scholarly journals Local Intra-arterial Infusion of Growth Hormone into the Mammary Glands of Sheep and Goats: Effects on Milk Yield and Composition, Plasma Hormones and Metabolites

1987 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 181 ◽  
Author(s):  
GH McDowell ◽  
I C Hart ◽  
AC Kirby
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Mammary Glands ◽  
The Other ◽  
Arterial Infusion ◽  
Sheep And Goats ◽  
Lactating Goats ◽  
Plasma Hormones

Lactating goats and sheep were fitted with catheters in the external pudendal arteries supplying both mammary glands. Saline was infused continuously into one artery whereas the other artery received continuous infusions, over successive 4-day periods, of either saline or growth hormone (GH)-doses increasing twofold between successive periods from 100 to 400 ltg/day in goats and 400 to 3200 Itg/ day in sheep.

scholarly journals Buffering Agent-Induced Lactose Content Increases via Growth Hormone-Mediated Activation of Gluconeogenesis in Lactating Goats

2018 ◽  
pp. 317-329 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. LI ◽  
M. L. HE ◽  
Y. LIU ◽  
Y. S. ZHANG
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Glucose Transporter ◽  
Glucose Content ◽  
Blood Concentrations ◽  
Lactating Goats ◽  
Buffering Agent ◽  
Lactose Synthesis

Dairy goats are often fed a high-concentrate (HC) diet to meet their lactation demands; however, long-term concentrate feeding is unhealthy and leads to milk yield and lactose content decreases. Therefore, we tested whether a buffering agent is able to increase the output of glucose in the liver and influence lactose synthesis. Eight lactating goats were randomly assigned to two groups: one group received a HC diet (Concentrate : Forage = 6:4, HG) and the other group received the same diet with a buffering agent added (0.2 % NaHCO3, 0.1 % MgO, BG) over a 19-week experimental period. The total volatile fatty acids and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) declined in the rumen, which led the rumen pH to become stabile in the BG goats. The milk yield and lactose content increased. The alanine aminotransferase, aspartate transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, pro-inflammatory cytokines, LPS and lactate contents in the plasma significantly decreased, whereas the prolactin and growth hormone levels increased. The hepatic vein glucose content increased. In addition, pyruvate carboxylase (PC), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and glucose-6-phosphatase (G6PC) expression in the liver was significantly up-regulated. In the mammary glands, the levels of glucose transporter type 1, 8, 12 as well as of sodium-glucose cotransporter 1 increased. Cumulative buffering agent treatment increased the blood concentrations of glucose via gluconeogenesis and promoted its synthesis in the liver. This treatment may contribute to the increase of the milk yield and lactose synthesis of lactating goats.

Effect of intravenous bovine growth hormone or human pancreatic growth hormone-releasing factor on milk production and plasma hormones and metabolites in sheep

1985 ◽  
Vol 105 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. C. Hart ◽  
P. M. E. Chadwick ◽  
S. James ◽  
A. D. Simmonds
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Gh Secretion ◽  
Vehicle Treatment ◽  
Plasma Hormones ◽  
Plasma Gh

ABSTRACT Although it is well known that exogenous bovine GH (bGH) increases milk yield in ruminants it has not been possible to determine whether an increase in endogenous GH secretion has the same effect. The recent isolation of human pancreatic GH-releasing factor (hpGRF-44) has enabled this comparison of the effects of bGH and hpGRF-44 on milk production in sheep. Three pairs of Dorset ewes underwent three 4-day treatments according to a Latin square design. Treatment 1 involved: 2-hourly i.v. injections (∼ 3·0 ml) of bGH (15 μg/kg; 1·8 units/mg); treatment 2: 2-hourly i.v. injections (∼3·0 ml) of hpGRF-44 (0·6 μg/kg); treatment 3: 2-hourly i.v. injections (3·0 ml) of the vehicle. Treatment periods were separated by 10 days. Sheep were milked twice daily and the milk was analysed for fat, protein and lactose. Blood samples (5·0 ml) were taken before and at 15, 45, 75 and 100 min after every third injection throughout the 4 days. Plasma was analysed for insulin, glucose, urea and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA). The changes in plasma GH stimulated by hpGRF-44 were consistent and repeatable throughout the 4 days of treatment. In comparison to the controls, treatment with hpGRF-44 and bGH significantly increased average plasma GH (μg/l) for the 4 days (control, 5·7±0·2 (s.e.m.); hpGRF-44, 12·3±0·4, P<0·001; bGH, 14·5±0·5, P<0·001), and this was accompanied by similar increases in milk yield (hpGRF-44, 26·7±2·6%, P<0·001; bGH, 30·7±2·9%, P<0·001) and the concentration of milk fat (g/kg) (control, 28·6±0·5; hpGRF-44, 33·2±0·5; bGH 34·8±1·5, P<0·01 for both treatments). The post-treatment decline in milk yield was much slower after hpGRF-44 than after bGH injections. Both treatments stimulated significant increases in the average concentrations of plasma insulin, glucose and NEFA, and plasma urea was significantly reduced by treatment with bGH only. It is concluded that raising endogenous GH secretion is equally as effective as exogenous bGH in stimulating milk production in sheep. J. Endocr. (1985) 105, 189–196

Changes in plasma and milk concentrations of glucose and IGF-1 in response to exogenous growth hormone in lactating goats

1999 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANNE FAULKNER
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
General Circulation ◽  
Growth Hormone Treatment ◽  
Hormone Treatment ◽  
Peak Period ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Lactating Goats ◽  
Exogenous Growth

Exogenous growth hormone was administered subcutaneously to five lactating goats during the post-peak period of lactation. Milk yields increased significantly by ∼20% in response to growth hormone. Blood and milk samples were taken in the periods before, during and after growth hormone treatment. The concentrations of glucose in milk increased significantly by ∼50% in the period following growth hormone treatment at a time corresponding to the increase in milk yield. There was a transient increase in plasma glucose concentrations immediately following growth hormone treatment before either milk glucose concentrations or milk yields were increased. Both free and total IGF-1 concentrations in plasma increased slowly following growth hormone treatment. The increase in plasma IGF-1 corresponded to the increase in milk yields and milk glucose concentrations. Concentrations of IGF-1 in milk increased more rapidly than those in plasma, rising by ∼150% following growth hormone treatment, and were starting to decline by the time that milk yield and milk glucose concentrations were at their maximum. As milk glucose concentrations have been shown previously to reflect changes in the intracellular concentration of glucose, the results indicate that part of the mechanism by which growth hormone stimulates milk production is by increasing the intracellular availability of glucose for lactose synthesis. The results also suggest that changes occur in the concentrations of IGF-1 in the environment of the mammary gland before changes are observed in the general circulation, and that these are reflected in the changed concentrations in milk.

MAINTENANCE OF SECRETION OF CALCIUM AND MAGNESIUM DURING INFUSIONS OF PARATHYROID HORMONE TO LACTATING GOATS

1981 ◽  
Vol 89 (2) ◽  
pp. 297-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. HOVE ◽  
R. TOLLMAN
Keyword(s):  
Parathyroid Hormone ◽  
Gradual Increase ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Mammary Glands ◽  
Plasma Calcium ◽  
The Other ◽  
Lactating Goats ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Calcium And Magnesium ◽  
Bovine Parathyroid Hormone

Hourly secretion of calcium and magnesium by goat mammary glands was studied following infusions of bovine parathyroid hormone (PTH) into the mammary artery in amounts (6–15 ng/kg per min) giving rise to levels of PTH in mammary venous blood commonly observed during spontaneous hypocalcaemia (2·4–13 μg/l). In two series of experiments a 3 h infusion of PTH was given. The first series was carried out at a normal level of plasma calcium, while the availability of calcium was increased by a 20 h infusion of CaCl2 in the other series. No changes in mammary secretion of calcium or magnesium could be observed during the hormone infusions. A decrease in the urinary excretion of calcium occurred, thus demonstrating the activity of the infused PTH. In a third experiment an 18·5 h infusion of PTH (6 ng/kg per min) into the mammary artery was given to study possible effects of a more prolonged increase of PTH concentrations. This infusion caused a gradual increase in plasma levels of calcium. Average concentrations of calcium in milk increased slightly (about 5% in both glands (P<0·05). The hourly yield of milk was not significantly changed in the infused gland after 18·5 h of PTH infusion. A small but significant increase occurred in the non-infused gland. Yields of magnesium were not influenced by the infusion of PTH. It was concluded that losses of calcium into milk are independent of the PTH concentration in the circulation.

scholarly journals Buffering Agent Induced Lactose Content Increases via Growth Hormone-Mediated Activation of Gluconeogenesis in Lactating Goats

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lin Li ◽  
MeiLin He ◽  
Ying Liu ◽  
Yuanshu Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Glucose Transporter ◽  
Dairy Goats ◽  
Blood Concentrations ◽  
Lactating Goats ◽  
Buffering Agent ◽  
Lactose Synthesis

AbstractDairy goats are often fed a high-concentrate (HC) diet to meet lactation demands; however, long-term concentrate feeding is unhealthy and decreases milk yield and lactose content. Therefore, we tested whether a buffering agent increases the output of glucose in the liver and influences of lactose synthesis. In this study, sixteen lactating goats were randomly assigned to two groups: one group received a HC diets (Concentrate: Forage = 6:4, HG), and the other group received the same diet with a buffering agent added (0.2% NaHCO3, 0.1% MgO, BG) as a treatment for 19-weeks experimental period. The results showed that the total volatile fatty acids and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) declined in the rumen leading to the rumen pH was stabilized in the BG group. Milk yield and lactose content increased. The alanine aminotransferase, aspartate transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, pro-inflammatory cytokines, LPS and lactate content in the plasma was significantly decreased, whereas prolactin and growth hormone levels were increased. The hepatic vein content of glucose was increased. In addition, the expression of pyruvate carboxylase (PC), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and glucose-6-phosphatase (G6PC) in the liver was significantly up-regulated. In mammary gland, the glucose transporter type-1, 8, 12 and sodium-glucose cotransporter-1 levels were increased. Cumulatively, the buffering agent treatment increased blood concentrations of glucose via the gluconeogenes and promoting their synthesis in the liver. It may contribute to the increase in milk yield and lactose synthesis of lactating goats.

scholarly journals Association of growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) and progesterone receptor (PGR) genes with some productive traits in Gabali rabbits

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 135
Author(s):  
S.I. Ramadan ◽  
E.A. Manaa ◽  
M.E. El-Attrony ◽  
A.G. EL Nagar
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Growth Factor ◽  
Progesterone Receptor ◽  
Litter Size ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
The Other ◽  
Daily Weight Gain ◽  
Yield Traits ◽  
Insulin Like Growth Factor ◽  
Production Traits

<p>The objectives of the present study were 1) to evaluate the polymorphism of growth hormone(GH), insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) and progesterone receptor (PGR) genes in Sinai Gabali rabbits, and 2) to assess their associations with growth, litter size and milk production traits in Sinai Gabali rabbits. The C&gt;T, A&gt;Del and A&gt;G single nucleotide polymorphisms of GH, IGF2 and PGR genes were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism using BstUI, HpyF31 and BsaI restriction enzymes, respectively. The C/T genotype of GH gene recorded the heaviest body weights for body weight (BW) at 8 wk (1190.22±19.29 g) and 12 wk of age (1842.46±30.19 g) and recorded the largest litter size at birth (LSB: 7.37±0.12 kits) traits. The Del/Del genotype of IGF2 gene showed the superiority over the other genotypes for BW at 4 wk (507.17±8.87 g), 8 wk (1239.39±14.0 g), and 12 wk of age (1950.15±18.1 g), as well as for daily weight gain from 4 to 8 wk (26.05±0.37 g/d), and from 8 to 12 wk of age (25.48±0.56 g/d) traits. The G/G genotype of the PGR gene showed superiority for LSB (7.51±0.13 kits) and litter size at weaning (6.53±0.14 kits) traits over the other genotypes. Regarding milk yield traits; the C/C, A/A and A/A genotypes of GH, IGF2 and PGR genes yielded more milk compared to the other genotypes. The means of total milk yield in 28 d for these genotypes were 2936±29 g, 2921±43 g and 2930±35 g, respectively. Thus, GH, IGF2 and PGR genes might be useful for marker-assisted selection programmes for improvement of rabbit growth, litter size and milk yield traits.</p>

scholarly journals Energy Balance Indicators during the Transition Period and Early Lactation of Purebred Holstein and Simmental Cows and Their Crosses

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 309
Author(s):  
Deise Aline Knob ◽  
André Thaler Neto ◽  
Helen Schweizer ◽  
Anna C. Weigand ◽  
Roberto Kappes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
The Other ◽  
Negative Energy Balance ◽  
Metabolic Energy ◽  
Genetic Groups ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Fat Thickness

Crossbreeding in dairy cattle has been used to improve functional traits, milk composition, and efficiency of Holstein herds. The objective of the study was to compare indicators of the metabolic energy balance, nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA), glucose, body condition score (BCS) back fat thickness (BFT), as well as milk yield and milk composition of Holstein and Simmental cows, and their crosses from the prepartum period until the 100th day of lactation at the Livestock Center of the Ludwig Maximilians University (Munich, Germany). In total, 164 cows formed five genetic groups according to their theoretic proportion of Holstein and Simmental genes as follows: Holstein (100% Holstein; n = 9), R1-Hol (51–99% Holstein; n = 30), first generation (F1) crossbreds (50% Holstein, 50% Simmental; n = 17), R1-Sim (1–49% Holstein; n = 81) and Simmental (100% Simmental; n = 27). The study took place between April 2018 and August 2019. BCS, BFT blood parameters, such as BHBA, glucose, and NEFA were recorded weekly. A mixed model analysis with fixed effects breed, week (relative to calving), the interaction of breed and week, parity, calving year, calving season, milking season, and the repeated measure effect of cow was used. BCS increased with the Simmental proportion. All genetic groups lost BCS and BFT after calving. Simmental cows showed lower NEFA values. BHBA and glucose did not differ among genetic groups, but they differed depending on the week relative to calving. Simmental and R1-Sim cows showed a smaller effect than the other genetic groups regarding changes in body weight, BCS, or back fat thickness after a period of a negative energy balance after calving. There was no significant difference for milk yield among genetic groups, although Simmental cows showed a lower milk yield after the third week after calving. Generally, Simmental and R1-Simmental cows seemed to deal better with a negative energy balance after calving than purebred Holstein and the other crossbred lines. Based on a positive heterosis effect of 10.06% for energy corrected milk (ECM), the F1, however, was the most efficient crossbred line.

scholarly journals Sequence Variations in the Bovine Growth Hormone Gene Characterized by Single-Strand Conformation Polymorphism (SSCP) Analysis and Their Association with Milk Production Traits in Holsteins

Genetics ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 144 (4) ◽  
pp. 1809-1816 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianbo Yao ◽  
Samuel E Aggrey ◽  
David Zadworny ◽  
J Flan Hayes ◽  
Urs Kühnlein
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Single Strand Conformation Polymorphism ◽  
Sscp Analysis ◽  
Bovine Growth Hormone ◽  
Production Traits ◽  
Milk Production Traits ◽  
Sequence Variations ◽  
Conformation Polymorphism

Sequence variations in the bovine growth hormone (GH) gene were investigated by single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis of seven amplified fragments covering almost the entire gene (2.7 kb). SSCPs were detected in four of these fragments and a total of six polymorphisms were found in a sample of 128 Holstein bulls. Two polymorphisms, a T→C transition in the third intron (designated GH4.1) and an A→C transversion in the fifth exon (designated GH6.2), were shown to be associated with milk production traits. GH4.1c/GH4.1c bulls had higher milk yield than GH4.1c/GH4.1t (P ≤ 0.005) and GH4.1t/GH4.1t (P ≤ 0.0022) bulls. GH4.1c/GH4.1c bulls had higher kg fat (P ≤ 0.0076) and protein (P ≤ 0.0018) than GH4.1c/GH4.1t bulls. Similar effects on milk production traits with the GH6.2 polymorphism were observed with the GH6.2a allele being the favorable allele. The average effects of the gene substitution for GH4.1 and GH6.2 are similar, with ±300 kg for milk yield, ±8 kg for fat content and ±7 kg for protein content per lactation. The positive association of GH4.1c and GH6.2a with milk production traits may be useful for improving milk performance in dairy cattle.

The Origins of Domestic Sheep and Goats: a Reconsideration in the Light of the Fossil Evidence

1969 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 368-384 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Payne
Keyword(s):  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Present Situation ◽  
Wild Relatives ◽  
The Other ◽  
Domestic Sheep ◽  
Sheep And Goats ◽  
Animal Domestication ◽  
The Past ◽  
The One ◽  
And Control

In recent discussions of the origins and process of animal domestication (Reed, 1961, Zeuner, 1963), both authors rely on two kinds of evidence: on the one hand, the present distributions and characteristics of the different breeds of whatever animal is being discussed, together with its feral and wild relatives, and, on the other hand, the past record, given by literary and pictorial sources and the bones from archaeological and geological sites. Increased recognition of the limitations of the past record, whether in the accuracy of the information it appears to give (as in the case of pictorial sources), or in the certainty of the deductions we are at present capable of drawing from it (this applies especially to the osteological record), has led these authors to argue mainly from the present situation, using the past record to confirm or amplify the existing picture.Arguing from the present, many hypotheses about the origins and process of domestication are available. The only test we have, when attempting to choose between these, lies in the direct evidence of the past record. The past record, it is freely admitted, is very fragmentary: the information provided by the present situation is more exact, ranges over a much wider field, and is more open to test and control. Nevertheless, the past record, however imperfect it is, is the only direct evidence we have about the process of domestication.

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