Do pigeon pea refuges in Bt cotton pull their weight as “genetic diluters” to counter Bt resistance in Helicoverpa moths?

2017 ◽  
Vol 100 ◽  
pp. 96-105
Author(s):  
Mary E.A. Whitehouse ◽  
Dominic Cross ◽  
Sarah Mansfield ◽  
Steven Harden ◽  
Abbey L. Johnson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pigeon Pea ◽  
Bt Cotton ◽  
Bt Resistance

Production of Helicoverpa spp. (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) from different refuge crops to accompany transgenic cotton plantings in eastern Australia

2008 ◽  
Vol 59 (8) ◽  
pp. 723 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoff H. Baker ◽  
Colin. R. Tann ◽  
Gary P. Fitt
Keyword(s):  
Insect Pests ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Pigeon Pea ◽  
Bt Cotton ◽  
Potential Productivity ◽  
Bt Resistance ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Lepidoptera Noctuidae

The adoption of transgenic (Bt) cotton varieties has markedly reduced feeding damage by noctuid pests, Helicoverpa armigera and H. punctigera, in Australian cotton crops. However, the potential for Bt resistance to evolve within these insect pests is a major concern. To reduce the likelihood of Bt resistance occurring, it is mandatory for growers of Bt cotton to also grow refuge crops which produce large numbers of Bt-susceptible moths. We present here findings from a series of field studies which sought to identify the relative Helicoverpa productivity of different refuge crop options. The abundance of Helicoverpa pupae (during the cotton season) was compared under crops of Ingard® (transgenic, single Bt gene) cotton, sprayed conventional cotton, and various unsprayed refuge crops (cotton, sorghum, maize, pigeon pea) from 1996 to 2003 in the major cotton-producing regions of northern New South Wales, plus St George and Dirranbandi in southern Queensland. Unsprayed, conventional cotton was used as the ‘control’ refuge in these studies. Productivity of adult Helicoverpa was estimated by surveying for pupae and discounting those that were parasitised and dead. Some supplementary experiments were also conducted to evaluate specific issues, in particular the value of additional refuge crops sown late in 2000–01 (due to accidental over-planting of Ingard® cotton that year) and the potential productivity of mixed plantings of various refuge crops which individually flowered at different times throughout the cotton season. Unsprayed refuges generally produced many more pupae than sprayed, conventional cotton and Ingard® cotton. Overall, pigeon pea, which has the advantage of prolonged flowering and thus on-going attractiveness to Helicoverpa, was the most reliable and productive refuge option, producing about twice as many pupae as unsprayed cotton. The seed mix refuge is perhaps a viable alternative option, although logistically more difficult for growers to adopt. Laboratory rearing of live pupae until moth emergence indicated that parasitism can be a substantial source of mortality in some refuge crops, especially sorghum. The most common parasitoid of Helicoverpa pupae was the ichneumonid wasp, Heteropelma scaposum. Such parasitism can greatly reduce productivity of adult Helicoverpa from refuges and needs to be taken into account when assessing relative refuge ‘value’, although such refuges will obviously contribute to the abundance of these beneficial species across the landscape.

scholarly journals Need for growing non-Bt cotton refugia to overcome Bt resistance problem in targeted larvae of the cotton bollworms, Helicoverpa armigera and Pectinophora gossypiella

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Rafiq Shahid ◽  
Muhammad Farooq ◽  
Muhammad Shakeel ◽  
Misbah Ashraf ◽  
Zia Ullah Zia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Helicoverpa Armigera ◽  
Larval Mortality ◽  
Pectinophora Gossypiella ◽  
Bt Cotton ◽  
Insect Larvae ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Arthropod Species ◽  
Bt Resistance ◽  
American Bollworm ◽  
Helicoverpa Armígera

Abstract Background The effectiveness of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) cotton against target arthropod larvae is decreasing day by day. The comparative effect of Bt expression among Bt cotton varieties and different plant parts was observed against the cotton bollworms: Helicoverpa armigera and Pectinophora gossypiella larvae. Results In the present study, larval mortality of H. armigera was higher than P. gossypiella among selected Bt cultivars. Median lethal concentration (LC50) values were 8.91, 13.4, 14.0, and 36.4 for P. gossypiella, while 5.91, 4.04, 2.37, and 8.26 for H. armigera of FH-142, MNH-886, IR-3701, and FH-Lalazar, respectively. These values depicted that P. gossypiella had more Bt resistance problem than H. armigera larvae. The host range of both targeted insect larvae was different from each other due to the polyphagous feeding nature of the larvae of H. armigera that feed on different host plants, but P. gossypiella attacked only cotton with monophagous feeding habit. It was also notable from results that Bt expression in reproductive parts where the attacked pink bollworm was lower than the American bollworm, so the former had the maximum chance of resistance due to repeated exposure to Bt. Conclusions It was concluded that farmers be advised to follow the practice of growing non-Bt as a refuge crop to reduce the problem of Bt resistance in the target arthropod species.

scholarly journals Nutrient Uptake and Soil Fertility Status under Different Cropping Systems for Integrated Farming Systems of Telangana State, India

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Ch. Pragathi Kumari ◽  
M. Goverdhan ◽  
G. Kiran Reddy ◽  
S. Sridevi
Keyword(s):  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Pigeon Pea ◽  
Bt Cotton ◽  
Rice Grain ◽  
Fertility Status ◽  
Soil Fertility Status ◽  
Equivalent Yield

An Randamised Block Design (RBD) field investigation with ten crop sequences under irrigation with recommended package of practices in sandy loam soils of Southern Telangana Zone (STZ), Telangana was carried out during Kharif, Rabi and summer of 2018-2019 with an objective of the nutrient uptake and soil fertility status under different cropping systems and to assess agro economic benefit. These ten cropping systems were grouped in to five categories viz., pre dominant cropping systems of the zone, ecological cropping systems, household nutritional security giving cropping systems, fodder security giving cropping systems and cropping systems involving high value crops. So that from each category, best cropping system can be identified and can be suggested to different integrated farming systems models. In the context of farming systems, under high value crops such as Okra–Marigold–Beetroot system recorded significantly higher rice grain equivalent yield (36,434 kg ha-1) over other systems. Among the ecological cropping systems for improving soil health, Bt cotton + green gram (1:3) - groundnut cropping system was recorded significantly higher rice grain equivalent yield (14,080 kg ha-1) as  compared to pigeon pea + green gram (1:7) – sesame cropping system. Among the household nutritional security giving crops, pigeon pea + maize (1:3) – groundnut system was recorded higher rice grain equivalent yield (13,693 kg ha-1). Within the two fodder crops, fodder maize – lucerne system was resulted in higher rice grain equivalent yield (7,709 kg ha-1). Rice - maize and Bt cotton which were the pre-dominant cropping systems of the region wherein rice – maize system recorded comparatively higher rice grain equivalent yield (11,771 kg ha-1) than Bt cotton. Fodder systems were found to be more exhaustive than all other cropping systems. However, within two years of experimentation the changes in physic-chemical properties and soil fertility status were not significantly affected except organic carbon. Organic carbon was high (0.45 %) in case of pigeon pea + green gram (1:6) - sesame cropping system.

Do the plant host origins of Helicoverpa (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) moth populations reflect the agricultural landscapes within which they are caught?

2018 ◽  
Vol 109 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
G.H. Baker ◽  
C.R. Tann ◽  
P. Verwey ◽  
L. Lisle
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Resistance Management ◽  
Pigeon Pea ◽  
Management Plan ◽  
Agricultural Landscapes ◽  
Bt Cotton ◽  
Cotton Production ◽  
Plant Host ◽  
Multiple Regions ◽  
Cotton Farmers

AbstractThe use of Bt cotton varieties has greatly reduced the amount of conventional insecticides required to control lepidopteran pests, Helicoverpa armigera and Helicoverpa punctigera, in Australia, but the possibility that these moths might become resistant to Bt remains a threat. Consequently, a Resistance Management Plan, which includes the mandatory growing of refuge crops (pigeon pea and non-Bt cotton; both C3 plants), has been established for Bt cotton farmers. However, knowledge of the relative contributions made to overall moth populations from the many host origins (both C3 and C4 plants) available to these insects throughout cotton production regions remains limited, as do the scales of movement and spatial mixing of moths within and between these areas. This study used stable isotope signatures (in particular δ13C) to help identify where moths fed as larvae within separate cotton production regions which differed in their proportions of C3 and C4 host crops (e.g. cotton and sorghum, respectively). C3-derived moths predominated in the early season, but C4-derived moths increased in frequency later. The overall proportion of C4 moths was higher in H. armigera than in H. punctigera. Whilst the relative proportions of C3 and C4 moths differed between regions, no differences in such proportiorns were found at smaller spatial scales, nor were there significant correlations between crop composition and isotope signatures in moths. Overall, these results suggest that C4 host plants are likely to be very important in offsetting the development of Bt resistance in these insects and such influences may operate across multiple regions within a single growing season.

scholarly journals Cadherin repeat 5 mutation associated with Bt resistance in a field-derived strain of pink bollworm

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ling Wang ◽  
Yuemin Ma ◽  
Wei Wei ◽  
Peng Wan ◽  
Kaiyu Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brush Border Membrane ◽  
Insect Cells ◽  
Transcript Abundance ◽  
Pink Bollworm ◽  
Cross Resistance ◽  
Bt Cotton ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Bt Toxin ◽  
Bt Resistance ◽  
Evolution Of Resistance

Abstract Evolution of resistance by pests reduces the benefits of transgenic crops that produce insecticidal proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). Here we analyzed resistance to Bt toxin Cry1Ac in a field-derived strain of pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella), a global pest of cotton. We discovered that the r14 allele of the pink bollworm cadherin gene (PgCad1) has a 234-bp insertion in exon 12 encoding a mutant PgCad1 protein that lacks 36 amino acids in cadherin repeat 5 (CR5). A strain homozygous for this allele had 237-fold resistance to Cry1Ac, 1.8-fold cross-resistance to Cry2Ab, and developed from neonate to adult on Bt cotton producing Cry1Ac. Inheritance of resistance to Cry1Ac was recessive and tightly linked with r14. PgCad1 transcript abundance in midgut tissues did not differ between resistant and susceptible larvae. Toxicity of Cry1Ac to transformed insect cells was lower for cells expressing r14 than for cells expressing wild-type PgCad1. Wild-type PgCad1 was transported to the cell membrane, whereas PgCad1 produced by r14 was not. In larval midgut tissue, PgCad1 protein occurred primarily on the brush border membrane only in susceptible larvae. The results imply r14 mediates pink bollworm resistance to Cry1Ac by reduced translation, increased degradation, and/or mislocalization of cadherin.

scholarly journals Diversification of Cropping Systems for Different Integrated Farming System Models under Irrigated Situation of Southern Telangana Zone, Telangana, India

2020 ◽  
pp. 51-60
Author(s):  
Ch. Pragathi Kumari ◽  
M. Goverdhan ◽  
Knight Nthebere ◽  
G. Kiran Reddy ◽  
S. H. K. Sharma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Corn ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Soil Health ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Farming System ◽  
Pigeon Pea ◽  
Bt Cotton ◽  
Integrated Farming

A long-term field experiment was undertaken during the year 2019-20 (third year of the experiment) at college farm, AICRP on Integrated Farming Systems unit, PJTSAU, Hyderabad to evaluate productivity and profitability of cropping systems for different farming systems under irrigated situation on a sandy loam soil of Southern Telangana Zone (STZ), Telangana. Among the ten cropping systems evaluated, sweet corn – vegetable system (tomato) was found to be more remunerative with B:C ratio 3.30 followed by okra – marigold – beetroot system with B:C ratio 3.0. Among the ecological cropping systems for improving soil health, pigeonpea + greengram (1:7) – sesame cropping system recorded higher BC ratio (2.02) compared to Bt cotton + green gram (1:3) – groundnut cropping system (1.78). Out of the two systems evaluated to meet the household nutritional security, pigeon pea + groundnut (1:7) – fingermillet system recorded higher BC ratio (1.85) compared to pigeon pea + maize (1:3) – groundnut. Within the two fodder crops/cropping systems, fodder maize – lucerne system resulted in higher B:C ratio (1.65).

scholarly journals Different Cropping System Effects of Depth-Wise Distribution of Available NPKS in an Inceptisol of Southern Telangana Zone

2020 ◽  
pp. 32-39
Author(s):  
Knight Nthebere ◽  
S. H. K. Sharma ◽  
Ch. Pragathi Kumari ◽  
A. Aziz Qureshi
Keyword(s):  
Soil Depth ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
Pigeon Pea ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
Bt Cotton ◽  
Available N ◽  
Lower Depth

The present study was undertaken in the ongoing long-term experiment initiated during 2017 at the experimental farm of College of Agriculture, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad. Soil samples were collected from two depths (0–15 and 15–30 cm) and analysed for soil fertility parameters namely: available N, P, K and S. The results indicated that the different cropping systems had positive influence on improving the nutrient status (i.e., available N, P and K) significantly over the initial soil values (N: 112.20, P: 23.40 and K: 170.30 kg ha-1, respectively). Interestingly, it was noticed that improved availability of nutrients (N, P, K and S) was more profound in the upper soil layer (0–15 cm) compared to lower depth (15–30 cm) in all the cropping systems (CS). The CS: Bt cotton + Greengram – Groundnut had recorded high nitrogen (N=221.60 kg-1), CS: Fodder maize – Lucerne recorded high in available P (P=49.13 kg-1) and CS: Fodder sorghum + Fodder cowpea – Horsegram – Sunhemp recorded high in K and S (K=208.10 kg-1, S= 172.0 kg S ha-1) after kharif season. While, CS: Pigeon pea + Greengram – Sesame showed high for N (N=228.57 kg-1), CS: Fodder maize – Lucerne for high P (P=48.27 kg-1) and Rice – Maize recorded high for K and S (K=207.63 kg-1 and S= 95.40 kg S ha-1) in top soil layer (0–15 cm) after harvest of rabi compared to lower soil depth (15–30 cm).

scholarly journals System Productivity and Resource Use Efficiency of Alternative Cropping Systems for Sugarcane in Karnataka

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 170-178
Author(s):  
S. N. O. Sadashivanagowda ◽  
◽  
S. C. Alagundagi ◽  
B. T. Nadagouda ◽  
B. I. Bidari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Resource Use ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Pigeon Pea ◽  
Green Gram ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Bt Cotton ◽  
Total System ◽  
Resource Use Efficiency ◽  
System Productivity ◽  
Use Efficiency

The field experiments were conducted at Agricultural Research Station, Hukkeri, Belagavi, Karnataka, India during 2018–19 and 2019–20 to study the system productivity and resource use efficiency of alternative cropping systems for sugarcane. There were 11 treatments involving different cropping systems viz., soybean–sorghum–ridge gourd, pigeon pea±green gram (1:1)–beans, pigeon pea±soybean (1:1)–cowpea, soybean–wheat–groundnut, groundnut–sorghum–sesame, maize–cabbage–fallow, soybean–wheat–green gram, maize–wheat–sesame, Bt cotton–groundnut, sugarcane±onion (1:2) and sugarcane (sole) replicated thrice and laid out in randomized complete block design. Among the cropping systems, maize-cabbage-fallow system recorded significantly higher total system productivity (58,234 kg ha-1), water use efficiency (199.67 kg ha-1-mm) and energy use efficiency (129.91 MJ ha-1) compared to rest of the cropping systems. However, sugarcane (sole) recorded (1,11,008 kg ha-1, 68.64 kg ha-1-mm and 16.58 MJ ha-1, respectively). Based on alternative cropping systems involving only field crops, maize-wheat-sesame (9633 kg ha-1, 30.65 kg ha-1-mm and 132.20 MJ ha-1, respectively), soybean-wheat-groundnut (7602 kg ha-1, 27.40 kg ha-1-mm and 32.35 MJ ha-1,, respectively), soybean-wheat-green gram (6424 kg ha-1, 23.05 kg ha-1-mm and 31.91 MJ ha-1, respectively) and Bt cotton-groundnut (4503 kg ha-1, 17.97 kg ha-1-mm and 16.95 MJ ha-1, respectively) were significantly higher. By adopting the alternative cropping systems, there was water saving of approximately 45% compared to sugarcane monocropping and sugarcane±onion (1:2) intercropping.

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