Casuarina ecology: factors limiting cone production in the drooping sheoak, Allocasuarina verticillata

2007 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamra F. Chapman ◽  
David C. Paton
Keyword(s):  
Soil Nutrients ◽  
Slow Release ◽  
Tree Size ◽  
Foraging Efficiency ◽  
Small Female ◽  
Important Species ◽  
Available N ◽  
Cone Production ◽  
Allocasuarina Verticillata ◽  
Large Trees

Allocasuarina verticillata is an important species for biodiversity conservation on Kangaroo Island (South Australia) because it is the primary food source for the endangered glossy black-cockatoo, Calyptorhynchus lathami halmaturinus. Two potentially limiting factors, pollen and soil nutrients, were studied in the context of A. verticillata as foraging habitat for glossy black-cockatoos. Cone production was not limited by the amount of pollen available to female plants. The soils on which A. verticillata occurs on Kangaroo Island were low in nutrients. Available N, P and K were significantly increased via the application of slow-release fertiliser and the added nutrients resulted in a corresponding increase in the productivity of A. verticillata. The additional nutrients increased the number of cones produced on female branches, branch growth and potentially therefore, tree size. Since cone profitability appears to increase with tree size, the additional growth may also result in greater cone profitability in the long term. Adding slow-release fertiliser to small female A. verticillata trees and revegetation on sites with higher concentrations of soil nutrients would benefit the cockatoos. This is because other studies have shown that the cockatoos increase their foraging efficiency by cropping cones from large trees with greater cone profitability and branches with high densities of cones.

Forest structure altered by mountain pine beetle outbreaks affects subsequent attack in a Wyoming lodgepole pine forest, USA

2011 ◽  
Vol 41 (12) ◽  
pp. 2403-2412 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel M. Kashian ◽  
Rebecca M. Jackson ◽  
Heather D. Lyons
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Mountain Pine Beetle ◽  
Stand Structure ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Climate Change Scenarios ◽  
Cone Production ◽  
Mountain Pine ◽  
Large Trees ◽  
Pine Beetle ◽  
The 1960S

Extensive outbreaks of the mountain pine beetle ( Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) will alter the structure of many stands that will likely be attacked again before experiencing a stand-replacing fire. We examined a stand of lodgepole pine ( Pinus contorta var. latifolia Engelm. ex S. Watson) in Grand Teton National Park currently experiencing a moderate-level outbreak and previously attacked by mountain pine beetle in the 1960s. Consistent with published studies, tree diameter was the main predictor of beetle attack on a given tree, large trees were preferentially attacked, and tree vigor, age, and cone production were unimportant variables for beetle attack at epidemic levels. Small trees killed in the stand were killed based mainly on their proximity to large trees and were likely spatially aggregated with large trees as a result of the previous outbreak. We concluded that the driving factors of beetle attack and their spatial patterns are consistent across outbreak severities but that stand structure altered by the previous outbreak had implications for the current outbreaks in the same location. This study should catalyze additional research that examines how beetle-altered stand structure affects future outbreaks — an important priority for predicting their impacts under climate change scenarios that project increases in outbreak frequency and extent.

scholarly journals Spatial variability of Soil Nutrients Using Geospatial Techniques: A case study in soils of Sanwer Tehsil of Indore district of Madhya Pradesh

2014 ◽  
Vol XL-8 ◽  
pp. 1353-1363 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. S. Tagore ◽  
G. D. Bairagi ◽  
R. Sharma ◽  
P. K. Verma
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Variability ◽  
Soil Nutrients ◽  
Spatial Dependence ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Sampling Strategy ◽  
Spatial Prediction ◽  
Accurate Estimation ◽  
Suitable Alternative ◽  
Available N ◽  
Physico Chemical

A study was conducted to explore the spatial variability of major soil nutrients in a soybean grown region of Malwa plateau. From the study area, one hundred sixty two surface soil samples were collected by a random sampling strategy using GPS. Then soil physico-chemical properties i.e., pH, EC, organic carbon, soil available nutrients (N, P, K, S and Zn) were measured in laboratory. After data normalization, classical and geo-statistical analyses were used to describe soil properties and spatial correlation of soil characteristics. Spatial variability of soil physico-chemical properties was quantified through semi-variogram analysis and the respective surface maps were prepared through ordinary Kriging. Exponential model fits well with experimental semi-variogram of pH, EC, OC, available N, P, K, S and Zn. pH, EC, OC, N, P, and K has displayed moderate spatial dependence whereas S and Zn showed weak spatial dependence. Cross validation of kriged map shows that spatial prediction of soil nutrients using semi-variogram parameters is better than assuming mean of observed value for any un-sampled location. Therefore it is a suitable alternative method for accurate estimation of chemical properties of soil in un-sampled positions as compared to direct measurement which has time and costs concerned.

The Application of GIS Techniques in Soil Testing and Fertilizer Recommendations: Part II the Distribution of Soil Nutrients in Hainan, China

2012 ◽  
Vol 610-613 ◽  
pp. 3697-3701
Author(s):  
Zhi Yuan Wei ◽  
Deng Feng Wang ◽  
Zhi Ping Qi
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Analysis ◽  
Soil Nutrients ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
Soil Nutrient ◽  
Hainan Island ◽  
Nutrient Elements ◽  
Available N ◽  
Nutrient Contents ◽  
Fertilizer Recommendations ◽  
Soil Nutrient Contents

The research on the distribution of soil nutrient contents in arable land regionally is the basis for the proper fertilization. The study, taking Hainan Island as the study area, analyzes the distribution and variation of soil nutrient contents in arable land spatially and temporally by applying GIS spatial analysis. As the study shows, from the 1980s to the year of 2005, the TN, TP, TK, and Available N contents in soil of arable land have declined to certain degree, while Available P and Available K kept increasing. Generally, the soil nutrients have declined in quality during last two decades but remain in a mediate level. Spatial analysis can reflect the distribution characteristics of the regional soil nutrient elements in an objective manner.

EFFECTS OF FERTILIZER AND AVAILABLE MOISTURE ON THE YIELD AND N AND P CONTENT OF WHEAT AND ON SOIL NUTRIENTS

1974 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. C. HINMAN
Keyword(s):  
Soil Nutrients ◽  
Organic N ◽  
N Content ◽  
Available N ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Natural Rainfall ◽  
P Content ◽  
Added Water ◽  
Additional Water ◽  
Soluble P

Thatcher wheat was grown in tank-type lysimeters over a 7-yr period to determine the effect of fertilizer, two levels of available water and two cropping systems on the yield and nutrient content of grain and on some soil nutrients. Fertilizer did not change the yield of grain materially under natural rainfall. Added water only increased the yield by one-half and three-quarters of continuous wheat and fallow, respectively. Fertilizer with added water nearly doubled the yield of continuous wheat and increased by one-third the yield from the wheat-fallow rotation. The P content of the grain was not affected by fertilization, but was higher in the treatments to which additional water was applied than in those receiving natural rainfall only. It was also higher in continuous wheat than in fallow wheat. There was an interaction between the N and P uptake ratio and the N content of the grain. Fertilizer or additional water or both increased or decreased the N content, depending upon which way the N or P balance was shifted. Surplus available N not utilized by the crop grown with natural rainfall accumulated as nitrates at lower soil depths, particularly under the wheat-fallow system. All the NO3-N produced where supplemental water or water and fertilizer were applied was utilized and none accumulated. The organic N content of the surface soil increased along with a reduced loss in organic C where water and fertilizer were applied, as compared to the other treatments. Fertilizer application resulted in a sharp increase in NaHCO3 soluble P, particularly following the supplemental water plus fertilizer treatments where an excess of P was supplied with the fertilizer over that removed by the crop. There was an increased demand on soil P where water only was applied, and the soluble P content was appreciably reduced.

Effect of integrated nutrient management on a Typic Haplaquant on yield and nutrient availability in a rice-wheat cropping system

2001 ◽  
Vol 52 (8) ◽  
pp. 855 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. N. Singh ◽  
B. Prasad ◽  
S. K. Sinha
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Nutrients ◽  
Nutrient Availability ◽  
Nutrient Management ◽  
Farmyard Manure ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Organic Carbon Content ◽  
Integrated Nutrient Management ◽  
Available N ◽  
Blue Green Algae

A field experiment was conducted at Mithapur Farm, Patna Campus of the Rajendra Agricultural University, Bihar, India, with rice (cv. Mahsoori) and wheat (cv. UP 262) during 1992–96 in order to assess the integrated effect of chemical fertilizer (NPK) with farmyard manure (FYM) and blue-green algae (BGA) on grain yield and nutrient availability on a Typic Haplaquant. Both rice and wheat yields continued to increase significantly with increasing NPK level up to 100% of the recommended rate. However, maximum yields of rice and wheat were obtained where the recommended rate of NPK was applied along with FYM and BGA. The organic carbon content of the soil decreased up to the rate of 50% of the recommended NPK, either alone or in combination with FYM, BGA, or FYMM+BGA. Available soil nutrients were enhanced up to rates of 75% of the recommended NPK dosage, alone or with FYM, BGA, or FYMmp;plus;BGA, compared with initial values. The maximum build-up of available N, P, and K was measured under integrated use of 100% NPK along with FYM and BGA.

scholarly journals Consistency of Cone Production in Individual Red Pine

1988 ◽  
Vol 64 (6) ◽  
pp. 480-484 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. M. Stiell
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Tree Growth ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Pinus Resinosa ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Tree Size ◽  
Total Production ◽  
Crop Size ◽  
Cone Production ◽  
Production Area

A plantation of red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) produced heavy cone crops in 1970 and 1984. Established at 6.5 × 6.5 m, the stand was 18-years old in 1970 and still open-grown; crowns were closed before 1984. Cone production at the two dates was compared for 28 trees. While total production was similar for 1970 and 1984, distribution within the sample differed. Although 18% of the trees maintained their rank in 1984, some large changes in production ranking took place from one crop to the next. Despite a tendency at both dates for crop size to increase with current dbh, exceptions were evident and the largest trees did not necessarily bear the most cones. Crop size in 1970 was the variable most closely associate with 1984 crop size and was significantly correlated with it independently 1984 dbh. High cone production did not seem to depress tree growth, based on a comparison of 1970-72 basal area increment of more versus less prolific cone bearers. Before a stand has borne its first good cone crop, expectations for highest yields would have to be based on tree size. For subsequent crops, previous production by individuals would be the best guide. The two top cone bearers far surpassed all others in both crop years and would be the first individuals selected for seed trees in a seed production area.

Barley dry matter yield, crop uptake, and soil nutrients under fresh and composted manure containing straw or wood-chip bedding

2004 ◽  
Vol 84 (4) ◽  
pp. 987-999 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. Miller ◽  
B. W. Beasley ◽  
F. J. Larney ◽  
B. M. Olson
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Uptake ◽  
Soil Nutrients ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Wood Chip ◽  
Soil Parameters ◽  
Fertilizer Treatment ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Available N ◽  
Fresh Manure

Limited information exists on the effect of fresh versus composted beef cattle manure containing straw or wood chips on barley (Hordeum vulgare) yield, nutrient uptake, and soil nutrient status in the Great Plains region of North America. Barley was grown on an irrigated clay loam soil in southern Alberta from 1999 to 2001. The treatments were three rates (13, 39, 77 Mg dry material per hectare) of fresh manure (FM) or composted manure (CM) containing either straw (ST) or wood-chip (WD) bedding, one inorganic (IN) fertilizer treatment (100 kg N ha-1, 17 kg P ha-1), and a control treatment; applied in the fall of 1998, 1999, and 2000. Dry matter yield was not significantly (P > 0.05) influenced by manure type or bedding material. Crop protein was 7% higher under FM (12.7 g kg-1) than CM (11.9 g kg-1) in 2001, and crop N uptake was 11 to 13% higher for CM-ST (171.3 kg ha-1) and FM-WD (174.9 kg ha-1) than CM-WD (154.7 kg ha-1) over the 3 yr. Soil available N was 20 to 261% higher for FM than CM at the 39 and 77 Mg ha-1 rates, and it was 62 to 199% higher for FM than CM in 2000 and 2001. Soil available N was 48 to 57% higher for ST than WD at the two higher application rates, and it was 26 to 65% higher for ST than WD in all 3 yr. Overall, manure type and bedding influenced certain crop and soil parameters, and higher available soil N under FM and ST indicated a potential for greater mineralization under these treatments. Key words: Barley yield, nutrient uptake, soil nutrients, fresh manure, compost, bedding

scholarly journals Complementarity effects on tree growth are contingent on tree size and climatic conditions across Europe

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaime Madrigal-González ◽  
Paloma Ruiz-Benito ◽  
Sophia Ratcliffe ◽  
Joaquín Calatayud ◽  
Gerald Kändler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Stand Structure ◽  
Tree Size ◽  
Tree Level ◽  
Permanent Plots ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Niche Complementarity ◽  
Growth Increments ◽  
Large Trees ◽  
Complementarity Effects

Abstract Neglecting tree size and stand structure dynamics might bias the interpretation of the diversity-productivity relationship in forests. Here we show evidence that complementarity is contingent on tree size across large-scale climatic gradients in Europe. We compiled growth data of the 14 most dominant tree species in 32,628 permanent plots covering boreal, temperate and Mediterranean forest biomes. Niche complementarity is expected to result in significant growth increments of trees surrounded by a larger proportion of functionally dissimilar neighbours. Functional dissimilarity at the tree level was assessed using four functional types: i.e. broad-leaved deciduous, broad-leaved evergreen, needle-leaved deciduous and needle-leaved evergreen. Using Linear Mixed Models we show that, complementarity effects depend on tree size along an energy availability gradient across Europe. Specifically: (i) complementarity effects at low and intermediate positions of the gradient (coldest-temperate areas) were stronger for small than for large trees; (ii) in contrast, at the upper end of the gradient (warmer regions), complementarity is more widespread in larger than smaller trees, which in turn showed negative growth responses to increased functional dissimilarity. Our findings suggest that the outcome of species mixing on stand productivity might critically depend on individual size distribution structure along gradients of environmental variation.

scholarly journals Vis-NIR Spectroscopy and Satellite Landsat-8 OLI Data to Map Soil Nutrients in Arid Conditions: A Case Study of the Northwest Coast of Egypt

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (22) ◽  
pp. 3716 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elsayed Said Mohamed ◽  
A. A El Baroudy ◽  
T. El-beshbeshy ◽  
M. Emam ◽  
A. A. Belal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Nutrients ◽  
Precision Agriculture ◽  
Ordinary Kriging ◽  
Northwest Coast ◽  
Global Changes ◽  
Landsat 8 ◽  
Chemical Analyses ◽  
Landsat 8 Oli ◽  
Available N ◽  
Arid Conditions

The mapping of soil nutrients is a key issue for numerous applications and research fields ranging from global changes to environmental degradation, from sustainable soil management to the precision agriculture concept. The characterization, modeling and mapping of soil properties at diverse spatial and temporal scales are key factors required for different environments. This paper is focused on the use and comparison of soil chemical analyses, Visible near infrared and shortwave infrared VNIR-SWIR spectroscopy, partial least-squares regression (PLSR), Ordinary Kriging (OK), and Landsat-8 operational land imager (OLI) images, to inexpensively analyze and predict the content of different soil nutrients (nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K)), pH, and soil organic matter (SOM) in arid conditions. To achieve this aim, 100 surface samples of soil were gathered to a depth of 25 cm in the Wadi El-Garawla area (the northwest coast of Egypt) using chemical analyses and reflectance spectroscopy in the wavelength range from 350 to 2500 nm. PLSR was used firstly to model the relationship between the averaged values from the ASD spectroradiometer and the available N, P, and K, pH and SOM contents in soils in order to map the predicted value using Ordinary Kriging (OK) and secondly to retrieve N, P, K, pH, and SOM values from OLI images. Thirty soil samples were selected to verify the validity of the results. The randomly selected samples included the spatial diversity and characteristics of the study area. The prediction of available of N, P, K pH and SOM in soils using VNIR-SWIR spectroscopy showed high performance (where R2 was 0.89, 0.72, 0.91, 0.65, and 0.75, respectively) and quite satisfactory results from Landsat-8 OLI images (correlation R2 values 0.71, 0.68, 0.55, 0.62 and 0.7, respectively). The results showed that about 84% of the soils of Wadi El-Garawla are characterized by low-to-moderate fertility, while about 16% of the area is characterized by high soil fertility.

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