SIMULTANEOUS ESTIMATION OF AZILSARTAN AND CILNIDIPINE IN BULK BY RP-HPLC AND ASSESSMENT OF ITS APPLICABILITY IN MARKETED TABLET DOSAGE FORM

Objective: This study aims to build up the RP-HPLC process for Azilsartan and Cilnidipine and authenticate the RP-HPLC process according to ICH validation code Q2R1. Methods: System suitability testing was performed to discover the qualifying criterion of the method by injecting the identical standard solution of Azilsartan 40μg/ml and Cilnidipine 10μg/ml in mixture/combination in subsequent optimized chromatographic conditions and the chromatogram was recorded. Moreover, the planned method was validated as per ICH guideline Q2R1 for the following parameters: linearity and range, precision, accuracy, robustness, and determined % recovery. Results: The outcomes of %RSD for retention time and peak area were found to be 0.65 and 1.32 for Azilsartan and 0.85 and 1.90 for Cilnidipine. The correlation coefficient, y-intercept, slope of the regression line were 0.9996,-1127.1, 3313.9, and 0.9993, 1460.2, 2876.4 for Azilsartan and Cilnidipine, respectively. Moreover, the range of this method was observed to be 40-240μg/ml and 10-60 μg/ml for Azilsartan and Cilnidipine, standard concentrations respectively. The % RSD achieved for precision (repeatability) was observed in the range of 1.57 to 2.43 for Azilsartan and 0.70 to 1.88 for Cilnidipine. The % accuracy was found in the range of 96.96 to 101.92% w/w for Azilsartan and 99.19 to101.96%w/w for Cilnidipine. The percent recovery values achieved for Azilsartan were in the range of 99.87 to 106.39% w/w and for Cilnidipine in the range of 94.51 to 105.96% w/w. Conclusion: The author concludes that the simultaneous estimation of Azilsartan and Cilnidipine with predefined objectives was successfully achieved. Moreover, the method was found to be steadfast for the quantification of Azilsartan and Cilnidipine in marketed tablet dosage forms.

Efficiency and Stability of Step-To Gait in Slow Walking

As humans, we constantly change our movement strategies to adapt to changes in physical functions and the external environment. We have to walk very slowly in situations with a high risk of falling, such as walking on slippery ice, carrying an overflowing cup of water, or muscle weakness owing to aging or motor deficit. However, previous studies have shown that a normal gait pattern at low speeds results in reduced efficiency and stability in comparison with those at a normal speed. Another possible strategy is to change the gait pattern from normal to step-to gait, in which the other foot is aligned with the first swing foot. However, the efficiency and stability of the step-to gait pattern at low speeds have not been investigated yet. Therefore, in this study, we compared the efficiency and stability of the normal and step-to gait patterns at intermediate, low, and very low speeds. Eleven healthy participants were asked to walk with a normal gait and step-to gait on a treadmill at five different speeds (i.e., 10, 20, 30, 40, and 60 m/min), ranging from very low to normal walking speed. The efficiency parameters (percent recovery and walk ratio) and stability parameters (center of mass lateral displacement) were analyzed from the motion capture data and then compared for the two gait patterns. The results suggested that step-to gait had a more efficient gait pattern at very low speeds of 10–30 m/min, with a larger percent recovery, and was more stable at 10–60 m/min in comparison with a normal gait. However, the efficiency of the normal gait was better than that of the step-to gait pattern at 60 m/min. Therefore, step-to gait is effective in improving gait efficiency and stability when faced with situations that force us to walk slowly or hinder quick walking because of muscle weakness owing to aging or motor deficit along with a high risk of falling.

درجة تطبيق عناصر الهندسة البشرية (الأرجونوميكس) وعلاقتها بمستوى السعادة التنظيمية: دراسة حالة كلية فلسطين التقنية

ملخص: هدفت الدراسة التعرف إلى درجة تطبيق عناصر الهندسة البشرية (الأرجونوميكس) ومستوى السعادة التنظيمية في كلية فلسطين التقنية من وجهة نظر العاملين فيها، والكشف عما إذا كان هناك علاقة ارتباطية ذات دلالة إحصائية عند مستوى الدلالة (0.05 ≥α ) بين درجة تطبيق عناصر الهندسة البشرية ومستوى السعادة التنظيمية، وتحديد أثر تطبيق عناصر الهندسة البشرية في مستوى السعادة التنظيمية في كلية فلسطين التقنية من وجهة نظر العاملين، وباستخدام المنهج الوصفي التحليلي، والرجوع للأدبيات السابقة، تم بناء استبانة مكونة من (67) فقرة موزعة على (9) مجالات، هي: الأرجونوميكس البدني، والأرجونوميكس الذهني، والأرجونوميكس البيئي، والأرجونوميكس التنظيمي، والعمليات الإدارية، ومستوى الوضع المهني، ومستوى التواصل في مكان العمل، ومستوى التفاني، ومستوى الظروف الاقتصادية، وبعد التأكد من صدقها وثباتها، تم تطبيقها إلكترونياً على عينة عشوائية من (150) موظفاً وموظفة، وتم استرداد (131) استبانة صالحة بنسبة استرداد (87.3%). وقد توصلت الدراسة إلى أن درجة تطبيق عناصر الهندسة البشرية في الكلية كانت “متوسطة”، وبوزن نسبي (54.16%)، ومستوى السعادة التنظيمية كان “متوسطاً”، وبوزن نسبي (67.89%)، كذلك وجدت علاقة ارتباطية ذات دلالة إحصائية بين درجة تطبيق عناصر الهندسة البشرية ومستوى السعادة التنظيمية، كما وجد أثر ذو دلالة إحصائية بين درجة تطبيق عناصر الهندسة البشرية (الأرجونوميكس) وبين مستوى السعادة التنظيمية في الكلية. الكلمات المفتاحية: الهندسة البشرية، الأرجونوميكس، السعادة التنظيمية، الكليات التقنية. Abstract The study aimed to identifying the degree of applying the human engineering elements (ergonomics) and the organizational happiness at Palestine Technical College from the perspective of its staff, and at revealing whether there is a statistically significant correlation at significance level (α≥0.05) between the degree of applying the human engineering elements and the level of organizational happiness, and determining the effect of applying the human engineering elements on the level of organizational happiness at Palestine Technical College from the perspective of its staff, and by using the descriptive and analytical approach, and referring to the related literature, a questionnaire was build consisting of (67) items distributed on (9) fields: physical ergonomics, mental ergonomics, environmental ergonomics, organizational ergonomics, administrative processes, the level of professional status, the level of communication in the workplace, the level of dedication, the level of economic conditions, and after making sure of its validity and stability, it was administered electronically to a random sample of (150) male and female employees, yielding (131) valid questionnaires with an (87.3) percent recovery rate. The study found that the degree of applying of human engineering elements was “medium” with relative weight (54.16%) and the level of organizational happiness was also “medium” with relative weight (67.89%). In addition, a statistically significant correlation was found between the degree to which human engineering elements were applied and the level of organizational satisfaction, as well as a statistically significant effect between the degree of application of human engineering elements and the degree of availability of organizational happiness dimensions. Keywords:Human Engineering, Ergonomics, Organizational Happiness, Technical College.

Satellite Time Series and Google Earth Engine Democratize the Process of Forest-Recovery Monitoring over Large Areas

Contemporary forest-health initiatives require technologies and workflows that can monitor forest degradation and recovery simply and efficiently over large areas. Spectral recovery analysis—the examination of spectral trajectories in satellite time series—can help democratize this process, particularly when performed with cloud computing and open-access satellite archives. We used the Landsat archive and Google Earth Engine (GEE) to track spectral recovery across more than 57,000 forest harvest areas in the Canadian province of Alberta. We analyzed changes in the normalized burn ratio (NBR) to document a variety of recovery metrics, including year of harvest, percent recovery after five years, number of years required to achieve 80% of pre-disturbance NBR, and % recovery the end of our monitoring window (2018). We found harvest areas in Alberta to recover an average of 59.9% of their pre-harvest NBR after five years. The mean number of years required to achieve 80% recovery in the province was 8.7 years. We observed significant variability in pre- and post-harvest spectral recovery both regionally and locally, demonstrating the importance of climate, elevation, and complex local factors on rates of spectral recovery. These findings are comparable to those reported in other studies and demonstrate the potential for our workflow to support broad-scale management and research objectives in a manner that is complimentary to existing information sources. Measures of spectral recovery for all 57,979 harvest areas in our analysis are freely available and browseable via a custom GEE visualization tool, further demonstrating the accessibility of this information to stakeholders and interested members of the public.

Nano-Hydroxyapatite Gel and Its Effects on Remineralization of Artificial Carious Lesions

Introduction. Nano-hydroxyapatite gel (NHG) has never been investigated for enamel remineralization. This study evaluated the effects of two concentrations of NHG on remineralization of an artificial carious lesion in comparison with nano-HA toothpaste (NHT) and fluoride varnish (FV). Materials and Methods. Carious lesions were prepared on 100 enamel samples and divided into 5 groups: FV, NHT, 20% NHG, and 30% NHG. One untreated (NT) group was left as control. The hardness of the surface was evaluated before, during, and after remineralization. Microhardness at various phases and the percent recovery of hardness (%HR) were determined and analyzed with ANOVA. Polarized-light micrographs (PLM) were evaluated for depth of the carious lesion. Results. Significantly different remineralization capability was indicated for tested agents ( p < 0.05 ). NHT was significantly capable of remineralization greater than NHG, FV, and NT ( p < 0.05 ). No noticeable difference in %HR between 20% NHG and 30% NHG ( p > 0.05 ) was found. Decreasing in the depth of caries lesion was notified by PLM as applying either NHT or NHG as greater than FV, with no reduction in the depth for NT. Conclusions. Nano-HA both in toothpaste and gel form was capable of remineralization better than fluoride varnish. Comparable remineralization of 20% versus 30% NHG was evidenced. NHG for both concentrations was recommended as a capable remineralizing agent for caries remineralization. Clinical Significance: This study indicated that an application of nano-HA gel is an attractive route to deliver the material and can be more effective and less toxic than conventional formulations and provide its effectiveness directly at the site of action, especially for a noncooperative young child and medicinally intimidated patients who may face with inconvenience in using toothbrush and toothpaste for hygiene control.

Development and Validation of Novel Analytical Simultaneous Estimation Based UV Spectrophotometric Method for Doxycycline and Levofloxacin Determination

The thorough literature study uncovered that none of the most perceived pharmacopeias or any journals includes a method for simultaneous estimation of Doxycycline and Levofloxacin in combination by UV/Visible spectroscopy. So, it was felt fundamental to build up a system that will serve as a solid, precise UV technique for the simultaneous estimation of Doxycycline and Levofloxacin. DOXH and LVXH showed λmax at 273nm and 287nm respectively, and iso-absorptive point at 280nm in Phosphate buffer pH 6.8 prepared in Water: Methanol (80:20) dissolvable solvent system. Beer Lambert's law obeyed by both drugs within the concentration range of 2-20 μg/ml & r2 values of 0.9999 and 0.9998, which shows the good linearity. The method has been validated statistically and quantitatively regarding linearity, precision, LOD, LOQ, accuracy, and specificity according to the ICH guidelines. LOD for DOXH and LVXH were found to be 1.41 and 0.63 μg/ml, the LOQ was 4.30 and 1.92 μg/ml, respectively. Percent recovery at recovery level of 80%, 100% & 120% for DOXH was found to be 99.7, 99.66 & 99.69 & for LVXH 99.58, 99.66 & 99.63 respectively. Intra-day, Inter-day & precision analysis by different analyst was found to be 0.767, 0.563, 0.440 %RSD for DOXH & 0.507, 0.532, 0.708 % RSD for LVXH. Sandell's sensitivity was discovered to be adequate, and this shows that extremely less measure of the two medications can be successfully recognized by this technique. Finally, it was concluded, the developed & validated method was helpful and appropriate for regular quality analysis and simultaneous determination of drug products containing DOXH and LVXH in combination.

High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Quantitative Determination of Oxyresveratrol and Morin Contained in Maclura cochinchinensis Extract and Gel Formulation

Maclura cochinchinensis (Lour.) Corner., of the Moraceae family, is a medical shrub commonly found in Thailand, and for which a wide variety of pharmacological activities have been reported, including antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer activities. The main bioactive compounds, oxyresveratrol and morin, are known to be found in M. cochinchinensis heartwood. In this study, we quantitatively analyzed the levels of these two active substances in M. cochinchinensis extracted with various solvents, including in various cosmetic formulations and herbs sourced from various parts of Thailand. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was performed on a C18 column with an isocratic elution using 1.5% formic acid and acetonitrile at a flow rate of 1 ml/min, and detected at 352 nm. This method was validated for accuracy, precision, linearity, limits of detection, and quantification. The average percent recovery for oxyresveratrol and morin in the extracts was 100.01 ± 0.62% and 99.31 ± 2.56%, and in gel formulation was 99.65 ± 3.54% and 118.41 ± 4.70%, respectively. The relative standard deviation of intra- and inter-day precision was less than 2.0% and 2.8%, respectively. Limits of detection and quantification were 0.06 and 0.2 μg/ml, respectively. The amounts of oxyresveratrol and morin extracted from different solvents, such as acetone, 80% ethanol, 50% ethanol, methanol, and distilled water were in the range of 37.75–68.16 and 54.63–144.83 mg/g, respectively, while five samples of M. cochinchinensis heartwood collected from different regions of traditional drug stores contained in the range of 26.85–60.37 and 110.26–157.44 mg/g, respectively. Additionally, the percentage label amounts of oxyresveratrol and morin were analyzed in gel preparations, and found at 82.88% and 120.99%, respectively. This technique is convenient, simple, and reliable to effectively analyze the content of these active compounds in extracts and cosmetic products.

Modified Method of Characteristics for Generating EOR Oil Recovery Curves

The paper describes a fast and approximate 1D simulation algorithm for calculating the percent recovery that can be obtained from an oil reservoir if gas injection is carried out at a pressure lower than the minimum miscibility pressure. The algorithm is based on the Method of Characteristics. While a conventional 1D reservoir simulation of a gas injection scenario may take minutes or even hours, the proposed algorithm allows a full evaluation of the recovery to be completed within seconds. To make the method numerically robust, a number of approximations were needed. The result is an extremely fast algorithm that not only provides a good estimate of the recovery obtained by gas injection, but also gives a good visualization of how the gas displaces the oil.

Development and Validation of a Stability-Indicating HPLC Technique for Measuring Temozolomide in its Pharmaceutical Dose Form

Using RP-HPLC, an accurate and precise technique for the measurement of Temozolomide in its pharmaceutical dose form was developed and validated. Chromatographic separation was achieved on an X Terra RP 18(250mm x 4.6mm), 5 µ column using a mobile phase consisting of methanol and buffer in the ratio of 10:990v/v. The flow rate was 1mL/min with the detection wavelength of 254 nm and retention time was found to be 20 min. The developed method was validated according to ICH guidelines. With a correlation coefficient of 0.9990, linearity was observed in the range of 50-150 percent. The %RSD of the developed method for method precision and Intermediate precision was found to be 0.65 % and 0.59 % respectively. With a percent recovery of 99.82 ±0.045, the approach was confirmed to be reliable. All of the validation parameters yielded results that were within acceptable limits. It was discovered that the procedure was accurate, exact, specific, rugged, and durable. As a result, the newly discovered approach can be used for finish product of quality control and stability testing on a regular basis and it has been confirmed to be stable for Temozolomide is available in both pure and pharmaceutical dose forms.

Simultaneous Temperature Measurements and Aerosol Collection During Vaping for the Analysis of Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol and Vitamin E Acetate Mixtures in Ceramic Coil Style Cartridges

Incidence of e-cigarette, or vaping, product use-associated lung injury (EVALI) has been linked to the vaping of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) products to which vitamin E acetate (VEA) has been added. In this work we vaped THC/VEA mixtures at elevated power levels using a variety of ceramic coil vaping cartridges and a commercially available vaping device, while simultaneously measuring temperature and collecting the vaporized condensate. The collected vapor condensate was analyzed for evidence of VEA decomposition by GC/MS, GC/FT-IR/MS, and LC-APCI-HRMS/MS. Mean temperature maxima for all examined cartridges at the selected power exceeded 430°C, with a range of 375–569°C, well beyond that required for thermal decomposition of VEA. The percent recovery of VEA and Δ9-THC from the vaporized mixture in six cartridges ranged from 71.5 to 101% and from 56.4 to 88.0%, respectively. Analysis of the condensed vaporized material identified VEA decomposition products duroquinone (DQ), 1-pristene, and durohydroquinone monoacetate (DHQMA); a compound consistent with 4-acetoxy-2,3,5-trimethyl-6-methylene-2,4-cyclohexadienone (ATMMC) was also detected. The concentration of DQ produced from vaporization of the THC/VEA mixture in one cartridge was found to be 4.16 ± 0.07 μg per mg of vapor condensate.