Breeding barriers between Gossypium spp. and species of the Malvaceae family

2008 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stella Kantartzi ◽  
D. G. Roupakias
Keyword(s):  
Gossypium Hirsutum ◽  
Reproductive Isolation ◽  
Seed Development ◽  
Pollen Tubes ◽  
Hibiscus Cannabinus ◽  
Inhibition Of Growth ◽  
Gossypium Spp ◽  
Breeding Barriers ◽  
Cultivated Species ◽  
Biological Nature

Cotton breeders have long recognised the importance of alien germplasm from the Malvaceae family, especially the cultivated species, as sources of genes for cotton improvement. An understanding of the biological nature of the incompatibility systems that prevent hybridisation and/or seed development is necessary for the successful hybridisation and introgression between cotton and cultivated Malvaceae species (Hibiscus cannabinus and Abelmoschus esculentus). The objectives of the present study were to determine the reasons for reproductive isolation between Malvaceae species. The current study utilised two alien Malvaceae species and established that pollen–pistil incompatibilities are the primary reasons that hybrids with Gossypium hirsutum are not obtained. The alien pollen tubes showed major inhibition of growth in cotton pistils and seldom grew beyond the stigma. Only pollen tubes of A. esculentus grew into the ovary of cotton.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE BLUEBERRY SEED

1957 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hugh P. Bell
Keyword(s):  
Seed Development ◽  
Seed Coat ◽  
Embryo Sac ◽  
Pollen Tubes ◽  
Homogeneous Plasma ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Micropylar Endosperm ◽  
Mature Seeds ◽  
Number Of Seeds

Seed development was followed from fertilization to maturity. Pollen tubes required about 4 days to grow from stigma to ovule. In some plants, particularly bagged ones, nucellar cells remained alive and contents of the embryo sac degenerated. Many ovules did not develop. Seeds were counted and sorted in a random representative collection of 1075 berries. The average number of seeds per berry was 64.2. Of these 49.9 (or 77.7%) were imperfect. More complete pollination increased the percentage of normally developing ovules. Development of perfect seeds followed a familiar pattern. Unfamiliar features were noted as follows: 1. Degeneration of cells at both micropylar and chalazal ends resulted in a homogeneous plasma. This plasma formed strands across haustoria and almost completely surrounded the zygote. 2. Micropylar endosperm cells formed a dense plug. Developing embryos may have had difficulty in penetrating this plug. 3. Many embryos had died at some stage of development. 4. A conspicuous integumentary tapetum was present until the endosperm was about half its final size.Embryo development was the "soland" type. Mature seeds were "axile linear". Imperfect seeds were chiefly of two types: (a) medium sized and solid with middle integumentary layers lignified, or (b) small and collapsed with all tissues inside seed coat disintegrated. No imperfect seed had an embryo.

Self- and cross-incompatibility in Asparagus officinalis and Asparagus densiflorus cv. Sprengeri

1996 ◽  
Vol 74 (10) ◽  
pp. 1621-1625 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. N. Marcellán ◽  
E. L. Camadro
Keyword(s):  
Fluorescence Microscopy ◽  
Reproductive Isolation ◽  
Pollen Tubes ◽  
Asparagus Officinalis ◽  
Valuable Source ◽  
Stigmatic Surface ◽  
Commercial Cultivars ◽  
Garden Asparagus ◽  
Internal Barriers ◽  
Incompatibility Reactions

Garden asparagus, Asparagus officinalis L. (off), is dioecious and reproductively isolated from a related ornamental, monoecious Asparagus densifiorus (Kunth) Jessop cv. Sprengeri (spr). Since the latter is a potentially valuable source of germplasm, a study was initiated to identify hybridization barriers. Intra- and inter-specific crosses were made using 32 plants of two commercial cultivars of off and 17 plants of three introductions of spr. Part of the pollinated pistils were fixed and examined via fluorescence microscopy. In some combinations of genotypes, incompatibility reactions were detected: (i) off × off: in the stigmatic tissue, (ii) spr × spr: on the stigmatic surface and in the style, and (iii) spr × off: on the stigmatic surface, in the stigmatic tissue, and in the style. Although pollen tubes reached the ovules in most combinations of genotypes, seeds were only produced in intraspecific crosses. It is concluded that two types of internal barriers are acting: cross-incompatibility at the pollen–stigma and pollen–style levels, and stronger post-stylar barriers that had not been determined yet. Keywords: Asparagus densifiorus cv. Sprengeri, Asparagus officinalis, cross-incompatibility, reproductive isolation.

Induction of embryo development and fixation of partial interspecific lines after pollination of F1 cotton interspecific hybrids (Gossypium barbadense × Gossypium hirsutum) with pollen from Hibiscus cannabinus

2005 ◽  
Vol 56 (10) ◽  
pp. 1101 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. G. Mavromatis ◽  
S. K. Kantartzi ◽  
D. N. Vlachostergios ◽  
I. N. Xynias ◽  
G. N. Skarakis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chromosome Number ◽  
Gossypium Hirsutum ◽  
Embryo Development ◽  
Interspecific Hybrids ◽  
Morphological Traits ◽  
Gossypium Barbadense ◽  
Ovule Culture ◽  
Hibiscus Cannabinus ◽  
Egg Cell

The possibility of inducing embryo development after pollination of F1 interspecific cotton hybrids (Gossypium barbadense × Gossypium hirsutum) and their reciprocals with pollen from Hibiscus cannabinus was investigated. For this, flowers of F1 plants from 4 G. barbadense × G. hirsutum interspecific hybrids (B403 × Acala Sindos, Carnak × 4S, B403 × Coker 310, and Carnak × Acala Sindos) and their reciprocals grown in the field were pollinated with pollen from Hibiscus cannabinus. From the 443 pollinated flowers, 276 were left on the plant to grow naturally, and 167 were collected 5 days after pollination. Young ovules from the collected buds were cultured in vitro for embryo development. It was observed that, from the buds left to grow naturally on the mother plant, 21 bolls reached maturity. The mature bolls originated only from the 4 G. barbadense × G. hirsutum hybrids and contained 82 mature seeds. Finally, 38 plants (Pa0) were produced. From the in-ovule culture method, 10 young embryos were isolated from both G. barbadense × G. hirsutum and G. hirsutum × G. barbadense hybrids and finally 3 plants were produced. The plants produced from both approaches originated only from the G. barbadense × G. hirsutum hybrids. These plants exhibited morphological traits from both cotton species and they were partially fertile. No signs of H. cannabinus morphological traits were observed in the plants produced. Root-tip chromosome counts revealed that chromosome number among cells of the Pa0 plants ranged from 27 to 42 and the difference in chromosome number observed among cells of the same plant ranged from 1 to 3. The chromosome number, however, was increased progressively from generation to generation and in Pa3 it ranged from 46 to 52. Plants with 52 chromosomes were identified even from the Pa1 generation. In addition, flow cytometric analysis indicated that the parental plants had a similar DNA profile to the F1 and F2 interspecific hybrids but a different one from the Pa0 plants. Thus, alien pollination of cotton flowers from interspecific (G. barbadense × G. hirsutum and reciprocals) hybrids with pollen from H. cannabinus most likely induced parthenogenetic (Pa) egg cell development which, after a progressive chromosome increase, produced fully fertile plants with most of the cells at the tetraploid or near-tetraploid level. It was concluded that a combination of the in situ boll development with an optimised in vitro ovule culture technique could establish the ‘cannabinus method’ in cotton, as a method for the production of genotype-independent partial interspecific lines.

Pollination, female gametophyte, and embryo and seed development in yellow cedar (Chamaecyparis nootkatensis)

1975 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 186-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
John N. Owens ◽  
Marje Molder
Keyword(s):  
Seed Development ◽  
Female Gametophyte ◽  
Pollen Tubes ◽  
Variable Number ◽  
Male Gametes ◽  
Seed Cone ◽  
Complex Forms ◽  
The One ◽  
Mother Cells ◽  
Female Gametophyte Development

After dormancy, both pollen- and seed-cone buds resume development early in April at higher elevations on Vancouver Island. Pollen, formed the previous fall, is shed at the one-celled stage during the last half of April. Pollination occurs during a 2-week period. Pollen frequently germinates and elongates in the pollination drop within the micropyle before reaching the nucellus. Pollen tubes penetrate most of the nucellus during May and early June, then pollen-tube growth slows or stops until mid-July when the pollen tubes quickly extend to the surface of the neck cells and two large, equal-sized male gametes form. Meiosis of the megaspore mother cells occurs during April and early May. Female gametophyte development, similar to that in other members of the Cupressaceae, occurs from late May until late July. An archegonial complex forms with an average of nine archegonia. Fertilization occurs at the end of July and proembryo development begins immediately. A file of four free nuclei forms. Considerable variation exists in subsequent nuclear divisions and cell-wall formation. This may result from the long, narrow archegonia and highly variable number of archegonia. A four-tiered proembryo forms and cleavage polyembryony occurs. The embryos reach the multicellular or the massive stage with secondary suspensors by October when the cones, containing ovules which were pollinated in April, become dormant. Embryo and seed development resume the next April, 1 year after pollination, and development is usually complete in July or August. Embryo development occurs more rapidly near sea level but is complete by fall of the year after pollination at all elevations studied. Most seed is shed early in the fall, but some seed may not be shed until January. The distinction is made between immature 1-year-old and mature 2-year-old seeds and cones. Cones contained an average of 7.2 seeds, of which only 29% were filled.

Cotton leaf crumple virus. [Distribution map].

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Gossypium Hirsutum ◽  
Central America ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Cotton Leaf ◽  
Distribution Map ◽  
Gossypium Spp ◽  
Cotton Leaf Crumple Virus ◽  
Virus Distribution ◽  
New Distribution

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Cotton leaf crumple virus Virus: Geminiviridae: Begomovirus Hosts: Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum and other Gossypium spp.), other Malvaceae, some records on Fabaceae (Glycine, Phaseolus, Vicia). Information is given on the geographical distribution in ASIA, India, Karnataka, Maharashtra, NORTH AMERICA, Mexico, USA, Arizona, California, Texas, CENTRAL AMERICA & CARIBBEAN, Guatemala.

Induction of parthenogenesis, and chromosome behavior in plants of parthenogenetic origin in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)

Genome ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 255-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhou Shi-Qi ◽  
Qian De-Qi ◽  
Cao Xiu-Yun
Keyword(s):  
Gossypium Hirsutum ◽  
Biological Treatment ◽  
Seed Set ◽  
Hibiscus Cannabinus ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
Chromosome Behavior ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Physical Treatment ◽  
Pollen Mother Cells ◽  
Mother Cells

Different chemical, physical, and biological treatments were applied to emasculated flower buds of cotton hybrids (Gossypium hirsutum, 2n = 4x = 52) of various genotypes with the purpose of inducing haploid parthenogenesis. Of the treatments applied, the most effective chemical treatment was 0.2% colchicine in 0.2% dimethyl sulfoxide (1.22% parthenogenetic seed set), the most effective physical treatment was high temperature (2.66% parthenogenetic seed set), and the most effective biological treatment was pollination with Hibiscus cannabinus pollen (2.33% parthenogenetic seed set). In the progeny of five plants of parthenogenetic origin, chromosome number and meiotic behavior were studied. All were mixoploids at the dihaploid level and yet set bolls almost like normal allotetraploids. Chromosome numbers ranged from 12 to 56 in the root tips within plants, with a somewhat less pronounced variation between pollen mother cells. At meiotic metaphase I in pollen mother cells 89.8% of the chromosomes were associated. Of the bivalents 23.3% showed AA pairing, 18.7% showed DD pairing, and 18.4% showed AD pairing. Trivalents and higher multivalents involved 29.4% of the chromosomes, and 10.2% were univalents. Anaphase I segregation was often unequal. Yet fertility was as high as in the allotetraploid. It is possible that the second generation was formed by parthenogenesis after restitution in the embryonic mother cells.Key words: Gossypium hirsutum, cotton, parthenogenesis, mixoploidy, meiosis fertility.

scholarly journals Επίδραση αμοιβαίων διασταυρώσεων στη σταθερότητα μερικώς διειδικών σειρών και στη βελτίωση ποικιλιών βαμβακιού

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Χρυσάνθη Πάνκου
Keyword(s):  
Gossypium Hirsutum ◽  
Gossypium Barbadense ◽  
Hibiscus Cannabinus

Το βαμβάκι αποτελεί μία από τις σημαντικότερες καλλιέργειες, τόσο στην Ελλάδα, όσο και σε παγκόσμιο επίπεδο. Οι σύγχρονες απαιτήσεις των παραγωγών και της βιομηχανίας, καθώς και οι ανάγκες του συνεχώς αναπτυσσόμενου τριτογενούς τομέα, συμβάλλουν στη δημιουργία ανταγωνιστικών ποικιλιών βαμβακιού, που θα συμπεριλαμβάνουν όλα τα επιθυμητά γνωρίσματα σε έναν γενότυπο. Στο Εργαστήριο Γενετικής και Βελτίωσης Φυτών του Αριστοτελείου Πανεπιστημίου Θεσσαλονίκης αναπτύχθηκε ένα σύστημα παραγωγής μερικώς διειδικών φυτών βαμβακιού, προερχόμενων από την επικονίαση υβριδίων Gossypium hirsutum x Gossypium barbadense με γύρη από το είδος Hibiscus cannabinus. Η προσπάθεια αυτή οδήγησε στην απομόνωση γενοτύπων με υψηλές αποδόσεις και άριστα ποιοτικά χαρακτηριστικά. Σκοπός της συγκεκριμένης εργασίας ήταν η αξιοποίηση του εν λόγω γενετικού υλικού σε πειράματα βελτίωσης, που θα οδηγήσουν στον εντοπισμό υπέρτερων γενοτύπων, οι οποίοι συνδυάζουν την υψηλή απόδοση και την εξαιρετική ποιότητα ίνας με τη σταθερότητα της συμπεριφοράς. Αρχικά, σχεδιάστηκε ένα τριετές πείραμα αξιολόγησης και επιλογής, με υλικό εκκίνησης επτά μερικώς διειδικές σειρές βαμβακιού. Τα πειράματα συμπεριλάμβαναν τη διετή αξιολόγηση των σειρών, σε κυψελωτή διάταξη, απουσία ανταγωνισμού, και στη συνέχεια την αξιολόγηση των γενοτύπων που διακρίθηκαν, σε συνθήκες πυκνής σποράς. Το αποτέλεσμα της προσπάθειας αυτής ήταν η εκκαθάριση του αρχικού γενετικού υλικού, που οδήγησε στην απομόνωση γενοτύπων με σταθερότητα παραγωγικής συμπεριφοράς (αύξηση της φυτρωτικής ικανότητας, μορφολογική ομοιομορφία, αύξηση πρωιμότητας), υψηλές αποδόσεις και εξαιρετική ποιότητα, σε σχέση με τις εμπορικές ποικιλίες-μάρτυρες. Παράλληλα, οι μερικώς διειδικές σειρές βαμβακιού συμπεριλήφθησαν και σε ένα πρόγραμμα αμοιβαίων αναδιασταυρώσεων με εμπορικές ποικιλίες βαμβακιού, με σκοπό τη βελτίωση των ποιοτικών χαρακτηριστικών των εμπορικών ποικιλιών και την αύξηση της σταθερότητας συμπεριφοράς των μερικώς διειδικών σειρών. Οι αναδιασταυρώσεις εφαρμόστηκαν για τρία έτη και οι απόγονοι των αναδιασταυρώσεων αξιολογήθηκαν ξεχωριστά, απουσία ανταγωνισμού, σε δύο πειράματα (κυψελωτή διάταξη R-13 και R-16, αντίστοιχα). Οι γενότυποι που επιλέχθηκαν αξιολογήθηκαν τελικά για δύο έτη, σε συνθήκες πυκνής σποράς. Σε γενικές γραμμές, οι αναδιασταυρώσεις των μερικώς διειδικών σειρών με τις εμπορικές ποικιλίες φαίνεται να οδηγούν σε ορισμένους υψηλοαποδοτικούς γενοτύπους, με ελαφρώς χαμηλότερες τιμές για τα γνωρίσματα της ίνας σε σχέση με αυτές που παρουσίαζαν οι μερικώς διειδικές σειρές, αλλά με υψηλότερη σταθερότητα συμπεριφοράς. Τέλος, ελέγχθηκε και επιβεβαιώθηκε η επαναληψιμότητα του πρωτοκόλλου παραγωγής των μερικώς διειδικών υβριδίων μέσω της επικονίασης υβριδίων Gossypium hirsutum x Gossypium barbadense με γύρη από το είδος H. cannabinus, επιλέγοντας νέους συνδυασμούς ποικιλιών ως γονείς. Η συγκεκριμένη μεθοδολογία δημιουργεί νέα γενετική παραλλακτικότητα, αφού οδηγεί στην αποτελεσματική ενσωμάτωση του γενετικού υλικού των δύο ειδών σε έναν γενότυπο, χωρίς τα προβλήματα που παρουσιάζουν οι παλαιότερες μεθοδολογίες. Επίσης, χρησιμοποιήθηκαν μοριακοί δείκτες τύπου SSR για τη μοριακή ταυτοποίηση των μερικώς διειδικών σειρών που προέκυψαν, και τη διερεύνηση των φυλογενετικών σχέσεων ανάμεσα στα μερικώς διειδικά υβρίδια, τους αντίστοιχους γονείς, τις F1 και F2 γενεές, αλλά και τους απογόνους Pa0 και Pa1. Τα αποτελέσματα αποτελούν ένδειξη ότι τα μερικώς διειδικά υβρίδια διαφέρουν γενετικά από τα προϊόντα της αυτογονιμοποίησης του συγκεκριμένου υβριδίου (F1 γενεά).

Functions of phytosterols in seed development of upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)

2021 ◽  
Vol 170 ◽  
pp. 113802
Author(s):  
Xiaodong Suo ◽  
Fan Xu ◽  
Kunling Tan ◽  
Li Huang ◽  
Chaoya Bao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gossypium Hirsutum ◽  
Seed Development ◽  
Upland Cotton ◽  
Gossypium Hirsutum L

scholarly journals Non-cultivated Cotton Species (Gossypium spp.) Act as a Reservoir for Cotton Leaf Curl Begomoviruses and Associated Satellites

Plants ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 127
Author(s):  
Sara Shakir ◽  
Syed Shan-e-Ali Zaidi ◽  
Atiq-ur-Rehman ◽  
Muhammad Farooq ◽  
Imran Amin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New World ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
World Cotton ◽  
Cotton Leaf ◽  
Gossypium Spp ◽  
Cotton Species ◽  
Cotton Leaf Curl Disease ◽  
Cultivated Species ◽  
Leaf Curl Disease ◽  
Leaf Curl

A collection of cultivated and non-cultivated species of cotton (Gossypium spp.) has been maintained for the last four decades in Multan, Pakistan. This geographical location has been observed as a hotspot for the evolution of begomoviruses and satellites associated with cotton leaf curl disease (CLCuD). Recent studies showed that begomoviruses responsible for the CLCuD epidemic in the 1990s, and that almost disappeared from the CLCuD complex in 2000s, have been observed again in CLCuD-infected cotton fields. To identify host species that acted as probable reservoirs for these viruses, we characterized begomoviruses and satellites in non-cultivated cotton species G. raimondii, G. thurberi and G. mustelinum and identified several species of CLCuD associated begomoviruses and satellites. Further, phylogenetic analysis indicated that the identified begomoviruses and beta/alphasatellites are closely related to the ones associated with the most recent CLCuD complex. qPCR indicated that the comparative level of virus significantly decreased in the presence of alphasatellites. Our results indicated that non-cultivated cotton species have been continuously challenged by diverse begomoviruses and associated satellites and act as reservoirs for CLCuD associated begomoviruses. These results provide novel insights into understanding the spread of begomoviruses and associated satellites in New World cotton species introduced into the Old World.

TICKET attracts pollen tubes and mediates reproductive isolation between relative species in Brassicaceae

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (11) ◽  
pp. 1413-1419 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiang-Guo Meng ◽  
Meng-Xia Zhang ◽  
Wei-Cai Yang ◽  
Hong-Ju Li
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Isolation ◽  
Pollen Tubes
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