Variation in feed utilisation by sheep undergoing compensatory growth following underfeeding with and without additional dietary nitrogen in western China

2017 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua Philp ◽  
Adam M. Komarek ◽  
Sarah J. Pain ◽  
William Bellotti
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Compensatory Growth ◽  
Western China ◽  
Feeding Period ◽  
Feed Utilisation ◽  
Metabolisable Energy ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Over Time

Small mixed farming systems in developing economies often rely on compensatory growth to recover livestock weight lost during seasonal feed shortages; however, deficit feed management may continue to affect the capacity of livestock to efficiently use feeds even after adequate feeding has resumed. Accordingly, we compared the difference in liveweight gain and feed utilisation over time in Tan weaner sheep in western China, during a period of ad libitum compensatory feeding after alternative feed deficit scenarios. During the feed deficit period, sheep were offered, at 80% maintenance requirements, corn straw, corn grain and lucerne hay in a respective ratio of either 80 : 20 : 0 (S1 ration: metabolisable energy = 7 MJ/kg DM, crude protein = 40 g/kg DM) or 55 : 20 : 25 (S2 ration: metabolisable energy = 8 MJ/kg DM, crude protein = 65 g/kg DM) for 20 days. All sheep were then offered an ad libitum supply of the S2 ration for a further 20 days, during which DM digestibility (DMD), energy intake and liveweight was measured and compared at 5-day intervals. Results indicated that sheep previously fed the S1 ration were not able to digest as much of the ad libitum S2 ration as those previously fed the S2 ration, experiencing significantly lower DMD, energy intake and average daily weight gain. The difference in the effect of the two restrictive feeding treatments on the digestibility of the ad libitum S2 ration gradually decreased over time, indicative of a recovery adaptation during ad libitum feeding period. The rate of DMD recovery post-realimentation was greater in the S1 sheep, likely due to their significantly lower DMD values immediately following underfeeding. We concluded that the comparatively higher nutritive value of the S2 ration sustained rumen digestive function throughout the restrictive feeding period, permitting sheep to commence re-feeding under conditions that are more favourable. Additionally, it is evident that reliance on livestock winter rations typical in western China, as expressed by the S1 ration, degraded ruminant digestive conditions to such an extent that feed was used with reduced efficiency even after being supplied in adequate quantities.

The response by high genetic merit dairy cows to source and concentration of protein in the concentrate

1997 ◽  
Vol 1997 ◽  
pp. 90-90
Author(s):  
I.M. Carrick ◽  
D.C. Patterson ◽  
F.J. Gordon
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dairy Herd ◽  
Genetic Merit ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Ruminant Diets ◽  
Feed Utilisation ◽  
Metabolisable Energy ◽  
Ad Libitum

Dairy cow genetic merit continues to increase in the dairy herd. These animals require a higher level of nutritional input than lower genetic merit cows if higher performance levels are to be sustained. The high cost of ingredients for ruminant diets highlights the need for greater precision in ration formulation in order to improve the efficiency of feed utilisation. This experiment was carried out to assess the effect of DUP supplementation on the performance of dairy cows with ad libitum access to grass silage.An experiment was conducted to investigate the response by high genetic merit Holstein Friesian dairy cows (PTA90 fat plus protein = 61 kg) to both source and concentration of protein in the concentrate, given in addition to ad libitum grass silage (metabolisable energy (ME) = 10.9 MJ/kg DM; crude protein (CP) = 166 g/kg DM). Twenty-four cows, including 12 first parity animals (mean days calved 37.5, s.d. 22.3), were blocked according to milk yield, calving date and parity. The experimental design was a balanced changeover with four 4-week periods.

Growth of lambs given different allowances of digestible crude protein and metabolisable energy

1992 ◽  
Vol 1992 ◽  
pp. 174-174
Author(s):  
M.R. Cropper ◽  
D.P. Poppi ◽  
A.M. Nicol
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Proximate Composition ◽  
Energy Supply ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Digestible Crude Protein ◽  
Metabolisable Energy ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Ram Lambs ◽  
Composition Changes

In a market where high levels of fat on lamb carcases are not favoured, the supposition that a lamb, given adequate feeding, will grow protein preferentially to gaining lipid, holds interest. However, this idea runs counter to the evidence that body composition is not manipulable in sheep. Therefore, an experiment was undertaken to implement extreme treatments of protein and energy supply to determine to what extent the contrasting views on body composition changes in growing lambs are justified.Seventy-two Coopworth ram lambs (mean liveweight, (LW) 30.4, s.d. 1.1 kg) were given one of the three feeds of different digestible crude protein (DCP) content at one of three allowances (ad libitum (AL), 1.2 (H) or 0.8 (L) kg/day). The feeds (H, M and L) were formulated as shown in Table 1. Feed M was a mixture of 0.55 Feed H and 0.45 Feed M. The proximate composition, measured DCP and estimated metabolisable energy (ME) content of the feeds is given in Table 1. ALH and ALM lambs were also choice-fed with ad libitum access to feed L. 8 lambs at the start of the experiment and 4 lambs per treatment at 6 and 12 weeks were slaughtered for analysis of body protein (PR), lipid (LP) and wool protein (WP).

Milk yield responses by dairy cows in mid-lactation to changes in feeding levels

1988 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 447 ◽  
Author(s):  
C Grainger
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Feeding Level ◽  
Metabolisable Energy ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Daily Intakes ◽  
Yield Responses ◽  
Daily Milk Yield ◽  
Daily Milk

The reduction in milk production following a decrease in feeding level was compared with the increase in milk following an increase in feeding level of cows. Forty cows in their 5th month of lactation were allocated to 2 groups and offered either ad libitum pasture or restricted in their grazing so that, after 32 days, the difference in daily milk yield between the groups averaged 3 L/cow. Cows in each group were then offered cut pasture in stalls for 4 weeks to obtain mean daily intakes of either 14.4 or 10.2 kg DM/ cow The reduction in yield of milk energy (0.133 MJ/MJ metabolisable energy intake) following the decrease of intake from 14.4 to 10.2 kg DM/cow.day was similar to the increase in yield of milk energy (0.140 MJ/MJ metabolisable energy intake) following an increase in intake from 10.2 to 14.4 kg DM/cow.day. We conclude that, for cows in mid-lactation, the decrease in milk production following a decrease in feeding level is similar to the increase in milk production following an increase in feeding level. This implies that increases in milk production due to increased feeding can be predicted from experiments which measured reductions in milk production.

scholarly journals Energy utilization by Hereford and Simmental males and females

1985 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. L. Ferrell ◽  
T. G. Jenkins
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Deuterium Oxide ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Feeding Period ◽  
Hereford Cattle ◽  
Simmental Cattle ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Maintenance Requirements ◽  
Water Gain

ABSTRACTPost-weaning metabolizable energy intake, growth of empty-body chemical components and efficiencies of energy utilization were evaluated for Hereford intact males (17) and females (16) and Simmental intact males (15) and females (16) during a 212-day feeding period. Within each breed × sex subclass, animals were assigned to one of three levels of metabolizable energy (ME) intake: (1) 544 kJ/kg M0·75 per day, (2) 795 kJ/kg M0·75 per day, and (3) ad libitum. Body composition of each animal was estimated at the beginning and end of the feeding period by deuterium oxide dilution.Protein and water gain of Hereford and Simmental cattle were similar at restricted levels of intake but were greater for Simmental than for Hereford cattle at ad libitum intakes. Similarly, rates of protein and water gain tended to increase more rapidly in response to increased energy intake by males than by females. Hereford males gained fat and energy slightly more rapidly than Hereford females, but Simmental males gained fat and energy at slower rates than Simmental females.Males had higher maintenance requirements and tended to use ME with less efficiency for maintenance and gain than females. Hereford cattle had lower maintenance requirements and used ME with greater efficiency for both maintenance and gain than Simmental cattle.

The influence of feeding level from 20 to 45 kg live weight on the performance and body composition of female and entire male pigs

1983 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Campbell ◽  
M. R. Taverner ◽  
D. M. Curic
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Conversion Ratio ◽  
Restricted Feeding ◽  
Food Conversion ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Protein Deposition ◽  
Ad Libitum

ABSTRACTForty-two pigs representing equal numbers of entire males and females were used to study the effects on the performance and body composition of four restricted levels of feeding (14·5, 20·3, 24·9 and 29·4 MJ digestible energy per day), and of offering the same diet (14·5 MJ digestible energy per kg and 210 g crude protein per kg) ad libitum between 20 and 45 kg live weight.Over the four restricted feeding treatments there were no significant differences between the sexes for the performance and body composition of four restricted levels of feeding (14·5, 20·3, 24·9 and 29·4 MJ digestible energy per day), and of offering the same diet (14·5 MJ digestible energy per kg and 210 g crude protein per kg) ad libitum between 20 and 45 kg live weight.Although ad libitum energy intake was the same for both sexes (34·2 MJ digestible energy per day), raising digestible energy intake from that provided by the highest restricted feeding treatment (29·4 MJ/day) to ad libitum resulted in marked differences between the sexes for performance and body composition.For males, raising digestible energy intake from 29·3 to 34·2 MJ/day improved the rate of live-weight gain and protein deposition by 0·15 and 0·10 respectively but had no further effect on food conversion ratio or body fat. The same increase in digestible energy intake for females improved growth rate by only 0·065, had no further effect on the rate of protein deposition but increased markedly food conversion ratio and body fat.

Liveweight of grazing steers supplemented with molasses, urea and sulfur in northern Queensland

1982 ◽  
Vol 22 (117) ◽  
pp. 252 ◽  
Author(s):  
L Winks ◽  
PK O'Rourke ◽  
SR McLennan
Keyword(s):  
Compensatory Growth ◽  
Cattle Grazing ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Feeding Period ◽  
Sulfate Sulfur ◽  
Native Pasture ◽  
Dry Seasons ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Native Pastures

Steers grazing native pasture were supplemented with 0, 0.8 or 2.4 g of sulfur/head.d in addition to a molasses (230 or 115 g/head.d) and urea (60 g/head.d) supplement over four dry seasons. The unsupplemented animals lost most or gained least weight during the feeding period in all four years but the difference was significant (P< 0.05) in only two years. Adding sulfur to the molasses and urea tended to give the best results but the effect was not significant (P> 0.05) over the results achieved with feeding only molasses and urea. There was a tendency for liveweight performance to be better with the higher level of molasses, but again differences were not significant. Blood sulfate-sulfur levels during the feeding period increased with the level of sulfur fed but levels were not significantly correlated with liveweight change. Compensatory growth by unsupplemented groups after the feeding period eliminated liveweight advantages of supplemented groups. The results suggest that the level of molasses in a molasses and urea supplement for yearling cattle grazing native pastures on solodic soils during the dry season in northern Queensland can be reduced to 115 g/head.d without adversely affecting liveweight. These results may not apply on sulfur deficient soils and in dry years.

Effect of undegradable protein given for six weeks before calving on the performance of dairy cows in the subsequent lactation

1996 ◽  
Vol 1996 ◽  
pp. 85-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.J. Dewhurst ◽  
D.W.R. Davies ◽  
W.J. Fisher ◽  
K. Aston
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Period ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Unrestricted Access ◽  
Metabolisable Energy ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Friesian Cows

Previous studies (Moorby et al, 1994) have shown increased yields of protein and lactose in the subsequent lactation as a consequence of feeding additional undegradable dietary protein (UDP) and restricting energy intake during the dry period. This experiment was undertaken to investigate the effect of supplementary UDP in the dry period diet of Holstein-Friesian cows given unrestricted access to grass silage and 1.5 kg of barley per day.Sixty-one cows received diets based on ad libitum access to grass silage with either (a) 1.5 kg barley / day or (b) 1.0 kg barley and 0.5 kg Maize Gluten Meal / day. After calving, cows had ad libitum access to grass silage (Metabolisable Energy (ME)=11.3 MJ/kg DM; crude protein (CP)=181 g/kg DM) and received 5 kg/day of concentrates (ME=13.0 MJ/kg DM; CP=250g/kg DM).

Effect of altering the starch: fibre ratio in the concentrates on hay intake and milk production by Friesian cows

1993 ◽  
Vol 120 (3) ◽  
pp. 379-390 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Sutton ◽  
S. V. Morant ◽  
J. A. Bines ◽  
D. J. Napper ◽  
D. I. Givens
Keyword(s):  
Milk Fat ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
High Starch ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
By Products ◽  
Matter Energy ◽  
Friesian Cows

SUMMARYSixty-four multiparous Friesian cows were given one of eight diets from weeks 4–20 of lactation at the former National Institute for Research in Dairying, Shinfield, Reading in 1983–84. The diets consisted of 13·5 kg/day of experimental concentrates plus hay at 4·5 kg/day (fixed) or ad libitum. Concentrates were high-starch (S) based on cereal grains and cassava, high-fibre (F) based on highquality by-products, and two intermediate types containing 2:1 (SF) and 1:2 (FS) starch:fibre, all with a crude protein concentration of c. 180 g/kg DM. The diets were designed to provide similar intakes of digestible energy and crude protein at fixed hay intakes.With ad libitum feeding, hay intake was lowest on S concentrates. With increasing fibre in the concentrates, the yields of milk, protein and lactose fell but fat concentration and yield were increased. These changes were linear and were unaffected by hay intake. Increasing hay intake to ad libitum had no effect on milk yield but increased the concentrations and yields of fat and protein. It also changed a net liveweight loss on fixed intakes to a gain on ad libitum intakes.Diet digestibility was measured using sheep at about maintenance and cows at production intakes. Digestibility was higher in the sheep, probably because of the difference in level of intake. In the cows, increasing fibre in the concentrates reduced the digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, energy and nitrogen but increased the digestibility of fibre fractions and ether extract. Level of hay intake had variable effects on mean digestibility and on the relationship with concentrate type.Increasing the fibre in the concentrates increased the molar proportions of acetate and n-butyrate in the rumen and reduced the proportions of propionate, n-valerate and n-caproate.It is concluded that, with mixed diets of hay and relatively high proportions of concentrates, changes in the starch:fibre ratio of the concentrates by substitution of high quality by-products for starchy ingredients can induce linear changes in the yields of milk and the principal solids constituents and in milk fat concentration. Since changes in yields of fat and protein went in opposite directions, the optimal concentrate composition depends on the milk composition required by the market. These conclusions may not apply if poorer quality by-products are used.

Effect of energy intake on performance, nutrient and tissue gain and protein and energy utilization in growing boars

1995 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Quiniou ◽  
J. Noblet ◽  
J. van Milgen ◽  
J.-Y. Dourmad
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Food Conversion ◽  
Balance Technique ◽  
Protein And Energy Utilization ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Daily Gain

AbstractTwenty crossbred (Large Wliite × Piétrain) boars were used to investigate the effect of energy intake (0·71, 0·80, 0·90, 1·00 ad libitum) and body weight (BW) on growth performance, and rates of protein (PD) and lipid (LD) deposition between 40 and 100 kg BW. Daily crude protein intake was kept constant. Total PD and LD were measured according to the comparative slaughter technique (CST) during total experiment and according to nitrogen and energy balance technique at 45, 65, 80 and 94 kg mean BW. Average daily gain increased linearly with metabolizable energy (ME) intake (+36 g/MJ ME) whereas food conversion ratio was not affected by energy level (28·0 M] ME per kg BW gain). Daily PD increased from 126 to 171 g/day, and LD from 70 to 187 glday between 0·71 ad libitum and ad libitum ME intake. Maintenance ME requirement was constant when expressed per kg BW'60 (992 kJ/day). PD varied with ME intake above maintenance (MEp) according to a linear-plateau relationship. The slope decreased with BW (+11·5 g/MJ MEp at 65 kg BW and +9·0 g/MJ MEp at 94 kg BW). LD was linearly related to MEp (+16 g/M} MEp). The LD: PD ratio in marginal empty BW gain was constant within BW class, but increased from 1/5 to 1/9 between 65 and 94 kg BW.

Effect of undegradable protein given for six weeks before calving on the performance of dairy cows in the subsequent lactation

1996 ◽  
Vol 1996 ◽  
pp. 85-85
Author(s):  
R.J. Dewhurst ◽  
D.W.R. Davies ◽  
W.J. Fisher ◽  
K. Aston
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Period ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Unrestricted Access ◽  
Metabolisable Energy ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Friesian Cows

Previous studies (Moorby et al, 1994) have shown increased yields of protein and lactose in the subsequent lactation as a consequence of feeding additional undegradable dietary protein (UDP) and restricting energy intake during the dry period. This experiment was undertaken to investigate the effect of supplementary UDP in the dry period diet of Holstein-Friesian cows given unrestricted access to grass silage and 1.5 kg of barley per day.Sixty-one cows received diets based on ad libitum access to grass silage with either (a) 1.5 kg barley / day or (b) 1.0 kg barley and 0.5 kg Maize Gluten Meal / day. After calving, cows had ad libitum access to grass silage (Metabolisable Energy (ME)=11.3 MJ/kg DM; crude protein (CP)=181 g/kg DM) and received 5 kg/day of concentrates (ME=13.0 MJ/kg DM; CP=250g/kg DM).

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