scholarly journals Buffering Agent Induced Lactose Content Increases via Growth Hormone-Mediated Activation of Gluconeogenesis in Lactating Goats

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lin Li ◽  
MeiLin He ◽  
Ying Liu ◽  
Yuanshu Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Glucose Transporter ◽  
Dairy Goats ◽  
Blood Concentrations ◽  
Lactating Goats ◽  
Buffering Agent ◽  
Lactose Synthesis

AbstractDairy goats are often fed a high-concentrate (HC) diet to meet lactation demands; however, long-term concentrate feeding is unhealthy and decreases milk yield and lactose content. Therefore, we tested whether a buffering agent increases the output of glucose in the liver and influences of lactose synthesis. In this study, sixteen lactating goats were randomly assigned to two groups: one group received a HC diets (Concentrate: Forage = 6:4, HG), and the other group received the same diet with a buffering agent added (0.2% NaHCO3, 0.1% MgO, BG) as a treatment for 19-weeks experimental period. The results showed that the total volatile fatty acids and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) declined in the rumen leading to the rumen pH was stabilized in the BG group. Milk yield and lactose content increased. The alanine aminotransferase, aspartate transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, pro-inflammatory cytokines, LPS and lactate content in the plasma was significantly decreased, whereas prolactin and growth hormone levels were increased. The hepatic vein content of glucose was increased. In addition, the expression of pyruvate carboxylase (PC), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and glucose-6-phosphatase (G6PC) in the liver was significantly up-regulated. In mammary gland, the glucose transporter type-1, 8, 12 and sodium-glucose cotransporter-1 levels were increased. Cumulatively, the buffering agent treatment increased blood concentrations of glucose via the gluconeogenes and promoting their synthesis in the liver. It may contribute to the increase in milk yield and lactose synthesis of lactating goats.

scholarly journals Buffering Agent-Induced Lactose Content Increases via Growth Hormone-Mediated Activation of Gluconeogenesis in Lactating Goats

2018 ◽  
pp. 317-329 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. LI ◽  
M. L. HE ◽  
Y. LIU ◽  
Y. S. ZHANG
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Glucose Transporter ◽  
Glucose Content ◽  
Blood Concentrations ◽  
Lactating Goats ◽  
Buffering Agent ◽  
Lactose Synthesis

Dairy goats are often fed a high-concentrate (HC) diet to meet their lactation demands; however, long-term concentrate feeding is unhealthy and leads to milk yield and lactose content decreases. Therefore, we tested whether a buffering agent is able to increase the output of glucose in the liver and influence lactose synthesis. Eight lactating goats were randomly assigned to two groups: one group received a HC diet (Concentrate : Forage = 6:4, HG) and the other group received the same diet with a buffering agent added (0.2 % NaHCO3, 0.1 % MgO, BG) over a 19-week experimental period. The total volatile fatty acids and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) declined in the rumen, which led the rumen pH to become stabile in the BG goats. The milk yield and lactose content increased. The alanine aminotransferase, aspartate transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, pro-inflammatory cytokines, LPS and lactate contents in the plasma significantly decreased, whereas the prolactin and growth hormone levels increased. The hepatic vein glucose content increased. In addition, pyruvate carboxylase (PC), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and glucose-6-phosphatase (G6PC) expression in the liver was significantly up-regulated. In the mammary glands, the levels of glucose transporter type 1, 8, 12 as well as of sodium-glucose cotransporter 1 increased. Cumulative buffering agent treatment increased the blood concentrations of glucose via gluconeogenesis and promoted its synthesis in the liver. This treatment may contribute to the increase of the milk yield and lactose synthesis of lactating goats.

Starch sources and concentration in diet of dairy goats affected ruminal pH and fermentation, and inflammatory response

2019 ◽  
Vol 59 (9) ◽  
pp. 1640
Author(s):  
Yizhao Shen ◽  
Fangfang Zhao ◽  
Lihuai Yu ◽  
Wenzhu Yang ◽  
Mengzhi Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Dairy Goats ◽  
Blood Concentrations ◽  
Ruminal Ph ◽  
Amyloid A ◽  
Increased Risk

Corn and wheat grains are two starch sources with considerably different ruminal digestion rates, which may lead to differing lipopolysaccharide (LPS) release in both rumen and hindgut affecting animal production. The objectives of this study were to (1) investigate the effects of different ruminal and faecal LPS concentrations induced by starch source (corn vs wheat) and starch concentrations (low vs high) on DMI, ruminal pH, ruminal fermentation patterns, milk production, and inflammatory responses; and (2) evaluate the possible translocation site of LPS in dairy goats. Eight lactating dairy goats with ruminal cannulas were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design with 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Each experimental period consisted of 24 days long including 21 days for adaption and 3 days for data and sample collection. The four treatment diets were: corn and wheat grain combined with low (LS) and high grain starch (HS). Goats were fed equal amounts of a total mixed ration twice daily at 0700 hours and 1900 hours. Replacing corn with wheat in goat diet led to longer (P < 0.02) duration of ruminal pH <5.6, higher ruminal LPS (P < 0.05), but lower faecal LPS concentration. However, no differences between two grains in ruminal pH (mean, minimum and maximum), volatile fatty acids (VFA) and lactic acid concentration were observed. Goats fed HS diets had lower (P < 0.01) ruminal pH and higher (P < 0.01) ruminal concentrations of VFA and lactic acid, as well as higher (P < 0.01) ruminal and faecal LPS concentrations. Starch source did not affect DMI, milk yield and milk components whereas feeding HS versus LS diet had higher milk yield, lactose yield and improved milk efficiency (P < 0.05). Feeding wheat- versus corn-based diet showed only greater (P < 0.05) concentration of toll-like receptor-4, whereas feeding the HS versus LS diet consistently increased blood concentrations of amyloid A, haptoglobin, LPS binding protein, and LPS (P < 0.05). Analysis of Pearson correlation coefficients illustrated that the ruminal LPS concentration is more important than faecal LPS in inflammatory responses. In conclusion, replacing corn with wheat in lactating goat diet had negative impact on ruminal pH but little effects on fermentation characteristics and milk production. Increasing the dietary concentration of starch decreased ruminal pH status and thus increased risk of acidosis, whereas, feeding HS versus LS diets resulted in an improvement in milk yield, milk efficiency, and immunity response. Moreover, rumen acidosis induced by wheat based diet was accompanied with more severe inflammatory responses.

scholarly journals The Effects of Substituting Dietary Soybean Meal with Maize Grain on Milk Production in Dairy Goats

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 299
Author(s):  
Luca Rapetti ◽  
Gianluca Galassi ◽  
Andrea Rota Graziosi ◽  
Gianni Matteo Crovetto ◽  
Stefania Colombini
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
High Protein Diet ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Dairy Goats ◽  
Lactating Goats ◽  
Maize Grain

In view of better environmental sustainability, livestock diets must not exceed protein requirements, as often happens with lactating goats reared in semi-intensive systems. The aim of this experiment was to verify in real-breeding conditions the influence of two diets with different protein contents (% crude protein (CP) on dry matter (DM)): 16.0 (high-protein diet; HP) vs 12.2 (low-protein diet; LP) on milk production in dairy goats. The diets differed only in the replacement—in the LP diet—of 250 g soybean meal with 250 g maize grain meal. Twenty-three Alpine goats were divided into two groups and used in a cross-over feeding trial for 2 months. Animals were weighed at the beginning of each month of the trial, and feed intake and milk yield and composition were recorded weekly. HP and LP did not differ statistically for milk yield and composition (3.32 vs 3.42 kg milk/d, 3.21% vs 3.27% fat, 3.31% vs 3.27% protein for HP and LP, respectively), but the HP diet determined a higher milk urea content (51.2 vs 36.6 mg/dL, p < 0.001) and a worse efficiency of nitrogen utilization (28.0% vs 37.2%). In conclusion, the LP diet resulted in a reduction of urinary nitrogen excretion by 28% and of the feed cost by about 10%.

The effect of hot season and nutrition on the oxidative status and metabolic profile in dairy goats during mid lactation

2006 ◽  
Vol 82 (5) ◽  
pp. 717-722 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Di Trana ◽  
P. Celi ◽  
S. Claps ◽  
V. Fedele ◽  
R. Rubino
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Metabolic Profile ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Oxidative Status ◽  
Reactive Oxygen Metabolites ◽  
Lactation Period ◽  
Dairy Goats ◽  
Natural Pasture ◽  
Lactating Goats ◽  
Hot Season

AbstractThe aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of the hot season and nutrition on the oxidative status and metabolic profile of lactating goats during mid lactation. Twenty-four Red Syrian goats were allocated into three groups that were offered the following diets: natural pasture (P), pasture+500 g/h per day of concentrate (PC) and hay plus 500 g/h per day of concentrate (HC). Blood samples were taken in spring (85±7 days in milk (DIM)) and summer (120±7 DIM) and assayed for reactive oxygen metabolites (ROMs), α-tocopherol, glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, non-esterified fatty acids, total protein, albumin and globulin concentrations and glutathione peroxidase (GHS-Px) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities. Milk yield and milk composition were also measured. SOD, GSH-Px and ROMs levels increased during summer when temperature humidity index values were high. The increase in ROMs in the PC and HC groups could be ascribed to the improved nutritional regime and to their higher production level. The markers of the oxidative status and of the metabolic profile measured in this study indicate that goats may have experienced moderate oxidative stress. It seems that, seasonal rather than nutritional factors have a more pronounced effect on oxidative status markers. Concentrate supplementation sustained milk yield and may represent a useful means to extend the lactation period in dairy goats during late spring and summer.

scholarly journals Rumen-protected choline supplementation in periparturient dairy goats: effects on liver and mammary gland

2011 ◽  
Vol 149 (5) ◽  
pp. 655-661 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. BALDI ◽  
R. BRUCKMAIER ◽  
F. D'AMBROSIO ◽  
A. CAMPAGNOLI ◽  
C. PECORINI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Total Lipid ◽  
Fatty Acid Synthase ◽  
Total Lipid Content ◽  
Mammary Tissue ◽  
Dairy Goats ◽  
Transcript Levels ◽  
Lactating Goats

SUMMARYThe current study investigated the effects of supplementing rumen-protected choline (RPC) on metabolic profile, selected liver constituents and transcript levels of selected enzymes, transcription factors and nuclear receptors involved in mammary lipid metabolism in dairy goats. Eight healthy lactating goats were studied: four received no choline supplementation (CTR group) and four received 4 g RPC chloride/day (RPC group). The treatment was administered individually starting 4 weeks before expected kidding and continuing for 4 weeks after parturition. In the first month of lactation, milk yield and composition were measured weekly. On days 7, 14, 21 and 27 of lactation, blood samples were collected and analysed for glucose, β-hydroxybutyrate, non-esterified fatty acids and cholesterol. On day 28 of lactation, samples of liver and mammary gland tissue were obtained. Liver tissue was analysed for total lipid and DNA content; mammary tissue was analysed for transcripts of lipoprotein lipase (LPL), fatty acid synthase (FAS), sterol regulatory binding proteins 1 and 2, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ and liver X receptor α. Milk yield was very similar in the two groups, but RPC goats had lower (P<0·05) plasma β-hydroxybutyrate. The total lipid content of liver was unaffected (P=0·890), but the total lipid/DNA ratio was lower (both P<0·05) in RPC than CTR animals. Choline had no effect on the expression of the mammary gland transcripts involved in lipid metabolism. The current plasma and liver data indicate that choline has a positive effect on liver lipid metabolism, whereas it appears to have little effect on transcript levels in mammary gland of various proteins involved in lipid metabolism. Nevertheless, the current results were obtained from a limited number of animals, and choline requirement and function in lactating dairy ruminants deserve further investigation.

Changes in plasma and milk concentrations of glucose and IGF-1 in response to exogenous growth hormone in lactating goats

1999 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANNE FAULKNER
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
General Circulation ◽  
Growth Hormone Treatment ◽  
Hormone Treatment ◽  
Peak Period ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Lactating Goats ◽  
Exogenous Growth

Exogenous growth hormone was administered subcutaneously to five lactating goats during the post-peak period of lactation. Milk yields increased significantly by ∼20% in response to growth hormone. Blood and milk samples were taken in the periods before, during and after growth hormone treatment. The concentrations of glucose in milk increased significantly by ∼50% in the period following growth hormone treatment at a time corresponding to the increase in milk yield. There was a transient increase in plasma glucose concentrations immediately following growth hormone treatment before either milk glucose concentrations or milk yields were increased. Both free and total IGF-1 concentrations in plasma increased slowly following growth hormone treatment. The increase in plasma IGF-1 corresponded to the increase in milk yields and milk glucose concentrations. Concentrations of IGF-1 in milk increased more rapidly than those in plasma, rising by ∼150% following growth hormone treatment, and were starting to decline by the time that milk yield and milk glucose concentrations were at their maximum. As milk glucose concentrations have been shown previously to reflect changes in the intracellular concentration of glucose, the results indicate that part of the mechanism by which growth hormone stimulates milk production is by increasing the intracellular availability of glucose for lactose synthesis. The results also suggest that changes occur in the concentrations of IGF-1 in the environment of the mammary gland before changes are observed in the general circulation, and that these are reflected in the changed concentrations in milk.

scholarly journals Machine milking of dairy goats during lactation: udder anatomy, milking characteristics, and blood concentrations of oxytocin and prolactin

1994 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 457-466 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rupert M. Bruckmaier ◽  
Chantal Ritter ◽  
Dieter Schams ◽  
Jürg W. Blum
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Dairy Goats ◽  
Milk Ejection ◽  
Blood Concentrations ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Machine Milking ◽  
The Third ◽  
Milk Flow

SummaryForty-four goats were milked and milk flow recorded without or with 1 min manual prestimulation in early, mid and late lactation. Ultrasound measurements of cross sections of the whole mammary gland were performed in a water bath. In additional experiments with 15 goats, milk flow was recorded and frequent blood samples were taken for the determination of oxytocin and prolactin concentrations. Milk yield increased from the first to the third lactation and decreased markedly during the course of lactation. Average and peak milk flow rates were closely related to the actual milk yield. The ultrasound cisternal area was 27·4±1·5% of the entire udder half cross section. Milking characteristics were scarcely different without or with prestimulation, although oxytocin was released within 30 s after the start of prestimulation, whereas oxytocin concentrations without prestimulation increased only after the start of milking. Concentrations of prolactin were higher during July and August than in April, and increased similarly with or without prestimulation during milking. In contrast to dairy cows, prestimulation and an opportune release of oxytocin during milking does not significantly influence the course of milk flow in goats, and this is probably because large amounts of cisternal milk allow milk ejection to be induced only after the start of milking without causing bimodal or otherwise reduced milk flow.

scholarly journals Local Intra-arterial Infusion of Growth Hormone into the Mammary Glands of Sheep and Goats: Effects on Milk Yield and Composition, Plasma Hormones and Metabolites

1987 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 181 ◽  
Author(s):  
GH McDowell ◽  
I C Hart ◽  
AC Kirby
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Mammary Glands ◽  
The Other ◽  
Arterial Infusion ◽  
Sheep And Goats ◽  
Lactating Goats ◽  
Plasma Hormones

Lactating goats and sheep were fitted with catheters in the external pudendal arteries supplying both mammary glands. Saline was infused continuously into one artery whereas the other artery received continuous infusions, over successive 4-day periods, of either saline or growth hormone (GH)-doses increasing twofold between successive periods from 100 to 400 ltg/day in goats and 400 to 3200 Itg/ day in sheep.

scholarly journals Water with different salinity levels for lactating goats

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 2065 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gutemberg Nascimento Paiva ◽  
Gherman Garcia Leal de Araújo ◽  
Lara Toledo Henriques ◽  
Ariosvaldo Nunes Medeiros ◽  
Edvaldo Mesquita Beltrão Filho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Water Salinity ◽  
Dairy Goats ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Lactating Goats ◽  
Salinity Levels

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of supplying water with varying salinity levels to dairy goats on nutrient intake, apparent nutrient digestibility, and milk yield. The experiment lasted 65 days and involved 24 crossbred goats with mean body weight of 38±4 kg, which were randomly allotted. It was set in a completely randomized design with four treatments consisting of 640, 3188, 5740 and 8326 mg L?1 total dissolved solids (TDS) in the drinking water. The results showed that water salinity levels had no effect on the intake of dry matter, neutral detergent fiber, crude protein, ether extract, total carbohydrates, non-fibrous carbohydrates, total digestible nutrients, metabolizable energy, digestible energy, or apparent nutrient digestibility. Water intake was influenced by the salinity, increasing as the salt level was increased. Moreover, the varying salinity had no significant effect on milk yield. Drinking water containing up to 8326 mg L?1 TDS provided no interference with the intake and nutrient digestibility of lactating goats in the feedlot. However, increasing the water salinity affects animal intake without any changes in milk yield. Therefore, this type of water can be used for crossbred goats at 30 days in milk, for up to 65 days in the feedlot.

Evaluation of xanthosine treatment on gene expression of mammary glands in early lactating goats

2018 ◽  
Vol 85 (3) ◽  
pp. 288-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ratan K Choudhary ◽  
Shanti Choudhary ◽  
Devendra Pathak ◽  
Rahul Udehiya ◽  
Ramneek Verma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Progenitor Cell ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Specific Gene ◽  
Dairy Goats ◽  
Differentiation Markers ◽  
Cell Markers ◽  
Lactating Goats ◽  
Mammary Stem

This study examined the hypothesis that xanthosine (XS) treatment would promote mammary-specific gene expression and stem cell transcripts and have a positive influence on milk yield of dairy goats. Seven primiparous Beetal goats were assigned to the study. Five days after kidding, one gland (either left or right) was infused with XS (TRT) twice daily for 3 d and the other gland with no XS infusion served as a control (CON). Mammary biopsies were collected at 10 d and RNA was isolated. Gene expression analysis of milk synthesis genes, mammary stem/progenitor cell markers, cell proliferation and differentiation markers were performed using real time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). Results showed that the transcripts of milk synthesis genes (BLG4, CSN2, LALBA, FABP3, CD36) and mammary stem/progenitor cell markers (ALDH1 and NR5A2) were increased in as a result of XS treatment. Average milk yield in TRT glands was increased marginally (approximately ~2% P = 0·05, paired t-test) per gland relative to CON gland until 7 wk. After 7 wk, milk yield of TRT and CON glands did not differ. Analysis of milk composition revealed that protein, lactose, fat and solids-not-fat percentages remained the same in TRT and CON glands. These results suggest that XS increases expression of milk synthesis genes, mammary stem/progenitor cells and has a small effect on milk yield.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document