Buffering Agent-Induced Lactose Content Increases via Growth Hormone-Mediated Activation of Gluconeogenesis in Lactating Goats

Dairy goats are often fed a high-concentrate (HC) diet to meet their lactation demands; however, long-term concentrate feeding is unhealthy and leads to milk yield and lactose content decreases. Therefore, we tested whether a buffering agent is able to increase the output of glucose in the liver and influence lactose synthesis. Eight lactating goats were randomly assigned to two groups: one group received a HC diet (Concentrate : Forage = 6:4, HG) and the other group received the same diet with a buffering agent added (0.2 % NaHCO3, 0.1 % MgO, BG) over a 19-week experimental period. The total volatile fatty acids and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) declined in the rumen, which led the rumen pH to become stabile in the BG goats. The milk yield and lactose content increased. The alanine aminotransferase, aspartate transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, pro-inflammatory cytokines, LPS and lactate contents in the plasma significantly decreased, whereas the prolactin and growth hormone levels increased. The hepatic vein glucose content increased. In addition, pyruvate carboxylase (PC), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and glucose-6-phosphatase (G6PC) expression in the liver was significantly up-regulated. In the mammary glands, the levels of glucose transporter type 1, 8, 12 as well as of sodium-glucose cotransporter 1 increased. Cumulative buffering agent treatment increased the blood concentrations of glucose via gluconeogenesis and promoted its synthesis in the liver. This treatment may contribute to the increase of the milk yield and lactose synthesis of lactating goats.

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Buffering Agent Induced Lactose Content Increases via Growth Hormone-Mediated Activation of Gluconeogenesis in Lactating Goats

10.1101/155291 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Lin Li ◽

MeiLin He ◽

Ying Liu ◽

Yuanshu Zhang

Keyword(s):

Growth Hormone ◽

Milk Yield ◽

Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase ◽

Volatile Fatty Acids ◽

Glucose Transporter ◽

Dairy Goats ◽

Blood Concentrations ◽

Lactating Goats ◽

Buffering Agent ◽

Lactose Synthesis

AbstractDairy goats are often fed a high-concentrate (HC) diet to meet lactation demands; however, long-term concentrate feeding is unhealthy and decreases milk yield and lactose content. Therefore, we tested whether a buffering agent increases the output of glucose in the liver and influences of lactose synthesis. In this study, sixteen lactating goats were randomly assigned to two groups: one group received a HC diets (Concentrate: Forage = 6:4, HG), and the other group received the same diet with a buffering agent added (0.2% NaHCO3, 0.1% MgO, BG) as a treatment for 19-weeks experimental period. The results showed that the total volatile fatty acids and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) declined in the rumen leading to the rumen pH was stabilized in the BG group. Milk yield and lactose content increased. The alanine aminotransferase, aspartate transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, pro-inflammatory cytokines, LPS and lactate content in the plasma was significantly decreased, whereas prolactin and growth hormone levels were increased. The hepatic vein content of glucose was increased. In addition, the expression of pyruvate carboxylase (PC), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and glucose-6-phosphatase (G6PC) in the liver was significantly up-regulated. In mammary gland, the glucose transporter type-1, 8, 12 and sodium-glucose cotransporter-1 levels were increased. Cumulatively, the buffering agent treatment increased blood concentrations of glucose via the gluconeogenes and promoting their synthesis in the liver. It may contribute to the increase in milk yield and lactose synthesis of lactating goats.

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Changes in plasma and milk concentrations of glucose and IGF-1 in response to exogenous growth hormone in lactating goats

Journal of Dairy Research ◽

10.1017/s0022029999003441 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 66 (2) ◽

pp. 207-214 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

ANNE FAULKNER

Keyword(s):

Growth Hormone ◽

Mammary Gland ◽

Milk Yield ◽

General Circulation ◽

Growth Hormone Treatment ◽

Hormone Treatment ◽

Peak Period ◽

Milk Samples ◽

Lactating Goats ◽

Exogenous Growth

Exogenous growth hormone was administered subcutaneously to five lactating goats during the post-peak period of lactation. Milk yields increased significantly by ∼20% in response to growth hormone. Blood and milk samples were taken in the periods before, during and after growth hormone treatment. The concentrations of glucose in milk increased significantly by ∼50% in the period following growth hormone treatment at a time corresponding to the increase in milk yield. There was a transient increase in plasma glucose concentrations immediately following growth hormone treatment before either milk glucose concentrations or milk yields were increased. Both free and total IGF-1 concentrations in plasma increased slowly following growth hormone treatment. The increase in plasma IGF-1 corresponded to the increase in milk yields and milk glucose concentrations. Concentrations of IGF-1 in milk increased more rapidly than those in plasma, rising by ∼150% following growth hormone treatment, and were starting to decline by the time that milk yield and milk glucose concentrations were at their maximum. As milk glucose concentrations have been shown previously to reflect changes in the intracellular concentration of glucose, the results indicate that part of the mechanism by which growth hormone stimulates milk production is by increasing the intracellular availability of glucose for lactose synthesis. The results also suggest that changes occur in the concentrations of IGF-1 in the environment of the mammary gland before changes are observed in the general circulation, and that these are reflected in the changed concentrations in milk.

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Local Intra-arterial Infusion of Growth Hormone into the Mammary Glands of Sheep and Goats: Effects on Milk Yield and Composition, Plasma Hormones and Metabolites

Australian Journal of Biological Sciences ◽

10.1071/bi9870181 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 40 (2) ◽

pp. 181 ◽

Cited By ~ 30

Author(s):

GH McDowell ◽

I C Hart ◽

AC Kirby

Keyword(s):

Growth Hormone ◽

Milk Yield ◽

Mammary Glands ◽

The Other ◽

Arterial Infusion ◽

Sheep And Goats ◽

Lactating Goats ◽

Plasma Hormones

Lactating goats and sheep were fitted with catheters in the external pudendal arteries supplying both mammary glands. Saline was infused continuously into one artery whereas the other artery received continuous infusions, over successive 4-day periods, of either saline or growth hormone (GH)-doses increasing twofold between successive periods from 100 to 400 ltg/day in goats and 400 to 3200 Itg/ day in sheep.

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Boswellia sacra resin as a phytogenic feed supplement to enhance ruminal fermentation, milk yield, and metabolic energy status of early lactating goats

Animal Feed Science and Technology ◽

10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2021.114963 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 114963

Author(s):

Y.A. Soltan ◽

A.S. Morsy ◽

N.M. Hashem ◽

S.M. Sallam

Keyword(s):

Milk Yield ◽

Metabolic Energy ◽

Ruminal Fermentation ◽

Energy Status ◽

Feed Supplement ◽

Lactating Goats ◽

Boswellia Sacra

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Dietary Tryptophan Supplementation Alters Fat and Glucose Metabolism in a Low-Birthweight Piglet Model

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu13082561 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (8) ◽

pp. 2561

Author(s):

Parniyan Goodarzi ◽

Mohammad Habibi ◽

Kennedy Roberts ◽

Julia Sutton ◽

Cedrick Ndhumba Shili ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Feeding Behavior ◽

Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase ◽

Low Birthweight ◽

Glucose Transporter ◽

Protein Abundance ◽

Metabolic Complications ◽

Glucose And Lipid Metabolism ◽

Glucose Transporter 2 ◽

Lower Protein ◽

Type 3

Low birthweight (LBW) is associated with metabolic complications, such as glucose and lipid metabolism disturbances in early life. The objective of this study was to assess: (1) the effect of dietary tryptophan (Trp) on glucose and fat metabolism in an LBW piglet model, and (2) the role peripheral 5-hydroxytryptamine type 3 (5HT3) receptors in regulating the feeding behavior in LBW piglets fed with Trp-supplemented diets. Seven-day-old piglets were assigned to 4 treatments: normal birthweight-0%Trp (NBW-T0), LBW-0%Trp (LBW-T0), LBW-0.4%Trp (LBW-T0.4), and LBW-0.8%Trp (LBW-T0.8) for 3 weeks. Compared to LBW-T0, the blood glucose was decreased in LBW-T0.8 at 60 min following the meal test, and the triglycerides were lower in LBW-T0.4 and LBW-T0.8. Relative to LBW-T0, LBW-T0.8 had a lower transcript and protein abundance of hepatic glucose transporter-2, a higher mRNA abundance of glucokinase, and a lower transcript of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase. LBW-T0.4 tended to have a lower protein abundance of sodium-glucose co-transporter 1 in the jejunum. In comparison with LBW-T0, LBW-T0.4 and LBW-T0.8 had a lower transcript of hepatic acetyl-CoA carboxylase, and LBW-T0.4 had a higher transcript of 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase. Blocking 5-HT3 receptors with ondansetron reduced the feed intake in all groups, with a transient effect on LBW-T0, but more persistent effect on LBW-T0.8 and NBW-T0. In conclusion, Trp supplementation reduced the hepatic lipogenesis and gluconeogenesis, but increased the glycolysis in LBW piglets. Peripheral serotonin is likely involved in the regulation of feeding behavior, particularly in LBW piglets fed diets supplemented with a higher dose of Trp.

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Sequence Variations in the Bovine Growth Hormone Gene Characterized by Single-Strand Conformation Polymorphism (SSCP) Analysis and Their Association with Milk Production Traits in Holsteins

Genetics ◽

10.1093/genetics/144.4.1809 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 144 (4) ◽

pp. 1809-1816 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jianbo Yao ◽

Samuel E Aggrey ◽

David Zadworny ◽

J Flan Hayes ◽

Urs Kühnlein

Keyword(s):

Growth Hormone ◽

Milk Production ◽

Milk Yield ◽

Single Strand Conformation Polymorphism ◽

Sscp Analysis ◽

Bovine Growth Hormone ◽

Production Traits ◽

Milk Production Traits ◽

Sequence Variations ◽

Conformation Polymorphism

Sequence variations in the bovine growth hormone (GH) gene were investigated by single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis of seven amplified fragments covering almost the entire gene (2.7 kb). SSCPs were detected in four of these fragments and a total of six polymorphisms were found in a sample of 128 Holstein bulls. Two polymorphisms, a T→C transition in the third intron (designated GH4.1) and an A→C transversion in the fifth exon (designated GH6.2), were shown to be associated with milk production traits. GH4.1c/GH4.1c bulls had higher milk yield than GH4.1c/GH4.1t (P ≤ 0.005) and GH4.1t/GH4.1t (P ≤ 0.0022) bulls. GH4.1c/GH4.1c bulls had higher kg fat (P ≤ 0.0076) and protein (P ≤ 0.0018) than GH4.1c/GH4.1t bulls. Similar effects on milk production traits with the GH6.2 polymorphism were observed with the GH6.2a allele being the favorable allele. The average effects of the gene substitution for GH4.1 and GH6.2 are similar, with ±300 kg for milk yield, ±8 kg for fat content and ±7 kg for protein content per lactation. The positive association of GH4.1c and GH6.2a with milk production traits may be useful for improving milk performance in dairy cattle.

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THE MAINTENANCE OF LACTATION IN THE RABBIT AFTER HYPOPHYSECTOMY

Journal of Endocrinology ◽

10.1677/joe.0.0430651 ◽

1969 ◽

Vol 43 (4) ◽

pp. 651-662 ◽

Cited By ~ 42

Author(s):

A. T. COWIE ◽

P. E. HARTMANN ◽

A. TURVEY

Keyword(s):

Growth Hormone ◽

Immune Responses ◽

Milk Yield ◽

Human Growth Hormone ◽

Synergistic Effects ◽

Human Growth ◽

Milk Composition ◽

Bovine Growth Hormone ◽

Partial Recovery ◽

Milk Secretion

SUMMARY Twenty-one rabbits were hypophysectomized during the second week of lactation. Hypophysectomy inhibited milk secretion within 3–7 days. Restoration of the milk yield to pre-operative levels was obtained when daily injections of either sheep prolactin (50 or 100 i.u.) or human growth hormone (HGH) (2·5 or 5 mg.) were administered; partial recovery of the milk yield was obtained with 25 i.u. sheep prolactin/day or 1·25 mg. HGH/day. Neither bovine growth hormone (BGH), adrenocorticotrophin (ACTH) nor cortisol acetate had any significant restorative effects on milk secretion or synergistic effects when combined with sheep prolactin or HGH. The probable development of immune responses to sheep prolactin and HGH was observed. After hypophysectomy, changes in milk composition were found which were similar in trend to the more gradual normal changes observed in late lactation. Sheep prolactin and HGH restored the composition of the milk as well as the yields to normal levels, and both hormones caused rapid increases in lactose yields. The pigeon crop-stimulating potency of the HGH preparation was low (equivalent to 3·7 i.u. sheep prolactin/mg.), yet its lactogenic and galactopoietic potencies were high thus emphasizing the unreliability of assessing the mammotrophic potencies of HGH preparations in birds.

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Lack of skeletal muscle IL-6 influences hepatic glucose metabolism in mice during prolonged exercise

AJP Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpregu.00373.2016 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 312 (4) ◽

pp. R626-R636 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Lærke Bertholdt ◽

Anders Gudiksen ◽

Camilla L. Schwartz ◽

Jakob G. Knudsen ◽

Henriette Pilegaard

Keyword(s):

Skeletal Muscle ◽

Glucose Metabolism ◽

Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase ◽

Prolonged Exercise ◽

Hepatic Glycogen ◽

Glucose Content ◽

Hepatic Glucose Metabolism ◽

Hepatic Glucose ◽

Single Bout ◽

Substrate Choice

The liver is essential in maintaining and regulating glucose homeostasis during prolonged exercise. IL-6 has been shown to be secreted from skeletal muscle during exercise and has been suggested to signal to the liver. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the role of skeletal muscle IL-6 on hepatic glucose regulation and substrate choice during prolonged exercise. Skeletal muscle-specific IL-6 knockout (IL-6 MKO) mice (age, 12–14 wk) and littermate lox/lox (Control) mice were either rested (Rest) or completed a single bout of exercise for 10, 60, or 120 min, and the liver was quickly obtained. Hepatic IL-6 mRNA was higher at 60 min of exercise, and hepatic signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 was higher at 120 min of exercise than at rest in both genotypes. Hepatic glycogen was higher in IL-6 MKO mice than control mice at rest, but decreased similarly during exercise in the two genotypes, and hepatic glucose content was lower in IL-6 MKO than control mice at 120 min of exercise. Hepatic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase mRNA and protein increased in both genotypes at 120 min of exercise, whereas hepatic glucose 6 phosphatase protein remained unchanged. Furthermore, IL-6 MKO mice had higher hepatic pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH)Ser232 and PDHSer300 phosphorylation than control mice at rest. In conclusion, hepatic gluconeogenic capacity in mice is increased during prolonged exercise independent of muscle IL-6. Furthermore, Skeletal muscle IL-6 influences hepatic substrate regulation at rest and hepatic glucose metabolism during prolonged exercise, seemingly independent of IL-6 signaling in the liver.

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