The influence of feeding level from 20 to 45 kg live weight on the performance and body composition of female and entire male pigs

1983 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Campbell ◽  
M. R. Taverner ◽  
D. M. Curic
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Conversion Ratio ◽  
Restricted Feeding ◽  
Food Conversion ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Protein Deposition ◽  
Ad Libitum

ABSTRACTForty-two pigs representing equal numbers of entire males and females were used to study the effects on the performance and body composition of four restricted levels of feeding (14·5, 20·3, 24·9 and 29·4 MJ digestible energy per day), and of offering the same diet (14·5 MJ digestible energy per kg and 210 g crude protein per kg) ad libitum between 20 and 45 kg live weight.Over the four restricted feeding treatments there were no significant differences between the sexes for the performance and body composition of four restricted levels of feeding (14·5, 20·3, 24·9 and 29·4 MJ digestible energy per day), and of offering the same diet (14·5 MJ digestible energy per kg and 210 g crude protein per kg) ad libitum between 20 and 45 kg live weight.Although ad libitum energy intake was the same for both sexes (34·2 MJ digestible energy per day), raising digestible energy intake from that provided by the highest restricted feeding treatment (29·4 MJ/day) to ad libitum resulted in marked differences between the sexes for performance and body composition.For males, raising digestible energy intake from 29·3 to 34·2 MJ/day improved the rate of live-weight gain and protein deposition by 0·15 and 0·10 respectively but had no further effect on food conversion ratio or body fat. The same increase in digestible energy intake for females improved growth rate by only 0·065, had no further effect on the rate of protein deposition but increased markedly food conversion ratio and body fat.

The influence of dietary protein and energy intake on the performance, body composition and energy utilization of pigs growing from 7 to 19 kg

1983 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Campbell ◽  
A. C. Dunkin
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Total Energy ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Dietary Crude Protein

ABSTRACTThirty-six entire male pigs were used to investigate the effects of two levels of dietary crude protein (150 and 220 g/kg) each in combination with four levels of feeding (1·0, 1·32, 1·64 MJ digestible energy/kg M0·73per day andad libitum) on growth, body composition and energy utilization over the live-weight range 7 to 19 kg.Growth rate responded linearly (P< 0·001) to increasing energy intake but was depressed (P< 0·05) when dietary crude protein was reduced from 220 to 150 g/kg.Raising digestible energy intake increased and decreased respectively the proportions of fat and protein in the empty body at 19 kg live weight. However, the magnitude of the response of both components to change in digestible energy intake was reduced in the case of pigs fed the lower protein diet.Total energy retained and that retained as fat and as protein responded linearly (P< 0·001) to change in digestible energy intake of either diet. Extrapolation of the regression of total energy retained on digestible energy intake yielded a digestible energy requirement for maintenance of 510 kJ/kg M0·75per day, which was unaffected by level of dietary protein.The partial efficiencies of protein utilization, estimated from the regressions of protein deposition (g/day) on protein intake (g/day), were 0·616 and 0·411 for pigs given the diets containing 150 and 220 g crude protein per kg respectively.

Relationship between energy intake and growth performance and body composition in pigs selected for low backfat thickness

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fan Liu ◽  
Christopher J Brewster ◽  
Samantha Gilmour ◽  
David J Henman ◽  
Robert J Smits ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Deposition Rate ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Fat Deposition ◽  
Backfat Thickness ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Intact Male ◽  
Protein Deposition ◽  
Ad Libitum

Abstract Genetic selection of pigs over recent decades has sought to reduce carcass fat content to meet consumer demands for lean meat in many countries (e.g.: Australia). Due to the impacts of genetic changes, it is unknown whether the carcass fat measures are still responsive to energy intake. Thus, the present experiment aimed to quantify the relationship between tissue composition and dietary energy intake in finisher pigs selected for low carcass backfat. Intact male and female pigs (n=56 for each sex; PrimegroGenetics, Corowa, NSW, Australia) were fed seven different amounts of an amino acid adequate wheat-based diet containing 14.3 MJ digestible energy (DE)/kg to provide the following daily DE intakes- 25.8, 29.0, 32.6, 35.3, 38.5, 41.5 and 44.2 (ad libitum) MJ DE/d for males, and 25.8, 28.9, 32.0, 35.6, 38.3, 40.9 and 44.5 (ad libitum) MJ DE/d for females between 60 kg and 108 kg live weight. Body composition of anaesthetised pigs was measured using the Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) method when individual pigs reached 108 kg, and protein, fat and ash deposition rates were calculated. Pigs were slaughtered on the 2nd day post-DXA scan for carcass backfat measurement. The results showed that the carcass backfat thickness (standardized at 83.7 kg carcass) increased by 0.125 mm for every MJ increase in daily DE intake in male pigs (P = 0.004; R2 = 0.130), but carcass backfat of female pigs (standardized at 85.1 kg carcass) was not responsive to daily DE intake. Whole-body fat composition and fat deposition rate increased linearly (both P &lt; 0.01) in male pigs but quadratically (both P &lt; 0.01) in female pigs in response to DE intake. Every MJ increase of daily DE intake increased the rate of daily protein deposition by 3.8 g in intact male pigs (P &lt; 0.001; R2 = 0.781) and by 2.5 g in female pigs (P &lt; 0.001; R2 = 0.643). In conclusion, the selection for low backfat thickness over the last two decades has altered the response of fat deposition and backfat thickness to energy intake, particularly in female pigs. Despite this change, the linear relationship between DE intake and protein deposition rate was maintained in these modern genetics.

The use of coarsely chopped barley straw in high concentrate diets for beef cattle

1969 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 347-354 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. J. Forbes ◽  
J. H. D. Irwin ◽  
A. M. Raven
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Conversion Ratio ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Food Conversion ◽  
Crude Protein Content ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Ad Libitum

SummaryAn experiment was carried out in which the performance of cattle given diets containing 20 and 40% of coarsely chopped straw (1–3 in lengths) was compared with that of similar cattle given an all-concentrate diet. Each diet was offered ad libitum and twelve Hereford cross steers and twelve Friesian steers were used in the experiment. The live-weight gains and food conversion ratios were significantly better for the Hereford cross animals but there was no significant difference in over-all dry matter intakes. When the combined response of both breed types was considered there was a significantly linear decrease in live-weight gain with increasing straw intake, to the extent of 0.95 kg per week for each 10% increase in straw intake up to 40% in the diet. Similarly there was a significant increase in the conversion ratios of dry matter (P < 0·01) and organic matter (P < 0·01) with increasing straw intake. The effect on the dry matter conversion ratio was an increase of 1·67 units for each 10% increase in straw intake.Two digestibility trials were carried out, one with coarsely chopped straw and one with coarsely milled straw, the levels of straw in the diets being the same. There was a slight decline in the digestibility of most constituents associated with milling but reductions were not very pronounced. A treatment was included in the second trial in which milled straw was included at 20% of the diet without maintaining the over-all crude protein content of the diet. The apparent digestibility of the organic matter was 5 percentage units lower with this treatment than with that containing the same level of straw in which the level of protein had been maintained.

The effect of daylength on the growth of lambs. 1. Comparisons of sex, level of feeding, shearing and breed of sire

1979 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Forbes ◽  
A. A. El Shahat ◽  
R. Jones ◽  
J. G. S. Duncan ◽  
T. G. Boaz
Keyword(s):  
Control Mechanism ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Conversion Ratio ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
The Other ◽  
Central Control ◽  
Restricted Feeding ◽  
Food Conversion ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Gut Fill

ABSTRACTTwo experiments were carried out with crossbred lambs which had been weaned in July when 16 weeks old. From early September they were kept in a light-proof building with 12 h artificial light per day for 3 weeks and then half were exposed to 16 h and half to 8 h light per day for a further 16 weeks.Experiment 1 included 72 lambs (48 castrated males and 24 females) and half in each daylength were fed on a concentrated ration ad libitum; the other half were restricted to 70 g/kg live weight0·75 per day. Half of each group were shorn. Lambs kept in 16 h light per day grew significantly faster than those in short daylength at both levels of feeding. Food conversion ratio was best in the 16 h restricted sheep. Unshorn lambs had heavier carcasses than shorn lambs. Long daylength stimulated general growth of the animal without markedly affecting carcass composition, irrespective of level of feeding, whereas ad libitum feeding resulted in much fatter carcasses than did restricted feeding. Gut fill was significantly greater in long-daylength sheep.Experiment 2 included 24 individually penned castrated male lambs, 12 of which were sired by Suffolk rams and 12 by Oxford rams; all were fed at the restricted level. Long daylength significantly stimulated weight gain, especially in the Oxford-cross lambs, but the increase in carcass weight was not significant in this experiment due to the large effect on gut fill.It was concluded that long daylength stimulated growth and gut fill by some central control mechanism and not merely by encouraging more eating.

Effect of feeding level and dietary protein content on the growth, body composition and rate of protein deposition in pigs growing from 45 to 90 kg

1984 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 233-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Campbell ◽  
M. R. Taverner ◽  
D. M. Curic
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Feeding Level ◽  
Protein Deposition ◽  
Dietary Crude Protein ◽  
Protein Diets

ABSTRACT1. Eight diets of similar energy content, ranging in crude protein concentration from 95 to 256 g/kg, were given at either 2·5 or 3·2 times the energy level for maintenance to entire male pigs growing from 45 to 90 kg live weight.2. Growth rate improved with increase in feeding level and with increasing dietary crude protein up to 164 g/kg (P < 0·05). The food conversion ratio improved with each increase in dietary CP up to 186 and 164 g/kg on the lower and higher feeding treatments, respectively (P < 0·05). It was also improved with increase in level of feeding of the lower-protein diets but deteriorated with increase in level of intake of the higher-protein diets (P < 005).3. Rate of protein deposition improved with increasing dietary crude protein up to 186 and 164 g/kg on the lower and higher feeding treatments, respectively (P < 005). The results showed that, for pigs given diets deficient in crude protein, rate of protein deposition was linearly related to protein intake (P < 0·001) but independent of energy intake. For pigs given a diet adequate in crude protein, rate of protein deposition was related to energy intake and independent of crude protein intake.4. Body fat content at 90 kg decreased with increasing dietary crude protein up to 210 and 164 g/kg on the lower and higher feeding treatments, respectively (P < 0·05), and was increased by raising the level of intake of the higher-crude protein diets (P < 0·05). However, the influence of feeding level on body fat diminished as dietary crude protein was reduced.

The effect of an anabolic steroid on the performance and carcass measurements of gilts and barrows in the finishing stages of growth

1975 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 293-301
Author(s):  
I. H. Williams ◽  
A. C. Dunkin
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Anabolic Steroid ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Conversion Ratio ◽  
Daily Weight Gain ◽  
Food Conversion ◽  
Significant Treatment ◽  
Food Conversion Ratio ◽  
Different Levels

Summary1. An experiment involving 64 individually-penned pigs (32 females (gilts) and 32 castrated males (barrows)) was conducted over the live weight range 50 to 83 kg, to study the effects of a parenterally administered anabolic steroid upon the performance and carcass measurements of gilts and barrows given either a 15·0% or an 18·8% crude protein (CP) diet at two different levels.2. The steroid significantly improved both daily weight gain (+5·2%) and food conversion ratio (+4·8%) of gilts and barrows.3. There were no significant treatment interactions for either daily weight gain or food conversion ratio, but the data suggest that gilts responded to the hormone to a greater extent than barrows at the particular dose level of the steroid administered.4. The steroid significantly improved the carcass, as assessed by linear backfat measurements, of pigs given the higher CP diet but had no effect upon carcass measurements of pigs given the lower CP diet.

The effect of slaughter weight and sexual status on performance characteristics of male Holstein-Friesian cattle offered a cereal-based diet

2006 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 397-404 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Kirkland ◽  
T. W. J. Keady ◽  
D. C. Patterson ◽  
D. J. Kilpatrick ◽  
R. W. J. Steen
Keyword(s):  
Live Weight ◽  
Conversion Ratio ◽  
Food Conversion ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Slaughter Weight ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Food Conversion Ratio ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Friesian Cattle

AbstractA total of 180 Holstein-Friesian male calves, mean age and live weight (LW) at start of the study 112 (s.d. 26·0) days and 134 (s.d. 37·6) kg, respectively, were used to evaluate the effect of slaughter weight on food efficiency and animal performance. Animals were offered concentrates ad libitum and a restricted quantity of straw and slaughtered at one of six LWs as bulls: 300, 350, 400, 450, 500 or 550 kg. A further group of cattle were slaughtered as steers at 450 kg LW. Mean age at slaughter was 247 and 434 days for bulls slaughtered at 300 and 550 kg LW respectively. Neither rate of LW or carcass gain was influenced by weight at slaughter ( P>0·05), with mean values of 1·31 and 0·70 kg/day, respectively. Food conversion ratio, killing-out proportion, carcass conformation, fat classification and weight of internal fat depots increased ( P<0·001) as slaughter weight of the bulls increased. In the comparison of steers and bulls slaughtered at 450 kg, steers had lower ( P<0·001) rates of LW and carcass gains and had a higher ( P<0·001) food conversion ratio than comparable bulls. Steers had lower ( P<0·001) estimated carcass lean, and higher ( P<0·01) estimated carcass fat concentrations than bulls slaughtered at the same LW.

The association of food conversion ratio, age at slaughter and carcass quality in pigs fed ad libitum

1969 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 317-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. Owen ◽  
J. R. Morton
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Conversion Ratio ◽  
Residual Effects ◽  
Progeny Testing ◽  
Restricted Feeding ◽  
Food Conversion ◽  
Large White ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Food Conversion Ratio ◽  
Ad Libitum

SUMMARYData from a boar progeny testing scheme based on ad libitum feeding were analysed to test the hypothesis that the resultant correlations of food conversion ratio with related factors would differ from those found under conditions of restricted feeding.The results support the hypothesis, showing that the primarily genetic correlations derived from boar effects for growth and conversion ratio, are lower than those reported elsewhere for restricted feeding. It was also shown that these primarily genetic correlations could vary between breeds, the leanness associated with rapid growth in Wessex not being found in Large White, and that the correlations due to residual effects containing a greater environmental component varied widely from test to test.It is concluded that the parameters used in the design of a genetic improvement scheme should be derived specifically for each breed and feeding system. However, if the marked variability in phenotypic correlations noted here is generally applicable, this could present a difficult problem in the design of pig improvement programmes with multiple objectives.

The effect of protein nutrition between 5–5 and 20 kg live weight on the subsequent performance and carcass quality of pigs

1978 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Campbell ◽  
R. S. Biden
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Conversion Ratio ◽  
Carcass Quality ◽  
Food Conversion ◽  
Subsequent Performance ◽  
Food Conversion Ratio ◽  
Initial Treatment Period ◽  
Protein Diets

ABSTRACTThirty male pigs weaned at 5·5 kg were used to determine the effect of diets with 164, 192 and 219 g/kg crude protein offered ad libitum to 20 kg live weight on performance and carcass characteristics during this initial phase of growth and during the period subsequent to 20 kg live weight when all pigs were fed on a diet with 181 g/kg crude protein in restrictive amounts. Between 5·5 and 20 kg live weight, pigs offered the diet with 164 g/kg crude protein grew significantly more slowly and had a significantly poorer food conversion ratio than pigs offered the two higher protein diets. Both linear fat measurement and the proportion of ether extractable material in the carcass at 20 kg live weight decreased significantly with each increase in dietary protein. Pigs offered the 164 g/kg protein diet during the initial treatment period tended to grow faster subsequent to 20 kg and during the live-weight period 20 to 45 kg had a significantly lower food conversion ratio than pigs previously offered the two higher protein diets. Over the entire production period, 5·5 to 70 kg, there were no significant differences between treatments. Likewise there were no significant differences in carcass quality parameters between treatments at 70 kg live weight.

The response of early weaned pigs to sub-optimal protein diets supplemented with synthetic lysine

1978 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Entire Range ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Total Protein Content ◽  
Carcass Quality ◽  
Food Conversion ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Pig Performance ◽  
Protein Diets

ABSTRACTThirty male piglets weaned at 20 days of age were fed on either a control diet with 20% crude protein containing 1·1 % lysine or one of two diets with 14·6 or 16·6% crude protein. Synthetic lysine was added to the latter two diets at the rate of 0·00, 0·18, 0·36 and 0·54% to provide four diets with 14·6% crude protein and 0·54, 0·72, 0·90 or 1·08% lysine and four diets with 16·6% crude protein and 0·72, 0·90, 1·08 or 1·26% lysine. All diets were offered ad libitum to piglets between 5·5 and 20·0 kg live weight.Over the live-weight periods 5·5 to 20·0 and 12·0 to 20 kg, live-weight gains and food conversion improved with increasing total lysine to 1·08 % and 0·90 % respectively when pig performance was equal to that achieved on the control diet. The improvement in performance with an increasing level of total lysine during these two periods did not depend on the total protein content of the diet. During the live-weight period 5·5 to 12·0 kg, optimal performance was obtained when pigs were fed on the highest lysine level in the diets with 14·6 and 16·6% crude protein. However, only the diet of 16·6% crude protein promoted pig performance equal to that achieved on the control diet.Carcass quality did not respond to lysine supplementation independently of protein level. With thedietof 14·6% crude protein, optimal carcass quality was obtained with 0·90 % lysine but was significantly poorer than that for the control. With the diet of 16·6% crude protein, carcass quality improved over the entire range of lysine supplementation and with 1·26% lysine was superior to that for the control.

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