Studies on the nutrition of pasture plants in the south-west of Western Australia. I. The effect of copper, zinc and potassium on the growth of Dwalganup strain of Trifolium subterraneum L. on sandy soils

1951 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
RC Rossiter
Keyword(s):  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Interaction Effects ◽  
Economic Significance ◽  
Copper Zinc ◽  
Significant Yield ◽  
Effect Of Copper ◽  
Western Australian ◽  
Pasture Plants

The results of pot-culture experiments and field trials designed to examine the effects of copper, zinc, and potassium on the growth of Dwalganup subterranean clover on a number of Western Australian soils are presented and discussed. Highly significant yield increases from application of one or more nutrients were observed on all soils examined. The effects of applied copper were greater in the second year than in the seeding year under deficiency conditions in the field. Significant interaction effects were observed only with copper and potassium. Maximum yields in two of the field trials were low even with application of all three nutrients. Reasons for this are suggested. Data on leaf area changes indicated that, in contrast to the increasing severity of potassium deficiency with age of the plant, both copper and zinc deficiency tended to diminish after the commencement of the flowering stage. The importance of such time trends in the interpretation of interaction effects is emphasized. The economic significance of the potassium problem is stressed and a number of aspects requiring investigation are outlined.

Tarnished Plant Bug (Hemiptera: Miridae) on Selected Cool-Season Leguminous Cover Crops

1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 463-474 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert L. Bugg ◽  
Felix L. Wäckers ◽  
Kathryn E Brunson ◽  
Sharad C. Phatak ◽  
James D. Dutcher
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crops ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Lygus Lineolaris ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Tarnished Plant Bug ◽  
Trifolium Incarnatum ◽  
Crimson Clover ◽  
Late Instar

Replicated field trials indicated that tarnished plant bug (TPB), Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois) (Hemiptera: Miridae) attained relatively-high densities on hybrid vetches, Vicia sativa L. X V. cordata Wulf cv ‘Cahaba White’ and ‘Vantage’, lower densities on crimson clover, Trifolium incarnatum L. cv ‘Dixie,’ and particularly-low densities on subterranean clover, Trifolium subterraneum L. cv ‘Mt. Barker’. Densities of TPB were also relatively low on an additional 10 types of subterranean clover, including 7 cultivars representing T. subterraneum, 1 cultivar of T. brachycalycinum Katznelson and Morley, and 3 of T. yanninicum Katznelson and Morley. Field longevity trials indicated that late-instar and adult TPB lived longer when caged on crimson clover than on hybrid vetch, which in turn supported better survival than did subterranean clover. When adult TPB were caged on hybrid vetch or subterranean clover with or without floral and fruiting structures, there was no evidence that the presence of these structures prolonged TPB survival on either crop. In laboratory choice tests with flowering and fruiting shoots of three cover crops, TPB preferred crimson clover over hybrid vetch, which in turn was more attractive than subterranean clover. When shoots were presented after reproductive structures had been excised, there was no statistically-significant preference by TPB.

Genetic variability in Seaton Park subterranean clover

1985 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
RC Rossiter ◽  
WJ Collins ◽  
Y Haynes
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variability ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Golf Course ◽  
Low Frequencies ◽  
Predominant Genotype ◽  
Isozyme Patterns ◽  
Commercial Strain ◽  
Western Australian

Single plants of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) were grown from seed of 13 commercial Seaton Park seed samples and of five pastures sown to Seaton Park at least 8 years previously. Most populations had several variants of Seaton Park, though the predominant genotype was that usually considered to be the Seaton Park strain - herein differentiated as Western Australian Seaton Park (W.A.S.Pk). The original Seaton Park - from the Royal Adelaide Golf Course in South Australia - differed slightly but clearly in several characters, including some seed isozyme patterns, from W.A.S.Pk. It was present in half of the populations, but at low frequencies (1-6% of the total). One genotype (strain S) comprised 20% or more of the populations from three commercial seed samples; it contained significant levels of the oestrogenic isoflavone formononetin. The origin of W.A.S.Pk remains unclear. The present commercial strain (cv. Seaton Park) is being re-built, based on W.A.S.Pk alone.

Amelioration of soil compaction by a cover-crop for no-tillage lettuce production

1995 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 553 ◽  
Author(s):  
RJ Stirzaker ◽  
I White
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crops ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Hot Weather

Excessive cultivation in many horticultural areas results in soil structural decline and poor utilization of water and nutrients. There are no reliable techniques for growing irrigated vegetables without cultivation. This work explores the hypothesis that a winter legume cover-crop can overcome the soil limitations of no-tillage and provide an alternative to excessive cultivation in the vegetable industry. We grew lettuce (Lactuca sativa) under no-tillage in field trials on a sandy loam soil following a bare winter fallow or a cover-crop of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum), and compared this with cultivation by rotary hoe. The clover died naturally in early summer or was desiccated in the spring to form a mulch of at least 5 t ha-1 on the soil surface. The experiment was carried out over a 2.5 year period. The first crop was grown during hot weather and the soil in the no-tillage treatments was only moderately compacted. The yield of lettuce was similar in the no-tillage and cultivated treatments, and increased by about 30% when a mulch was added to each treatment. The soil was artificially compacted after the first crop. The second crop was grown 18 months later, during cooler spring weather, and following two further cover-crops. The yield of no-tillage lettuce was only 40% of that obtained with cultivation. Yield in the no-tillage treatment was doubled in two different ways: (1) by the addition of a surface mulch, and (2) through changes to soil structure stimulated by a cover-crop in the absence of a mulch. The experiments showed that a well-managed cover-crop can significantly ameliorate a compacted sandy soil by modifying soil temperature, soil strength, and by stimulating the formation of biopores.

Transformation in soil and turnover to wheat of nitrogen from components of grazed pasture in the south of Western Australia

1997 ◽  
Vol 48 (7) ◽  
pp. 1033 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. B. Thompson ◽  
I. R. P. Fillery
Keyword(s):  
N Uptake ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
N Mineralisation ◽  
Leaching Losses ◽  
Grazed Pasture ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Wind Blow ◽  
Western Australian

Nitrogen (N) mineralisation from mature subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) shoots and roots and from sheep urine and faeces, and N uptake by wheat from the shoots, urine, and faeces, were determined with 15 N in a field study in the Western Australian wheatbelt. Treatments were applied to the soil surface of confined micro-plots in autumn and incorporated into soil immediately before wheat was sown in winter. Mature subterranean clover shoots containing 18 kg N/ha were applied to the soil surface, and root material containing 17 kg N/ha was mixed into soil. 15N-labelled urine and faeces were obtained from housed sheep fed 15N-labelled wheat straw and grain. Urine was applied at the rates of 151 and 301 kg N/ha, and faeces was added at the rate of 47 kg N/ha. There was a loss of 14% of shoot 15N in the 2 months this residue was on the soil surface, although very little mineralisation occurred. On the assumption that wind-blow caused the initial loss of 15N, 28% of shoot N mineralised in 6 months following incorporation of shoot residues into soil, and crop recovery was 11% of the 15N applied. N mineralisation from the mature roots was 26% in 6 months. NH3 volatilisation from urine, estimated by difference, was 25% for high urine (0·517 mL/cm2) and 33% for low urine (0·258 mL/cm2) application rates, the loss occurring in the first 2 weeks. Wheat uptake was 23% of the high urine 15N and 22% of the low urine 15N. Leaching losses from unplanted micro-plots were approximately 25-30% of urine 15N. In contrast, leaching losses from planted micro-plots were estimated to be approximately 10% of urine 15N. Approximately 30% of faecal N was mineralised and recovery of faeces N by wheat was 1% of applied 15N. The relative contributions of these components to N turnover in the ley pasture wheat rotation are discussed. It is concluded that assessments of the potential turnover of N in pastures to cropping phases need to consider the low rates of N mineralisation of above-ground herbage, the potential for supply of N from the total root system, the effect of grazing on NH3volatilisation, and consequent loss of N fixed by legumes.

Studies on the nutrition of pasture plants in the South-west of Western Australia. IV The Growth of Subterranueum Clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) as affected by lime, molybdenum, and Potassium

1952 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 244 ◽  
Author(s):  
RC Rossiter
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Relative Growth Rate ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Net Assimilation Rate ◽  
Assimilation Rate ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Minimum Requirements ◽  
Net Assimilation ◽  
Pasture Plants

The results of a pot-culture experiment in which subterranean clover was grown on a coarse siliceous sand slightly acid in reaction are presented. Maximum yields resulted from application of potassium, together with either molybdenum or lime. The lime X molybdenum interaction was almost always negative, but its magnitude varied with time and potassium: in the absence of potassium it diminished in magnitude, but increased markedly in its presence. The lime X potassium and molybdenum X potassium interactions were strongly positive during the later stages of growth, but only in the absence of molybdenum and lime respectively. The effects of treatment on leaf-weight and leaf-area ratio were not closely related to those on relative growth rate. The latter were determined primarily by treatment effects on net assimilation rate. Both relative growth rate and net assimilation rate were increased by potassium. The results provide further support for the findings of Anderson and Oertel (1946) that, in legumes, nitrogen is the primary nutrient concerned in the response to lime and molybdenum, and that the molybdenum concentration gives little indication of the minimum requirements for satisfactory growth. The possible effect of lime on the transport of molybdenum from roots to tops is discussed.

Studies on the nutrition of pasture plants in the South-west of Western Australia. III. The effect of sulphur on the growth of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.)

1952 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
RC Rossiter
Keyword(s):  
Field Trial ◽  
Sandy Soils ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Calcium Sulphate ◽  
Sodium Sulphate ◽  
Deficiency Symptoms ◽  
South West ◽  
Pasture Plants ◽  
Pot Culture

Sulphur applied as calcium sulphate or sodium sulphate significantly increased the growth of subterranean clover on a number of sandy soils in pot culture and also on a gravelly sand under field conditions at Kojonup. In the field trial a significant response was also obtained in the volunteer annual, capeweed.Total sulphur in the tops of both clover and capeweed was markedly increased by sulphur application; the lowest values were observed in one of the pot-culture trials, where deficiency symptoms were most prominent. Some reasons are suggested for the earlier appearance of deficiency symptoms in the field trial, where the deficiency was less severe than in the pot-culture experiments.

Flooding tolerance of some Western Australian pasture legumes

1967 ◽  
Vol 7 (27) ◽  
pp. 367 ◽  
Author(s):  
T Marshall ◽  
AJ Millington
Keyword(s):  
Water Table ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Seed Colour ◽  
Above Ground Level ◽  
Stages Of Growth ◽  
Pasture Legumes ◽  
Free Drainage ◽  
Western Australian

The effect of flooding on several varieties of clover was studied in three separate experiments. In experiment 1 ten cultivars of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum), two of strawberry clover (T. fragiferum), two of white clover (T. repens) and Serradella (Ornithopus sativa) were subjected to two flooding treatments 77 days after planting. With the water table at ground level, herbage yields were not significantly less than those of unflooded plants in Yarloop, N2254, Yabba North, Wenijup, Palestine, and Salina and New Zealand white clovers, hut there were significant decreases in yield in N2167, N2168, Clare, Geraldton, Mt. Barker, Morocco, Ladino, and Serradella. When the water table was raised to three inches above ground level, all the cultivars had significantly lower herbage and root yields than the control plants. Overall, Yarloop appeared to be the most productive under both of the flooding treatments. In experiment 2 Yarloop and Geraldton clovers were flooded at three different stages of growth (one third eleven days after planting, one third sixty days after planting, and one third 86 days after planting). Flooding lasted 21 days then half of each group was harvested and the other half allowed to grow for a further 14 days under free drainage before harvesting. Both Geraldton and Yarloop were affected most by flooding sixty days after planting. Nodulation was delayed in the plants that were flooded eleven days after planting, but commenced once the soil was allowed to drain freely. In experiment 3, eight Yarloop crosses were flooded three inches above ground level for 21 days, 80 days after planting. The crosses were subdivided on seed colour. Flooding reduced yield in all crosses except Yarloop x Yabba Noah brown seed and Yarloop x Mt. Barker brown seed. The data suggest that breeding for greater tolerance to flooding may be practicable.

Evaluation of fungicides for control of Cercospora zebrina on subterranean clover

1987 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 107 ◽  
Author(s):  
MJ Barbetti
Keyword(s):  
Disease Control ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Thiophanate Methyl ◽  
Best Disease

In field trials conducted in Western Australia during 1982-84, fungicides were screened for their efficacy in controlling cercospora disease (caused by Cercospora zebrina) in subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum). Benomyl and carbendazim gave the best disease control. Smaller disease reductions were obtained with bitertanol, chlorothalonil, propiconazol and thiophanate methyl, while captafol, prochloraz and triadimefon were ineffective. Rates as low as 150 g (a.i.)/ha of benomyl or carbendazim were effective sprayed either in August or in September. Spraying both in August and September gave a better result in only 1 trial, and there was little additional disease control from increasing rate of application of either of the fungicides to 275 g (a.i.)/ha. Disease control from fungicides resulted in seed yield increases up to 68%.

Naturalized subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) in Western Australia: the strains, their distributions, characteistics, and possible origins

1966 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 329 ◽  
Author(s):  
JS Gladstones
Keyword(s):  
Canary Islands ◽  
Indirect Evidence ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Historical Factors ◽  
Similar Materials ◽  
Natural Crossing ◽  
Mode Of Transport ◽  
Western Australian

Seventy-two previously undescribed strains of subterranean clover were collected around Perth and in older Western Australian farming districts during 1960-1962. These are briefly described and their observed distributions listed. A few of them could have arisen in situ by natural crossing and mutation, but the majority appeared to have been introduced. A study of their observed distributions, together with a consideration of historical factors, suggests that many of the strains were introduced as early as the 1830's or 1840's. Because this was before the opening of the Suez Canal, it seems likely that they originated in England, Portugal, Madeira, or the Canary Islands, rather than throughout the Mediterranean as has been previously suggested. The commoner strains showed distinct patterns of colonization in one area, followed by varying amounts of spread along transport routes, probably by stock as undigested seeds. Indirect evidence suggested, however, that this mode of transport could not have accounted for the original transport of strains from the coast to inland areas, where many of them appear first to have become established. It is concluded that most of these must have been carried inland directly in imported hay or similar materials.

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