Integrated parasite management for sheep reduces the effects of gastrointestinal nematodes on the Northern Tablelands of New South Wales

2010 ◽  
Vol 50 (12) ◽  
pp. 1043 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Kelly ◽  
L. P. Kahn ◽  
S. W. Walkden-Brown
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
New South ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Fibre Diameter ◽  
Summer Rainfall ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematode ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
Lower Growth ◽  
South Wales

An experiment was conducted over 2 years on six commercial farms to quantify the costs of gastrointestinal nematode parasitism on grazing Merino ewes on the Northern Tablelands of New South Wales. To determine the effect of worm management practices, three farms implemented integrated parasite management (IPM) strategies and three farms continued to implement regionally typical industry practice (TYP). On each farm, 120 ewes born in 2006 and 120 mature age ewes were selected at shearing in 2007. Of these, 60 in each flock were serially treated with anthelmintics (CAP treatment) to suppress worm populations and the other 60 ewes were managed according to their respective farm management strategies (NOCAP treatment). Among NOCAP ewes, worm egg counts were significantly reduced over both years by IPM compared with TYP despite IPM farms requiring fewer anthelmintic treatments (3.5 vs 4.5 per year). In Year 1, mortality of sheep because of worms (CAP vs NOCAP) was significant on TYP farms (10.5%, P < 0.01) but was not apparent on IPM farms. Throughout the study, NOCAP ewes had significantly lower growth rates (–2.8 ± 0.1 kg/year, P < 0.01), produced less greasy wool (–170 ± 20 g, P < 0.01) and had reduced fibre diameter (–0.28 ± 0.05 μm, P < 0.01) when compared with CAP ewes. These effects were apparent for both TYP and IPM management. The results confirm the significant production loss caused by worms in a northern, summer rainfall region and show that IPM reduces the effect of worms and frequency of anthelmintic treatment compared with typical methods currently used by the industry.

Integrated parasite management improves control of gastrointestinal nematodes in lamb production systems in a high summer-rainfall region, on the Northern Tablelands, New South Wales

2017 ◽  
Vol 57 (5) ◽  
pp. 958 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. L. Dever ◽  
L. P. Kahn ◽  
E. K. Doyle
Keyword(s):  
Production Systems ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Summer Rainfall ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Meat Production ◽  
Treatment Frequency ◽  
South Wales ◽  
The Difference

This experiment tested the hypothesis that integrated parasite management (IPM) programs would reduce the effects of gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) in meat-breed lamb production systems on the Northern Tablelands of New South Wales. The experiment was a longitudinal experiment using twin-bearing Border Leicester × Merino ewes on farms managed in accordance to either regional WormBoss IPM programs (n = 3 farms) or typical (TYP) regional GIN control (n = 2 farms). Ewes on each farm were either GIN-suppressed (SUP; n = 120 ewes) or not (NSUP; n = 120 ewes) and were managed in two groups (n = 120/group) balanced for GIN control. Ewes lambed in September and at lamb marking, 120 lambs (Dorset sires) from each ewe GIN control group were enrolled in the experiment to investigate the effect of ewe GIN control on lamb performance up to weaning. Overall mean worm egg count (WEC) of ewes (P = 0.004) was lower with IPM (IPM 766 vs TYP 931 epg) and was achieved with fewer drenches (IPM 4.5 vs TYP 5.5/year). Despite lower WEC, GIN infection reduced liveweight (IPM –2.1 kg vs TYP –1.1 kg, P = 0.0006) and clean fleece weight (IPM –0.11 kg vs TYP –0.01 kg, P = 0.03) of ewes to a greater extent on IPM farms. The annual rate of apparent ewe mortality was 6.5% and this was unaffected by GIN infection. WEC of lambs at weaning was lower on IPM farms (IPM 159 epg vs TYP 322, P < 0.0001) but the difference in weaning weights of lambs reared by NSUP and SUP ewes was greater on IPM farms (IPM –1.1 kg vs TYP 0.2 kg, P < 0.0001). Overall, the production loss due to GIN infection in these sheep-meat production systems, on the Northern Tablelands of New South Wales, was small and treatment frequency can be reduced by IPM programs.

Mathematical equations to describe lactation curves for Holstein- Friesian cows in New South Wales

1999 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 431 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. R. Tozer ◽  
R. G. Huffaker
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
New South ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Time To Peak ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Feed Management ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Daily Milk Yield

Researchers have characterised dairy milk production using a wide variety of statistically estimated equations that regress the average yield per unit time of cows in a given parity against time. The various functions employed to explain average daily milk yield include the incomplete gamma, the inverse polynomial, the Mitscherlich exponential form, and the multiphasic curve. Most of the lactation research has been carried out in the Northen Hemisphere and the applicability of the results to Australian conditions is limited due to differences in herd and feed management practices. The usefulness of some functions in developing management strategies is also limited, as it is difficult to determine lactation characteristics, such as time to peak yield and the milk production at this peak. Herd recording data from New South Wales were used to estimate equations for ‘average’ Holstein-Friesian dairy cows of varying parities. Of the 4 functions used in this study, one was not statistically appealing, the multiphasic function, and of the others, 2 functions, the incomplete gamma function and the inverse polynomial, performed well statistically and in replicating the underlying data. Thus, the simplest functions were more robust.

scholarly journals Diarrhetic Shellfish Toxin Monitoring in Commercial Wild Harvest Bivalve Shellfish in New South Wales, Australia

Toxins ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 446 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hazel Farrell ◽  
Penelope Ajani ◽  
Shauna Murray ◽  
Phil Baker ◽  
Grant Webster ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Market Survey ◽  
Wild Harvest ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Regulatory Limits ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Shellfish Toxin ◽  
Anadara Granosa

An end-product market survey on biotoxins in commercial wild harvest shellfish (Plebidonax deltoides, Katelysia spp., Anadara granosa, Notocallista kingii) during three harvest seasons (2015–2017) from the coast of New South Wales, Australia found 99.38% of samples were within regulatory limits. Diarrhetic shellfish toxins (DSTs) were present in 34.27% of 321 samples but only in pipis (P. deltoides), with two samples above the regulatory limit. Comparison of these market survey data to samples (phytoplankton in water and biotoxins in shellfish tissue) collected during the same period at wild harvest beaches demonstrated that, while elevated concentrations of Dinophysis were detected, a lag in detecting bloom events on two occasions meant that wild harvest shellfish with DSTs above the regulatory limit entered the marketplace. Concurrently, data (phytoplankton and biotoxin) from Sydney rock oyster (Saccostrea glomerata) harvest areas in estuaries adjacent to wild harvest beaches impacted by DSTs frequently showed elevated Dinophysis concentrations, but DSTs were not detected in oyster samples. These results highlighted a need for distinct management strategies for different shellfish species, particularly during Dinophysis bloom events. DSTs above the regulatory limit in pipis sampled from the marketplace suggested there is merit in looking at options to strengthen the current wild harvest biotoxin management strategies.

Mapping and comparing the distribution of soil carbon under cropping and grazing management practices in Narrabri, north-west New South Wales

Soil Research ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Miklos ◽  
Michael G. Short ◽  
Alex B. McBratney ◽  
Budiman Minasny
Keyword(s):  
Soil Carbon ◽  
Spatial Resolution ◽  
Carbon Stock ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Inorganic Carbon ◽  
High Spatial Resolution ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Fine Resolution

The reliable assessment of soil carbon stock is of key importance for soil conservation and mitigation strategies related to reducing atmospheric carbon. Measuring and monitoring soil carbon is complex because carbon pools cycle and rates of carbon sequestration vary across the landscape due to climate, soil type, and management practices. A new methodology has been developed and applied to make an assessment of the distribution of total, organic, and inorganic carbon at a grains research and grazing property in northern New South Wales at a high spatial resolution. In this study, baseline soil carbon maps were created using fine resolution, geo-referenced, proximal sensor data. Coupled with a digital elevation model and secondary terrain attributes, all of the data layers were combined by k-means clustering to develop a stratified random soil sampling scheme for the survey area. Soil samples taken at 0.15-m increments to a depth of 1 m were scanned with a mid-infrared spectrometer, which was calibrated using a proportion of the samples that were analysed in a laboratory for total carbon and inorganic carbon content. This combination of new methodologies and technologies has the potential to provide large volumes of reliable, fine resolution and timely data required to make baseline assessments, mapping, monitoring, and verification possible. This method has the potential to make soil carbon management and trading at the farm-scale possible by quantifying the carbon stock to a depth of 1 m and at a high spatial resolution.

Corrigendum to: Soil indicators and their use by farmers in the Billabong Catchment, southern New South Wales

Soil Research ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 340
Author(s):  
B. Kelly ◽  
C. Allan ◽  
B. P. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Soil Health ◽  
Soil Management ◽  
Management Decisions ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Health Need ◽  
Soil Indicators

'Soil health' programs and projects in Australia's agricultural districts are designed to influence farmers' management behaviours, usually to produce better outcomes for production, conservation, and sustainability. These programs usually examine soil management practices from a soil science perspective, but how soils are understood by farmers, and how that understanding informs their farm management decisions, is poorly documented. The research presented in this paper sought to better understand how dryland farmers in the Billabong catchment of southern New South Wales use soil indicators to inform their management decisions. Thematic content analysis of transcripts of semi-structured, face-to-face interviews with farmers suggest several themes that have implications for soil scientists and other professionals wishing to promote soil health in the dryland farming regions of south-eastern Australia. In particular, all soil indicators, including those related to soil 'health', need to relate to some clear, practical use to farmers if they are to be used in farm decision making. This research highlights a reliance of the participants of this research on agronomists. Reliance on agronomists for soil management decisions may result in increasing loss of connectivity between farmers and their land. If this reflects a wider trend, soil health projects may need to consider where best to direct their capacity-building activities, and/or how to re-empower individual farmers.

Characterisation of naturalised strains of Trifolium subterraneum var. brachycalycinum cv. Clare in northern New South Wales

1994 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 33 ◽  
Author(s):  
GM Lodge
Keyword(s):  
Seed Weight ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Summer Rainfall ◽  
Median Number ◽  
South Wales ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Floral Characters ◽  
Number Of Seeds

Burrs were collected from paddocks on 3 properties in northern New South Wales where the age of the Trifolium subterraneum var. brachycalycinum cv. Clare swards varied from 19 to 28 years. At 1 site burrs were also sampled from swards sown 2 and 10 years previously. Twenty seedlings from these burrs and 20 plants of certified cv. Clare were grown as spaced plants in a nursery. These were assessed for vegetative and floral characters, flowering time, number of seeds per burr, seed weight, and percentage hardseed after storage at 25/25�C for 6 months and 25/45�C for a further 6 months. For most plants the mean number of days from sowing to first flower was similar to that of Clare. Compared with the naturalised strains, Clare had the lowest (P<0.05) mean number of seeds per burr: about 25% below the mean of the strains (2.7 seeds per burr). While the lowest mean seed weights of the strains were not significantly different from those of Clare, the seed weights of plants from 3 sites were higher (P<0.05) than those of Clare. After storage for either 6 or 12 months, hardseed levels were also lowest (P<0.05) for Clare. Plants from the 2-year-old sward had the same median number of seeds per burr (2.0) as Clare. As sward age increased, the median number of seeds per burr increased to 2.8. Hardseed percentages were lowest for plants of Clare and for those from the 2-year-old sward after 6 months, and for Clare after 12 months. These studies indicated the presence of divergent strains in old swards of Clare in a summer rainfall environment. Natural selection among variability within Clare is the most likely reason for the development of these strains in an environment marginal for the long-term persistence of this softseeded cultivar. Although strains had the same vegetative and floral markings as Clare, differences in ecologically important characters such as number of seeds per burr, seed weight, and hardseededness may result in plants that are better adapted to the environment in which they evolved. From these studies 23 plants of T. subterraneum var. brachycalycinum were selected for further evaluation.

Simulation of the effect of chilling injury and nitrogen supply on floret fertility and yield in rice

1994 ◽  
Vol 34 (7) ◽  
pp. 921 ◽  
Author(s):  
DC Godwin ◽  
WS Meyer ◽  
U Singh
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
New South ◽  
Chilling Injury ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Comprehensive Model ◽  
Night Time ◽  
Yield Data ◽  
South Wales ◽  
High Yields

Evidence exists that night temperatures <18�C immediately preceding flowering in rice crops can adversely affect floret fertility and, hence, yields. It has been suggested that sterility induced by low temperature is also influenced by floodwater depth and nitrogen (N) rate. In southern New South Wales, low night-time temperatures are believed to be a major constraint to the achievement of consistently high yields. The availability of a comprehensive model of rice growth and yield that is sensitive to this constraint would aid the development of better management practices. CERES RICE is a comprehensive model that simulates the phasic development of a rice crop, the growth of its leaves, stems, roots, and panicles, and their response to weather. It also simulates the water and N balances of the crop and the effects of stresses of water and N on the yield-forming processes. The model has been extensively tested in many rice-growing systems in both tropical and temperate environments. However, the original model was unable to simulate the level of chilling injury evident from yield data from southern New South Wales. This paper reports modifications made in the model to simulate these effects and the evaluation of the model in environments of low night temperature. Inclusion of the chilling injury effect greatly improved the accuracy of estimated yields from treatments in an extensive field experiment. However, additional testing with a wider range of data sets is needed to confirm the international applicability of the modifications.

The butterfly fauna of the Griffith district, a fragmented semi-arid landscape in inland southern New South Wales

2006 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael F. Braby ◽  
Ted D. Edwards
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Arid Zone ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Summer Rainfall ◽  
Wagga Wagga ◽  
Fragmented Landscape ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Butterfly Fauna ◽  
Semi Arid

Thirty-three species of butterflies are recorded from the Griffith district in the semi-arid zone of inland southern New South Wales. The butterfly community comprises the following structure: 19 species (58%) are resident; 7 (21 %) are regular immigrants; 2 (6%) are irregular immigrants; 5 (15%) are vagrants. Except for a few migratory species, most occur in relatively low abundance. Lack of similar studies elsewhere in western New South Wales precludes generalizations regarding the species richness, composition and structure of semi-arid butterfly communities. Comparison of the butterfly fauna with that from five other inland regions on the slopes and foothills of the Great Diving Range, revealed that the Griffith district is most similar in species richness and composition to that of Deniliquin and to a lesser extent Wagga Wagga and Cowra in the south, than with two regions in the higher summer rainfall area of the north of the State (Coonabarabran-Mendooran, Narrabri-Bellata). Overall, the butterfly fauna of inland New South Wales (total of 73 species, of which 49 occur in the southern regions) is depauperate compared with that recorded from the coastal/subcoastal areas east of the Great Dividing Range. Attention is drawn to the conservation significance of several vegetation types and habitat remnants in the Griffith district. Much of the native vegetation in the district has been extensively modified since European settlement due to excessive clearing for agriculture, resulting in a highly fragmented landscape for the conservation of native flora and fauna. With the exception of the lycaenid Candalides hyacinthinus Simplex, which is considered threatened locally, there is a general absence of narrow range endemic butterflies associated with mallee-heathland or mallee-woodland, possibly as a result of widespread land clearing practices of mallee vegetation in the past.

Vegetation changes after fire on two land systems in arid North-west New South Wales.

1985 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 80 ◽  
Author(s):  
WE Mulham
Keyword(s):  
Arid Zone ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Summer Rainfall ◽  
Botanical Composition ◽  
Dune System ◽  
Erosion Risk ◽  
North West ◽  
South Wales

Following a sequence of favourable years in which pasture growth over much of the arid zone of Australia reached very high ievels, controlled burns were carried out on two contrasting vegetation types in the extreme north-west of New South Wales. A wheei-point apparatus was used to measure subse- quent changes in botanical composition and foliage cover over a four year period. On a pasture periodically dominated by Mitchell grass (Astrebla spp.) burning while growing conditions were favourable resulted in only a small long- term decrease in the cover of Mitchell grass. In the short-term all chenopod species were eliminated and a wider range and greater abundance of annual forbs were promoted in the following spring. On a similar area burned by wildfire in a year of low summer rainfall the response from Mitchell grass was much poorer and botanical composition of the pasture present in the following spring differed from that which developed in the spring following the controlled burn. It also differed from that of the unburnt pasture. The major differences were due to the response of forb species and are attributed to variation in seasonal rainfall. On a dune-system pasture the dominant grasses were species of Aristida and Enneapogon. These are relatively short-lived and appear to have little ability to regrow from the butt after fire. Their slow regeneration after the burn was reflected in the substantial increase in relative abundance of perennial forbs in the following autumn, and of annual forbs the next spring. Although fire appeared to have no long-term effect on the pasture it dramatically reduced tree and shrub numbers. It is suggested that during years in which abnormal quantities of Mitchell grass are present in this region, controlled burning could be a useful form of management. A mosaic of patches burnt at different times would reduce the potential for wide-scale wildfires, provide refuge areas for stock and wildlife in the event of wildfire, and promote a wider choice of plant material for grazing animals. However, in dune-systems vegetation, removal of the pasture cover and reduction of the tree and shrub density would constitute an erosion risk.

The ecology of Sminthurus viridis (Collembola) III. The influence ofclimate andl land use on its distribution and that of an important predator, Bdellodea lapidaria (Acari : Bdellidae)

1971 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 177 ◽  
Author(s):  
MMH Wallace ◽  
JA Mahon
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Summer Rainfall ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Predatory Mite ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Important Predator ◽  
Distribution Limits

The lucerne flea, S. viridis, is restricted to the southern parts of Australia and, apart from a few isolated occurrences in eastern New South Wales, occurs only in areas with an essentially Mediterranean-type climate. The northern inland limit to its distribution agrees closely with the 250-mm isohyet for the growing season of May-October inclusive. The eastern limit to distribution in New South Wales and Victoria agrees with a December-March isohyet of 225 mm. Areas east of this line receive predominantly summer rainfall, and the pastures contain a high proportion of perennial plants which probably do not provide the nutritional stimulus for the development of aestivating diapause eggs in S. viridis essential for oversummering. The predatory mite B. lapidaria requires slightly moister conditions than S. viridis and the limit of its inland distribution agrees reasonably well with the 260-mm isohyet for the May-October period. Low temperatures (mean maximum < 17.5'C) also seem necessary during this period. The eastern distribution limits in Victoria are similar to those of S. viridis.

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