaching the soil surface. Of filled seeds that were recovered in 2012 (black swallowwort at the 0-cm depth), 66% were viable. No viable seeds were recovered after the second growing season. Seeds recovered following the third year had become too deteriorated to accurately assess. Swallowwort seeds do not appear to survive more than 2 yr in the soil, at least in our experiment, suggesting that the elimination of seed production over 3 yr will exhaust the local seedbank. Seeds would need to be buried at least 10 cm for pale swallowwort but more than 10 cm for black swallowwort to prevent seedling emergence. Burial of swallowwort seeds as a management strategy may, however, only be practical in natural areas where high swallowwort densities occur.

Models of internalizing outcomes of early rejection

1995 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 683-695 ◽  
Author(s):  
Virginia Salzer Burks ◽  
Kenneth A. Dodge ◽  
Joseph M. Price
Keyword(s):  
Internalizing Problems ◽  
Longitudinal Design ◽  
Threshold Model ◽  
First Year ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Third ◽  
School Year

AbstractViewing social rejection from same-age peers as a source of stress for children, the current study sought to determine the most appropriate model of the effects of temporary versus consistent experiences with rejection for both short-term and long-term internalizing problems. Adopting a cross-sectional longitudinal design, the sociometric status of children in the first year of the study (when the children were in the first, second, or third grades), and then again in the next school year (when children were in the second, third, or fourth grades) was assessed to determine which children were rejected by their peers. Internalizing outcome measures were administered in the third and sixth years of follow-up. Results indicated that, for boys, the Threshold Model best represented the stressful effects of rejection. That is, only boys who were exposed to rejection for 2 consecutive years demonstrated both short-term and long-term internalizing problems in subsequent years. For girls, however, there appeared to be few significant differences among those who never experienced rejection, who had only temporary experiences with rejection, and girls who were consistently exposed to rejection. Results are discussed in terms of the significance of a Threshold Model as well as possible explanations for these gender differences.

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