Studies on the sultana vine. I. Fruit bud distribution and bud burst with reference to forecasting potential crop.

1955 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 565 ◽  
Author(s):  
AJ Antcliff ◽  
WJ Webster
Keyword(s):  
Direct Observation ◽  
Microscopical Examination ◽  
Bud Burst ◽  
Bud Position ◽  
Polynomial Regressions

Fruit bud distribution and bud burst on sultana canes were studied by microscopical examination of bud samples in autumn and direct observation of vines in spring. The percentage of fruitful buds found by niicroscopical examination, and the percentage bud burst and percentage of fruitful shoots found in spring all showed highly significant differences between bud positions in all seasons. In all cases polynomial regressions could be fitted from which the bud position means did not differ significantly. Fruitfulness was always low at the base of the cane, rose to a maximum at about bud position 9, and then fell away. Bud burst also rose rapidly over the first few bud positions but did not show the same pronounced falling off after bud position 9. The percentage of fruitful buds and percentage of fruitful shoots also showed highly significant differences between seasons and between individual vineyards, and highly significant interactions between seasons and vineyards. The major sultana growing districts did not differ greatly in any respect, nor did the separate settlements within the Sunraysia district. The percentage of fruitful buds agreed with the percentage of fruitful shoots except in seasons of low fruitfulness. The examination of 20 canes from each of 10 Sunraysia vineyards gives a satisfactory estimate of the percentage of fruitful buds in May, and this gives a useful forecast of potential crop.

Studies on the sultana vine. III. Pruning experiments with constant number of buds per vine, number and length of cane varied inversely

1955 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 823 ◽  
Author(s):  
AJ Antcliff ◽  
WJ Webster ◽  
P May
Keyword(s):  
Apical Dominance ◽  
Variable Length ◽  
Bud Burst ◽  
Constant Number ◽  
Terminal Bud ◽  
Bud Position

Pruning experiments are described in which the number of buds per vine was kept constant, and the number and length of canes was varied inversely. The position of the pruning cut affected per cent. bud burst at only the two terminal bud positions, and did not affect per cent. fruitful shoots a t any bud position. For any length of cane likely to be used in practice, per cent. bud burst in the most fruitful region would not be affected. For a constant pruning level there were no significant differences in yield when length of cane was varied from 11 to 18 buds, but in years of high fruitfulness yield was significantly depressed when the canes were 25 buds long. Apical dominance could also be demonstrated on vines with canes of variable length, and it was shown that the inhibiting agent did not move transversely.

Studies on the sultana vine. II. The course of bud burst.

1955 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 713 ◽  
Author(s):  
AJ Antcliff ◽  
WJ Webster
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Bud Burst ◽  
Four Seasons ◽  
Bud Position ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Time

Sultana vines were examined during bud burst for four seasons, and the date on which each shoot arose was noted. The shoots were later classified as fruitful, barren, or defective. The vines were pruned uniformly in the first season, and two pruning treatments were compared in the other three seasons. In all cases the mean time of bursting a t each bud position was progressively later from the distal to the proximal end of the cane, the number of newly burst buds found at each examination was related to preceding temperatures, and the percentage of fruitful shoots among new shoots found at each examination decreased from the beginning to the end of bud burst. Accessory shoots arising as a result of the death of primary shoots or buds were very rarely fruitful. The results are considered in relation to the discrepancy sometimes found between the percentage of fruitful buds and the percentage of fruitful shoots.

Studies on the sultana vine. V. Further studies on the course of bud burst with reference to time of pruning

1957 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
AJ Antcliff ◽  
WJ Webster ◽  
P May
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Soils ◽  
The Other ◽  
Bud Burst ◽  
Related Data ◽  
Heavy Soil ◽  
Bud Position ◽  
The One

Further studies on the course of bud burst were made on three sites in the Sunraysia district and the effect of three times of pruning on time of bursting investigated over a period of three seasons. The largest differences in time of bursting were between seasons, with smaller differences between sites and an interaction between sites and seasons. Vines pruned on August 11 burst about 3 days later than vines pruned on June 4 or July 8. The June-pruned vines burst earlier than the July-pruned vines at bud positions 13 and 14 only. The trends of the bud position means for time of bursting, bud burst, and fruitful shoots on the one site on heavy soil differed from the other two sites on sandy soils which were very similar. The three sets of deviations appeared to be related. Data obtained on the proportion of buds producing two shoots suggested that this was positively related to nitrogen.

scholarly journals A simple Technique for direct Observation of the Effect of Radiation on living Cells in Vitro

1952 ◽  
Vol s3-93 (24) ◽  
pp. 379-380
Author(s):  
L. G. LAJTHA ◽  
R. OLIVER
Keyword(s):  
Cell Suspension ◽  
Direct Observation ◽  
Radioactive Isotope ◽  
Simple Technique ◽  
Living Cells ◽  
Microscopical Examination ◽  
Glass Coverslip ◽  
Dose Rates

A chamber with glass coverslip at top and bottom is filled with a beta-emitting radioactive isotope (e.g. P32). A drop of cell-suspension placed on top of the chamber may then be irradiated at dose-rates up to 20,000 rep/hour, while the optical conditions remain unimpaired for microscopical examination. Extra protection for the observer is unnecessary.

Studies on the sultana vine. 4. A pruning experiment with number of buds per vine varied, number of buds per cane constant

1956 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 401 ◽  
Author(s):  
AJ Antcliff ◽  
WJ Webster ◽  
P May
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Content ◽  
Fresh Fruit ◽  
Residual Effects ◽  
Microscopical Examination ◽  
Bud Burst ◽  
The Third ◽  
Linear Decrease

A pruning experiment is described in which the number of buds per vine was varied by varying the number of canes retained, the number of buds per cane being held constant. With increasing number of canes per vine, per cent. bud burst generally showed a linear decrease, and per cent. fruitful shoots, although generally not affected, showed a similar effect after years of high fruitfulness. Bunch number and weight of fresh fruit harvested increased linearly with increasing cane number. Sugar content decreased and number of mature buds produced increased with increasing cane number. Weight of fresh fruit was positively correlated with bunch number, and negatively correlated with sugar content and number of mature buds. Bunch number was positively correlated with per cent. bud burst. The yield from 10 canes in a year of low fruitfulness was no greater than the yield from 4 canes in a year of high fruitfulness. In the high year evidence suggesting overloading on vines with more than seven canes was obtained from the sugar content and bud number results. Vines returned to uniform pruning treatment after a year of high fruitfulness, the third year of the experiment, showed residual effects in the first season but not thereafter. It is concluded that by regulating the number of canes according to the potential fruitfulness found by microscopical examination before pruning, overloading can be avoided in very fruitful seasons and the crop can be improved in years of low fruitfulness. However, complete uniformity of crop from year to year cannot be achieved.

Direct Observation of Heat Exchanger Deposits by Cross Sectioning

1967 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 364-365
Author(s):  
R. W. Anderson ◽  
D. L. Senecal
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscopy ◽  
Heat Exchanger ◽  
Direct Observation ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Preparation Method ◽  
Specimen Preparation ◽  
Flowing Water ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Deposit Layer

A problem was presented to observe the packing densities of deposits of sub-micron corrosion product particles. The deposits were 5-100 mils thick and had formed on the inside surfaces of 3/8 inch diameter Zircaloy-2 heat exchanger tubes. The particles were iron oxides deposited from flowing water and consequently were only weakly bonded. Particular care was required during handling to preserve the original formations of the deposits. The specimen preparation method described below allowed direct observation of cross sections of the deposit layers by transmission electron microscopy.The specimens were short sections of the tubes (about 3 inches long) that were carefully cut from the systems. The insides of the tube sections were first coated with a thin layer of a fluid epoxy resin by dipping. This coating served to impregnate the deposit layer as well as to protect the layer if subsequent handling were required.

Application of a Simple Cold Stub to the Direct Observation of Frozen Hydrated Sand

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 212-213
Author(s):  
John M. Wehrung ◽  
Richard J. Harniman
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Direct Observation ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Clay Particles ◽  
Organic Debris ◽  
Rock Formations ◽  
Water Tables ◽  
Permeable Rock ◽  
Natural Means

Water tables in aquifer regions of the southwest United States are dropping off at a rate which is greater than can be replaced by natural means. It is estimated that by 1985 wells will run dry in this region unless adequate artificial recharging can be accomplished. Recharging with surface water is limited by the plugging of permeable rock formations underground by clay particles and organic debris.A controlled study was initiated in which sand grains were used as the rock formation and water with known clay concentrations as the recharge media. The plugging mechanism was investigated by direct observation in the SEM of frozen hydrated sand samples from selected depths.

Direct Observation of the Diffusionless β → β + ω Transformation in Titanium Alloys

1971 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 122-123
Author(s):  
N. E. Paton ◽  
D. de Fontaine ◽  
J. C. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Titanium Alloys ◽  
Direct Observation ◽  
Dark Field ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Resistivity Measurements ◽  
Selected Area Electron Diffraction ◽  
Ti Alloys ◽  
Thin Foils ◽  
Field Device

The electron microscope has been used to study the diffusionless β → β + ω transformation occurring in certain titanium alloys at low temperatures. Evidence for such a transformation was obtained by Cometto et al by means of x-ray diffraction and resistivity measurements on a Ti-Nb alloy. The present work shows that this type of transformation can occur in several Ti alloys of suitable composition, and some of the details of the transformation are elucidated by means of direct observation in the electron microscope.Thin foils were examined in a Philips EM-300 electron microscope equipped with a uniaxial tilt, liquid nitrogen cooled, cold stage and a high resolution dark field device. Selected area electron diffraction was used to identify the phases present and the ω-phase was imaged in dark field by using a (101)ω reflection. Alloys were water quenched from 950°C, thinned, and mounted between copper grids to minimize temperature gradients in the foil.

A New 1000kv Electron Microscope

1969 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 100-101
Author(s):  
J.L. Williams ◽  
K. Heathcote ◽  
E.J. Greer
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Direct Observation ◽  
High Voltage ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Dimensional Structure ◽  
Specimen Thickness ◽  
Voltage Electron ◽  
High Voltage Electron Microscope ◽  
Dynamic Experiments ◽  
Conventional Instrument

High Voltage Electron Microscope already offers exciting experimental possibilities to Biologists and Materials Scientists because the increased specimen thickness allows direct observation of three dimensional structure and dynamic experiments on effectively bulk specimens. This microscope is designed to give maximum accessibility and space in the specimen region for the special stages which are required. At the same time it provides an ease of operation similar to a conventional instrument.

Direct Observation of Monolayer Zones in Al-wt 4% Cu

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-15
Author(s):  
B. Jouffrey ◽  
D. Dorignac ◽  
A. Bourret
Keyword(s):  
Solid Solution ◽  
Synchrotron Radiation ◽  
Direct Observation ◽  
Supersaturated Solid Solution ◽  
Original Model ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Image Position

Since the early works on GP zones and the model independently proposed by Preston and Guinier on the first steps of precipitation in supersaturated solid solution of aluminium containing a few percent of copper, many works have been performed to understand the structure of different stages in the sequence of precipitation.The scheme which is generally admitted can be drawn from a work by Phillips.In their original model Guinier and Preston analysed a GP zone as composed of a single (100) copperrich plane surrounded by aluminum atomic planes with a slightly shorter distance from the original plane than in the solid solution.From X-ray measurements it has also been shown that GP1 zones were not only copper monolayer zones. They could be up to a few atomic planes thick. Different models were proposed by Guinier, Gerold, Toman. Using synchrotron radiation, proposals have been recently made.

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