Production of Helicoverpa spp. (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) from different refuge crops to accompany transgenic cotton plantings in eastern Australia

2008 ◽  
Vol 59 (8) ◽  
pp. 723 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoff H. Baker ◽  
Colin. R. Tann ◽  
Gary P. Fitt
Keyword(s):  
Insect Pests ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Pigeon Pea ◽  
Bt Cotton ◽  
Potential Productivity ◽  
Bt Resistance ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Lepidoptera Noctuidae

The adoption of transgenic (Bt) cotton varieties has markedly reduced feeding damage by noctuid pests, Helicoverpa armigera and H. punctigera, in Australian cotton crops. However, the potential for Bt resistance to evolve within these insect pests is a major concern. To reduce the likelihood of Bt resistance occurring, it is mandatory for growers of Bt cotton to also grow refuge crops which produce large numbers of Bt-susceptible moths. We present here findings from a series of field studies which sought to identify the relative Helicoverpa productivity of different refuge crop options. The abundance of Helicoverpa pupae (during the cotton season) was compared under crops of Ingard® (transgenic, single Bt gene) cotton, sprayed conventional cotton, and various unsprayed refuge crops (cotton, sorghum, maize, pigeon pea) from 1996 to 2003 in the major cotton-producing regions of northern New South Wales, plus St George and Dirranbandi in southern Queensland. Unsprayed, conventional cotton was used as the ‘control’ refuge in these studies. Productivity of adult Helicoverpa was estimated by surveying for pupae and discounting those that were parasitised and dead. Some supplementary experiments were also conducted to evaluate specific issues, in particular the value of additional refuge crops sown late in 2000–01 (due to accidental over-planting of Ingard® cotton that year) and the potential productivity of mixed plantings of various refuge crops which individually flowered at different times throughout the cotton season. Unsprayed refuges generally produced many more pupae than sprayed, conventional cotton and Ingard® cotton. Overall, pigeon pea, which has the advantage of prolonged flowering and thus on-going attractiveness to Helicoverpa, was the most reliable and productive refuge option, producing about twice as many pupae as unsprayed cotton. The seed mix refuge is perhaps a viable alternative option, although logistically more difficult for growers to adopt. Laboratory rearing of live pupae until moth emergence indicated that parasitism can be a substantial source of mortality in some refuge crops, especially sorghum. The most common parasitoid of Helicoverpa pupae was the ichneumonid wasp, Heteropelma scaposum. Such parasitism can greatly reduce productivity of adult Helicoverpa from refuges and needs to be taken into account when assessing relative refuge ‘value’, although such refuges will obviously contribute to the abundance of these beneficial species across the landscape.

Long-term changes in the numbers of Helicoverpa punctigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in a cotton production landscape in northern New South Wales, Australia

2016 ◽  
Vol 107 (2) ◽  
pp. 174-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.H. Baker ◽  
C.R. Tann
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Habitat Type ◽  
Bt Cotton ◽  
Cotton Production ◽  
Bt Resistance ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Long Term Changes

AbstractTwo noctuid moths, Helicoverpa punctigera and Helicoverpa armigera, are pests of several agricultural crops in Australia, most notably cotton. Cotton is a summer crop, grown predominantly in eastern Australia. The use of transgenic (Bt) cotton has reduced the damage caused by Helicoverpa spp., but the development of Bt resistance in these insects remains a threat. In the past, large populations of H. punctigera have built up in inland Australia, following autumn-winter rains. Moths have then migrated to the cropping regions in spring, when their inland host plants dried off. To determine if there have been any long-term changes in this pattern, pheromone traps were set for H. punctigera throughout a cropping landscape in northern New South Wales from 1992 to 2015. At least three generations of moths were caught from spring to autumn. The 1st generation (mostly spring migrants) was the most numerous. Trap captures varied between sites and decreased in time, especially for moths in the 1st generation. Nearby habitat type influenced the size of catch and there was some evidence that local weather also influenced the numbers of moths caught. There was no correlation between trap catches in the cropping region and rainfall in the inland. In addition, there was little evidence that Bt cotton has reduced the abundance of H. punctigera at landscape scale. The apparent decline in the number of presumably Bt susceptible moths arriving each spring in the cropping regions from inland habitats is of concern in relation to the management of Bt resistance.

Biology of angel sharks (Squatina sp.) and sawsharks (Pristiophorus sp.) caught in south-eastern Australian trawl fisheries and the New South Wales shark-meshing (bather-protection) program

2017 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 207 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Raoult ◽  
V. Peddemors ◽  
J. E. Williamson
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
Growth Curves ◽  
Commercial Fishing ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Total Length ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Trawl Fisheries ◽  
South Eastern Australia

Two species of angel shark (Squatina australis, S. albipunctata) and two species of sawshark (Pristiophorus nudipinnis, P. cirratus) are frequently caught in south-eastern Australia. Little is known of the biology of these elasmobranchs, despite being caught as secondary target species in large numbers. The present study collected morphometric and reproductive data from sharks caught in shark-control nets, commercial fishing trawlers and research trawlers in south-eastern Australia. All four species had female-biased sexual size dimorphism, but growth curves between sexes did not differ. Male S. australis individuals were fully mature at ~800-mm total length, male P. nudipinnis at ~900mm, and male P. cirratus at ~800mm. Anterior pectoral margins could be used to determine total length in all species. No morphometric measurement could reliably separate Squatina spp. or Pristiophorus spp., although S. albipunctata over 1000-mm total length had larger eyes than did S. australis.

The incidence and distribution of the armyworms Mythimna convecta (walker) and Persectania spp. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and their parasitoids in major agricultural districts of Victoria, south-eastern australia

1986 ◽  
Vol 76 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. McDonald ◽  
A. M. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Light Trapping ◽  
Light Trap ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Abundant Species ◽  
Crop Damage ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Two Generations ◽  
Regular Sampling ◽  
Trap Catches ◽  
Lepidoptera Noctuidae

AbstractField studies of Mythimna convecta (Walker), Persectania ewingii (Westwood) and P. dyscrita Common, and their associated parasitoids, were conducted in cereals and pastures in Victoria, Australia, in 1980–83. The study included a survey of the armyworm fauna in the major agricultural districts, detailed phenological studies within five oat crops, and ultraviolet-light trapping of adults. M. convecta was the most abundant species in cereals and was found more commonly in the warmer months of spring and summer in all districts. Larval development in oat crops during spring was preceded by little moth activity in light traps. P. ewingii was common in the southern districts and in the cooler months from May to September. It was the most prevalent armyworm species in pastures and rarely occurred in barley. P. dyscrita was the least abundant species and occurred mostly in the drier inland areas, particularly in the west. Light-trap catches of P. ewingii and P. dyscrita suggested there were two generations, one in spring and one in the autumn. Regular sampling in oat crops showed that M. convecta developed faster and was usually more abundant than P. ewingii during seed development and ripening, and hence had the potential to inflict more crop damage. Of the 17 species of parasitoids reared from field-collected larvae, the wasp Campoletis sp. was the most abundant. In 1980–82, average parasitism ranged from 13 to 16% but fell to 2% after the drought of 1982.

Some Nematoda (Strongylina and Oxyurina) from kangaroos (Macropus spp.) from Eastern Australia

Parasitology ◽  
1964 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 237-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia M. Mawson
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
New South ◽  
New Genera ◽  
Veterinary Services ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Macropus Rufus ◽  
The Gift ◽  
Three New Species

The collection of large numbers of nematodes from Macropus rufus from Toganmain and Wilcannia in New South Wales and Cunnamulla in Queensland and from M. canguru from Cunnamulla has made possible the revision of five species and the description of three new species. The work is divided into two sections:(1) Strongylina. Filarinema flagrifer Mönnig, Zoniolaimus setifer Cobb, Z. cobbi Kung, Rugopharynx australis (Mönnig) and Papillostrongylus labiatus Johnston & Mawson are re-described: Pharyngostrongylus alpha Johnston & Mawson and P. beta Johnston & Mawson are recognized as synonyms of R. australis; Filarinema moennigi sp.nov. is described from Macropus rufus.(2) Oxyurina. Macropoxyuris longigularis gen.nov., sp.nov., and M. brevigularis gen.nov., sp.nov., are described from M. canguru. Re-examination of paratype material of oxyurids previously recorded from marsupials has made possible the presentation of more detailed descriptions, and the following nomenclatural changes become necessary: Oxyuris (s.l.) acuticaudata Johnston & Mawson is a synonym of Austroxyuris finlaysoni Johnston & Mawson: Syphacia trichosuri Johnston & Mawson is considered as Oxyuris (s.l.) trichosuri; two new genera are proposed, Potoroxyuris, for Oxyuris (s.l.) potoroo Johnston & Mawson, and Paraustroxyuris for Passalurus parvus Johnston & Mawson. Figures are given of Passalurus ambiguus (Duj.).The material studied was made available by the generosity of Dr R. Mykytowycz of the C.S.I.R.O. Division of Wildlife Research, Canberra, to whom I am most grateful.I am also indebted to Dr R. J. Ortlepp, Division of Veterinary Services, Onderstepoort, South Africa, for the gift of a sample of Rugopharynx australis, to Dr M. J. Mackerras, then of the Queensland Institute of Medical Research, for material from Macropus canguru from centres in south eastern Queensland, and to Dr G. B. Sharman of the C.S.I.R.O. Division of Wildlife Research for information on the correct names of the host species.

Pyrethroid and carbamate resistance in Australian Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) from 2008 to 2015: what has changed since the introduction of Bt cotton?

2018 ◽  
Vol 108 (6) ◽  
pp. 781-791 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.J. Bird
Keyword(s):  
Helicoverpa Armigera ◽  
Pyrethroid Resistance ◽  
New South ◽  
Resistance Management ◽  
Rapid Expansion ◽  
Bt Cotton ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Helicoverpa Armígera ◽  
High Level ◽  
Lepidoptera Noctuidae

AbstractPyrethroid and carbamate resistance was evaluated in Helicoverpa armigera from 2008 to 2015. Insects were collected as eggs primarily from cultivated hosts in the major cropping areas of New South Wales and Queensland, Australia. Larvae reared from eggs were tested for resistance to fenvalerate, bifenthrin or methomyl in the F0 generation using a topical application of a discriminating dose of insecticide. In 2008–2009, resistance to fenvalerate was 71% and no resistance to bifenthrin was recorded. In the following two seasons, resistance to pyrethroids was relatively stable with fenvalerate resistance ranging from 63% to 67% and bifenthrin resistance ranging from 5.6% and 6.4% in 2009–2010 and 2010–2011, respectively. However, in 2011–2012, pyrethroid resistance had increased to 91% and 36% for fenvalerate and bifenthrin, respectively. Resistance remained above 90% for fenvalerate and above 35% for bifenthrin in the following three seasons from 2012 to 2015. In 2008–2009, methomyl resistance was 33% and declined to 22% and 15% in 2009–2010 and 2010–2011, respectively. Methomyl resistance remained at moderate levels from 2011–12 to 2014–15, ranging from 21% to 40%. Factors that influenced selection pressure of pyrethroid and carbamate insecticides and impacted resistance frequency in H. armigera may have been associated with changes in the composition of the cropping landscape. The rapid expansion of the pulse industry and the commensurate increased use of insecticide may have played a role in reselection of high-level pyrethroid resistance, and highlights the need for an urgent and strategic response to insecticide resistance management in the Australian grains industry.

The incidence of Heliothis armigera (Hübner) and H. punctigera Wallengren (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on cotton and other host-plants in the Namoi Valley of New South Wales

1980 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. G. Wardhaugh ◽  
P. M Room ◽  
L. R Greenup
Keyword(s):  
Host Plants ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Light Trap ◽  
Heliothis Armigera ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Resident Populations ◽  
Successive Generations ◽  
Lepidoptera Noctuidae

AbstractFour years of light-trap and crop survey data from the Namoi Valley of New South Wales are presented for Heliothis armigera (Hb.) and H. punctigera Wllgr. These suggest there are four generations a year. The associated seasonal sequence of major host-plants supporting successive generations, appeared to be: H. armigera—wheat; pre-flowering cotton; flowering cotton and sorghum; sorghum, flowering cotton and sunflowers; and H. punctigera—lucerne, linseed and medics; pre-flowering cotton; flowering cotton, sunflowers and soyabeans; lucerne, linseed and medics; pre-flowering cotton. On host-plants common to both species, a change in dominance from H. punctigera to H. armigera occured as each summer progressed. Suggested causes are: seasonal changes in the availability of host-plants, favouring H. armigera over H. punctigera; insecticide resistance in H. armigera; and the competitive superiority of H. armigera. Large numbers of H. armigera in cotton appeared to be related to: warm springs, which favoured moth emergence during the period of wheat anthesis; the incomplete control of infestations within cotton itself, leading to the development of resident populations; and the influx of moths from other host-plants, especially sorghum, during the latter half of the season.

Do pigeon pea refuges in Bt cotton pull their weight as “genetic diluters” to counter Bt resistance in Helicoverpa moths?

2017 ◽  
Vol 100 ◽  
pp. 96-105
Author(s):  
Mary E.A. Whitehouse ◽  
Dominic Cross ◽  
Sarah Mansfield ◽  
Steven Harden ◽  
Abbey L. Johnson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pigeon Pea ◽  
Bt Cotton ◽  
Bt Resistance

Regional evaluation of cotton cultivars in eastern Australia, 1974-85

1989 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 679 ◽  
Author(s):  
PE Reid ◽  
NJ Thomson ◽  
PK Lawrence ◽  
DJ Luckett ◽  
GT McIntyre ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Blight ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
New South ◽  
Fibre Strength ◽  
Normal Leaf ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Cotton Cultivar

In 1974, a district cotton cultivar trial was initiated to assess the yield and fibre quality of promising cultivars in all major Australian cotton growing areas over 1 or more years. A nearly 5-fold range in site yields (595-2451 kg/ha) occurred across locations and years. Yields were usually higher in the last 6 years of the trial (overall mean 1688 kg/ha) than in the first half (overall mean 1223 kg/ha). Queensland sites (except Theodore) were lower yielding than average, while New South Wales sites (except Warren) were higher yielding. Deltapine cultivars from the U.S.A. have been the dominant commercial cultivars during 1974-85, and in the first 9 years of the trials USA. or Australian-bred Deltapine types produced the highest overall lint yields. Since 1982, Australian-bred Siokra lines have been the highest yielding with their resistance to bacterial blight apparently being an important factor in their performance. The rate of genetic gain in lint yield, as assessed from the overall year means and the mean yield of the 2 control cultivars (Deltapine 16 and Namcala) grown in all 12 years of the trials, was 2.3% per year. These yield increases were also accompanied by improvements in fibre strength and micronaire value in some of the recently developed lines or cultivars. A number of genotypes with mutant traits associated with host plant resistance to insect pests were compared with their near-isogenic counterparts. Superokra leaf yielded 6% less than normal leaf, nectariless yielded similarly to nectaried, and glabrous yielded similarly to delta-smooth pubescence. Frego bract yielded less in 1 comparison but in 2 others was similar to the normal counterpart, while glabrous and frego bract together led to reduced yields. Intra-varietal selection was shown to produce useful gains in yield between 3 to 6.5%.

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