European Manufacturers Towards the Circular Economy

The chapter aims at investigating the barriers that overall hinder the implementation of the circular economy (CE) principles within the European manufacturing sector. Based on an in-depth literature review carried out with a systematic approach, the chapter aims at identifying and in-depth describing the external and internal barriers that affect the implementation of CE principles. In the end, a comprehensive map of such barriers and possible ways to overcome these are reported as the main contributions of the study.

Understanding and Measuring Help-Seeking Barriers among Intimate Partner Violence Survivors: Mixed-Methods Validation Study of the Icelandic Barriers to Help-Seeking for Trauma (BHS-TR) Scale

Intimate partner violence (IPV) against women is a global human rights violation of vast proportions and a severe public health problem. Despite high rates of adverse outcomes related to IPV, help-seeking and service utilization among survivors is low. This exploratory sequential mixed-methods study using a combined etic–emic approach describes the validation of the Icelandic Barriers to Help-Seeking for Trauma (BHS-TR) scale. The qualitative phase involved developing new items based on the experiences of 17 Icelandic IPV survivors, identifying barriers including beliefs that help-seeking is a sign of weakness, and the desire to safeguard oneself from re-traumatization. The quantitative phase examined the psychometrics of the BHS-TR in a sample of 137 IPV survivors in Iceland. Results supported an eight-factor structure (Financial Concerns; Unavailable/Not Helpful; External Constraints; Inconvenience; Weakness/Vulnerability; Problem Management Beliefs; Frozen/Confused; and Shame), which when grouped comprised two indices of Structural and Internal Barriers. The scale’s internal consistency was high (α = 0.87), and the results provided evidence of convergent, discriminant, and known-group validity. This study adds to the growing literature supporting the advantages of applying mixed methods for instrument development and validation, and its results highlight the significance of giving rise to the voices of survivors. The BHS-TR is the first trauma-specific and survivor-centered measure of help-seeking barriers available in Iceland. It can be used to provide valuable information that may guide the development of evidence-based interventions to break down barriers and help survivors find ways to trauma recovery.

Motivations and Barriers for the Sustainable Internationalization of the Portuguese Textile Sector

This study aims to analyse the importance of internationalization for the sustainability of companies in the textile sector, as well as to identify the main motivations and barriers to internationalization. For the development of the study, a qualitative methodology was used through interviews with six Portuguese companies in the textile sector. The collected information was submitted to a content analysis, through data coding with NVIVO 11.0 software. The results obtained show the main motivations for internationalization, the criteria used for choosing the countries to internationalize, the advantages of internationalization and the external and internal barriers. This study contributes to a deeper understanding of internationalization, the barriers that companies in the textile sector face and what solutions they find to overcome some of these same barriers. In addition, the results will help policy makers define policies to support internationalization.

Barriers in Diabetes Self-management: A Qualitative Study from the Perspective of Nurses in Primary Health Centers, Indonesia

BACKGROUND: Nurses play an essential role, including being the main educator of diabetes mellitus (DM). It is necessary to reduce the barriers faced by nurses in managing patients’ self-management. AIM: The purpose of this study was to explore the barriers faced by nurses in managing the self-management of DM patients. METHODS: This research is a qualitative-research with a phenomenological approach. The recruitment of participants used a purposive sampling method, which was divided into two Focus Group Discussion (FGD) groups: the first group consisted of five nurses from the urban health center and the second group consisted of five nurses from the suburban area. The FGD was conducted twice for each group: 90 min for the first and 45 min for the second. The data were analyzed using Colaizzi’s method of data analysis. RESULTS: This study resulted in two themes, namely, internal barriers within the patient and external barriers outside the patient. The barriers from within the patient theme had five subthemes including (1) fear of being exposed to the disease and stigma associated with diabetes, (2) fear and distrust of health cadres, (3) low self-awareness and feeling healthy so not seeking treatment, (4) lack of responsibility for diabetes self-management practices, and (5) time issues. The second theme of barriers external to the patients included three subthemes that were (1) limited manpower, (2) limited facilities and funds, and (3) a lot of programs or activities. CONCLUSION: Nurses faced external barriers that arise from the puskesmas and internal barriers within the patient.

Barriers to the process of the internationalisation of micro, small and medium-sized enterprises

Enterprises entering foreign markets are confronted with many barriers of a different nature, depending on the industry sector, offered products, the target market and other factors. The level of difficulty in overcoming a given barrier may also vary. The aim of the study was to identify and discuss the internal and external barriers experienced by micro, small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) in Podkarpackie Voivodship in their process of internationalisation and to assess the perceived level of the related difficulties. The article provides a synthetic review of domestic and foreign scientific publications on the subject. The Kruskal- Wallis test was used and a multiple comparison analysis was performed to evaluate the significance of the differences in the perceived level of difficulties relating to the occurrence of barriers. The authors’ research of 194 SMEs with foreign capital, carried out in Podkarpackie Voivodship in the second half of 2019, demonstrated that among the most serious barriers to internationalisation are limitations and difficulties arising from the external environment which the enterprises operate in. SMEs also recognised some internal barriers, although their negative impact on the process of internationalisation seemed to be of less importance than that resulting from external constraints.

Sikap Pemimpin Gereja Menghadapi Hambatan Pemberitaan Injil di Kabupaten Klungkung, Bali: Studi Deskriptif Kisah Para Rasul Pasal 1-8

This study aims to describe the obstacles in preaching the gospel and the attitudes of church leaders in Klungkung district-Bali in dealing with these obstacles. To achieve the objectives of the study, this research was conducted qualitatively, which intends to understand the phenomenon with respect to what is experienced by the research subject. Therefore, the method used is to search for relevant literature sources (library research) and interviews with research subjects. The data obtained is then collected for processing and then described, analyzed and interpreted in such away. After the research procedure was carried out, it was found that there were obstacles, both internal and external, in preaching the gospel in Klungkung, Bali. For internal barriers, there are seven kinds of obstacles, while external barriers there are ten kinds of obstacles. Leaders of Protestant Churches in Klungkung Regency, Bali 100% understand the attitude of Church leaders in the book of Acts chapters 1-8 in dealing with internal and external obstacles. AbstrakPenelitian bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan hambatan-hambatan dalam pemberitaan Injil dan sikap para pemimpin gereja di kabupaten Klungkung, Bali dalam menghadapi hambatan tersebut. Untuk mencapai tujuan penelitian tersebut maka penelitian ini dilakukan secara kualitatif, yang bermaksud untuk memahami fenomena berkenaan dengan apa yang dialami oleh subjek penelitian. Oleh karena itu, metode yang dipakai adalah menelusuri sumber literatur yang relevan (penelitian pustaka) serta wawancara dengan subjek penelitian. Data yang diperoleh kemudian dikumpulkan untuk diolah dan kemudian dideskripsikan, dianalisis diinterpretasi sedemikian rupa. Setelah prosedur penelitian tersebut dilak-sanakan maka ditemukan bahwa terdapat hambatan-hambatan, baik internal dan eksternal dalam pemberitaan Injil di Kabupaten Klungkung, Bali. Untuk hambatan internal terdapat tujuh macam hambatan, sedangkan hambatan eksternal ada sepuluh macam hambatan. Pemimpin gereja Protestan se-Kabupaten Klungkung, Bali 100% memahami tentang sikap pemimpin gereja di kitab Kisah Para Rasul pasal 1-8 dalam menghadapi hambatan-hambatan internal dan eksternal.

Applying theory to overcome internal barriers for healthy behavior change in adults with intellectual disabilities

Adults with disabilities are 57% less physically active than individuals without disabilities and two times as likely to be obese. With obesity, adults with disabilities also face increased risk of comorbid disabilities stemming from obesity. The purpose of this theoretical case study was to identify key behavioral change theories which may be utilized to increase physical activity levels in adults with intellectual disabilities. The Self-Efficacy Theory and Self-Determination Theory both present constructs for understanding behavior change, and many of these constructs are interrelated which strongly suggests many behavioral change theories identify internal barriers for change. With theoretical case studies, these theories are examined within the context of adapted physical activity to depict how the Self-Efficacy Theory and Self-Determination Theory could be utilized to increase physical activity in individuals with intellectual disabilities.

Three Internal Barriers to Technology Integration in Education: Opinion, Attitude and Self-Confidence

It is known that teachers’ negative opinions, attitudes and lack of self-confidence towards technology in education negatively affect the technology integration process as an internal barrier. In this study, in order to understand the holistic effect of these internal barriers, the relationship between teachers ‘views on students’ use of technological tools, their attitudes towards technology and their Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) self-confidence was investigated. 378 secondary school teachers participated in the study, in which relational screening model was used. The data of the study were collected through the Scale of Attitudes Towards Technology (SATT), TPCK Confidence Survey, and Personal Information Form. Multivariate Kruskal-Wallis H Test was employed in order to identify the relationships between teachers’ opinions and the factors of the scales, Pearson Moments Multiplication Correlation Coefficient was used so as to identify the relationship of the factors with each other, and multiple linear regression analysis was performed in order to determine the level of teachers’ attitudes predicting their TPCK confidence. It was determined that there was positive and significant relationships between the teachers’ opinions about the students’ benefiting from technological tools and their attitudes, and between the teachers’ opinions about the students’ benefiting from technological tools in the lessons and their TPCK confidence. In addition, it was understood that there were positive and significant relationships between all factors of the attitude scale and confidence scale, and that the teachers’ attitudes towards technology was a significant predictor of their TPCK confidence.

National Health Insurance Scheme: Internal and External Barriers in the Use of Reproductive Health Services among Women

Lack of familiarity among the community, medical workers, and administrative staff regarding reproductive health services covered by Badan Penyelenggara Jaminan Sosial (BPJS) or the National Health Insurance (NHI) in Indonesia, remained a problem. Therefore, this resulted in sub-optimal use of the medical services, as shown by surveys from the Women's Health Foundation for three consecutive years (2015-2017). This qualitative study was conducted with a Rapid Assessment Procedure design in three cities within Indonesia, namely Padang Pariaman, Manado, and Kupang. Data were collected through IDIs (n = 47 informants) and 6 FGDs (7 persons/group). Participants also consisted of NHI RHS users (mothers and young women), administrative officers at health facilities, medical services providers, and officials related to the NHI assistance. Data were managed using NVivo version 2.0 software, accompanied by thematic analysis. The internal barriers in the use of NHI included inadequate knowledge of RHS covered by NHI, and a culture of shame in informants. External barriers included additional costs for medicines not covered by NHI, the dissatisfaction of health services provided by medical workers, busy work and household activities, with the lack of women's role in decision-making within families, which related to reproductive wellness.