The common oro-dental problems among patients attending Ohud dental care and implant center at Bogra, Bangladesh

A descriptive type of cross sectional study on exploring the common oro-dental problems among the patients attending outpatient department of Ohud Dental Care and implant center, Bogra was conducted during the period from May to July’ 2013. The objectives of this study were to identify the common oro-dental problems for assessing the level of knowledge regarding dental care practices among the respondents. A questionnaire based data were collected and the sample compares 414 respondents of all age groups. The highest percentage of the patients had complaints of periodontitis (73.9%) followed by gingivitis (64.3%), dental caries (40.6%), attrition (10.4%), mobility (5.8%), broken teeth (5.6%) and alveolar abscess (6.3%). Considering the pattern of inflammation, 425.5% had inflammatory or-dental problems and 56.6% had non-inflammatory oro-dental problems. On examination also revealed that 3 1.9% unhealthy gums, 3.9% had unhealthy tonsils, 10.3% had diseased tongue, 10.7% had diseases mucosa and 4.1% had apthus ulcer. The proportion of illiterate patients were higher among the inflammatory disease (16.7%) compared to non-inflammatory disease (9.8%), where as respondents having graduate level of education were higher among the non- inflammatory disease (30.8%) compared to inflammatory diseases (8.3%). There was significant association between the oro-dental problems and food habit (p>O.O5) except liking of sweet and habit of area nut and lime (p<O.05). This indicated that the proportion of non-inflammatory dental problems were higher among the patients habituate with sweet (82.5%) compared to inflammatory disease (72.2%). But the proportion of inflammatory disease was higher among the patients having habituated with chewing areca nut line (35.0%) than non- inflammatory disease (26.1%). Knowledge of causes of dental problems higher among the patients having non-inflammatory disease (62.0%) compared to inflammatory disease (46.7%) and the difference was statistically significant (p<O.001). Similarly, the proportion of visiting dental surgeon was significantly (p<0.001) higher among the patients having non-inflammatory disease (4.4%).International Journal of Natural Sciences (2015), 5(1) 15-20

Evaluation of Anthelmintic Efficacy of Ivermectin, Levamisole HCl and Albendazole Administered through Different Routes against Naturally Occuring Gastrointestinal Nematodiasis in Black Bengal Goat Inducing Hematological Parameters and Live Weight Indices

This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of ivermectin, levamisole HCl and albendazole against gastrointestinal nematodes in naturally infected goats of government goat development farm, Sylhet, Bangladesh. The study included 52 black Bengal breed of which 30 were naturally infected and randomly selected 20 on the basis of their weight and egg count. Twenty black Bengal goats of 12-13 month old irrespective of sex infested with gastrointestinal nematodes were selected for this experiment and randomly divided into four equal groups (group A, B, C and D) where each group consisted of 5 goats and goats of group D were kept as control group. One injectable ivermectin (200?gkg-1 body weight, S/C) preparations (Techno Drugs Ltd. Bangladesh) and two solid levamisole HCl, albendazole (7.5 mgkg-1 body weight, orally) preparations (The ACME Laboratories Ltd. and Square Pharmaceuticals Ltd. Bangladesh) were used for positive control of gastrointestinal nematodes as group A, B and C. Goats of group D was kept as control without giving any treatment. Before trials (day 0), total egg count, blood samples and initial body weight were recorded. During the study period the fecal and blood samples were collected directly from rectum and examined on 7th, 14th, 21st and 28th day using McMaster fecal egg counting method. Body weight was recorded on day 28 following the treatments. The results of the comparative efficacies of different anthelmintic of ivermectin was 86.75%, followed by levamisole HCl 85.07% and albendazole 92.81%. McMaster fecal egg counting method discloses the percentage of Haemonchus spp. (15.38%), with Trichostrongylus spp, Strongyloides spp., and Cooperia spp. also present. After treatment with ivermectin, levamisole HCl and albendazole, Total Erythrocyte Count (TEC), Hemoglobin (Hb) content and Packed Cell Volume (PCV) were increased significantly (p<0.01 and p>0.05) in goats but Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) and Total Leukocyte Count (TLC) were decreased significantly (p<0.05 and p>0.01) in all treated goat and body weight was increased significantly (p<0.01) on day 28.International Journal of Natural Sciences (2015), 5(1) 26-34

Comparative Study On Nursing Of Different Strains Of Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) In Bangladesh

This study was conducted to investigate and compare the growth performance of four Tilapia strains in hapa nursing with the aim to find out the best strain of tilapia. The research was conducted by four treatments with five replicates each. The tilapia fry were collected from, BFRI source from BFRI HQ, Mymensingh stocked in Treatment-1; unknown source from Hi-Tech Tilapia Hatchery Dagoanbhuiya, Feni in Treatment-2, Philipine strain from Green Field Tilapia Hatchery, Laxmipur in Treatment-3 and fry from Breeding Cohort, Sonar Bangla Hatchery, Bamna, Barguna in Treatment-4. The Individual stocking weight (g) of fry was average 0.01g. The fries were stocked in 12 hapa at same stocking density of 1200 fish/m2. Each of the hapa was 2m × 1m × 1m size and fixed in an earthen ponds. Supplementary feed with 31.29% of protein level consisting of rice bran (25%), mustard oil cake (15%), wheat flour (30%) and fish meal (30%) was given at the rate of 40% of their body weight per day manually, four times a day at the beginning of the experimental period and reduced to 25% of their body weight and continued up to harvesting period. The results showed that fry of Treatment-4 strain was the best strain and had significantly (p < 0.05) higher final mean body weight (FMBW), mean body weight gain (MBWG), specific growth rate (SGR) (9.75%), gross yield (GY) (2.13) and Net yield (NY) (2.12) than the Treatment-1 , Treatment-2 strains and Treatemnt-3 strain. Treatment-4 strain had the fastest growth rate, whereas the lowest performing strain was that from Treatment-2. We also analyzed survival rate of the fish from stocking to harvest, survival rate was highest in Treatment-4 strain (80%) where lowest is Treatment-3. Treatment-4 stain also showed the best feed conversion ratio (FCR) 1.62 than others. Considering the overall performance it can be concluded that tilapia strain collected from Breeding Cohort source is best among the four strains. However, further research may still be needed to compare more strains from different water body to evaluate the genetic potential for Tilapia.International Journal of Natural Sciences (2015), 5(2) 98-106

Isolation and identification of common fungal spp. from commercial broiler feeds available in market of Sylhet District, Bangladesh

The present study was designed to investigate the mycological contamination of commercial broiler feeds used in poultry establishments in sylhet, Bangladesh. The feed samples of commercial broiler feed (Starter, Grower and Finisher) were collected from the different areas of Sylhet district. A total of 189 commercial broiler feed samples where 63 Starter, 63 Grower and 63 Finisher were collected from the different areas of local market in Sylhet. The selected areas were Kadamtali, Shibjong, Khadim, Kamal Bazar, Dakshin Surma, Fenchugonj. From the feed samples analyzed for the presence of fungal agents, 144 (76.2%) were found positive for one or more fungal species. Fungal isolates were found among 36 (57%) of the 63 Starter feed samples, 45 (71.4%) of the 63 Grower feed samples and 63 (100%) of the 63 Finisher feed samples. The fungal agents isolated from Broiler Starter Feeds, Aspergillus spp. 51 (70.8%) has the highest frequency of occurrence, followed by Fuserium spp. 12 (16.7%) and least is Rhizopus sp. 9(12.5%). Similarly, in case of Broiler Grower Feeds, Aspergillus spp. 66 (68.8%) has the highest frequency of occurrence, followed by Fuserium spp. 18 (18.7%) and least is Rhizopus sp. 12(12.5%). In case of Broiler Finisher Feeds, Aspergillus spp. 90 (69.8%) has the highest rate of occurrence followed by Fuserium spp. 24 (18.6%) and least is Rhizopus sp. 15 (11.6%) respectively.International Journal of Natural Sciences (2014), 4(2) 38-41

Socio-economic status of duck farmers and duck farming in haor areas of Sylhet district in Bangladesh

This study was conducted to evaluate the socio-economic status of the duck farmers and to investigate the management practices of duck farming. Also attempt to identify the problems of duck farming in Biswanath and Balagonj upazila of Sylhet during a period from September to November 2014. For this study the information was collected by direct interview using a questionnaire from 60 duck farmers. Status of the duck farmers of the selected regions were investigated in the present study. The results reveal that most of the respondents duck farmers were < 35 years of age (52%) having with primary level of education (28%). In most of the farms there were local (deshi) ducks of 65.5% followed by KC (21.5%) and zinding (13%) respectively. For ducks feeding of the farmers depended on natural feed sources while some provided rice and broken rice (23.5%) rice polish and wheat bran (21.5%) and mixed feed (38%). Family size of the most of the farmers (57%) were large (size > 6 members). About 73% farmers had no training on duck farming and some of the farmers had training with short duration (7 to 15 days). Fifty percent of the farmers were made duck houses with tin-shed and wood having necessary floor space. Result of this study revealed that majority of the farmers (68%) had no idea about common duck diseases. The highest proportion of the farmers (65%) never followed the vaccination program regularly. There have some problems identified for duck farming including low price of duck meat and egg made ranked as most serious problems. Therefore, if the problems are addressed properly, the duck farming in haor areas in Sylhet, Bangladesh could be more profitable business for the farmers.International Journal of Natural Sciences (2015), 5(2) 73-79

Determination of the serum antibody level of different age groups of broiler chicken against Infectious Bursal Disease (IBD)

A study on Infectious Bursal Disease (IBD) was conducted on broiler chicks (N=200+70) of strains: Cobb-500 and Hubbard classic at Laxmipur district of Bangladesh. The blood sample were collected at day old chicks (1st day), pre-vaccinated flocks (11th day) and post-vaccinated flocks (26th day), to measure the antibody titer by indirect ELISA method. Maternal derived antibody (MDA) mean titer of day old chicks (N=40) were found 9621.65 ± 780.78 and 4232.60 ± 301.66 for Cobb-500 and Hubbard classic respectively. MDA mean titer was measured at day eleven chicken (N=60) before vaccination and found 1963.00 ± 143 and 984.16 ± 126.4037 respectively. Of these two titers; Cobb-500 strain was found to be protective (>1000) where Hubbard classic was below protective (<1000) titer level. The two flocks of Cobb-500 and Hubbard classic strains of broiler chickens were vaccinated with intermediate (Bursine-2) and intermediate plus (IBD Blen) vaccine respectively at day twelve and serum was harvested on day twenty six. The mean serum titers were found 131.30 ± 36.04 and 7413.54 ± 569.39 in Cobb-500 and Hubbard classic respectively, where mean titer level of Cobb-500 was below the minimum protective level but Hubbard classic strain was developed 7413.54, protective level. These results were indicating that the maternal derived antibody titer persists above 1000 level hindering the development of antibody titer in vaccinated flocks. However, persistence of MDA titer above 1000 may causes of vaccination failure of IBD vaccine.International Journal of Natural Sciences (2014), 4(2) 22-27

Prevalence and associated risk factors of bovine clinical mastitis in Patiya upazila under Chittagong district of Bangladesh

A cross sectional study was conducted to measure the prevalence; and identification of risk factors associated with clinical mastitis in dairy cows at Patiya upazila under Chittagong district of Bangladesh from 20th July to 31st December, 2013. A total of 160 farms and households were selected and 634 cows were clinically examined for determining the prevalence of mastitis and identification of risk factors. The overall prevalence of clinical mastitis was found 8.36%. Mastitis prevalence in crossbred cows was significantly (P<0.05) higher (10.09%) than indigenous cows (4.26%). The prevalence of mastitis was also significantly higher (P<0.05) with advancing age (12.5%) and in 3rd lactation period (13.62%). The cows were more prone to mastitis during 1st month of lactation (17.53%). There was a significant relationship (P<0.05) between prevalence of clinical mastitis and associated risk factors like general physical condition, herd size, frequency of dung removal, floor drainage quality and condition of floor. There was higher (P<0.01) prevalence (33.67%) of mastitis in cows having history of peri-parturient disease compared to those not having such history. Therefore, it can be concluded that minimization of risk factors of mastitis is very much necessary to control mastitis as well as to increase profitability of dairy farms.International Journal of Natural Sciences (2014), 4(1) 5-9

Risk factors of postpartum uterine infection and its subsequent effect on fertility of crossbred dairy cows in Bangladesh

Postpartum uterine infection is extremely important in dairy cattle. It is both common and detrimental to reproductive performance. The present study was conducted to investigate the factors responsible for postpartum uterine infection and its subsequent effect on fertility of crossbred dairy cows in Chatmohar Upazila, Pabna District. A total of 317 cows were selected and registered and then follow up them in postpartum period. Reproductive histories and data of the studied cows were assessed by direct interviewing and from record book of the owners and nearby government veterinary hospital. Totally 33 cows were found uterine infected (10.41%) in postpartum period. The case of pyometra was substantially higher in present study in contrast to others. The incidence of uterine infection puerperal metritis, pyometra and endometritis were 1.89%, 5.99% and 2.52% respectively. Dairy cattle calving season and parity reflected greatly on the incidence of uterine infection. Potentially significant (p<0.05) and higher incidence of uterine infection were associated with poor management system where minimum complications were found with good management practice (3.20%) compared to poor management farms. The dairy cows suffering from endometritis significantly showed prolonged days to first estrus interval, days open and number of services per conception and calving interval values (68.5±0.05 days; 115.4±0.4 days , 4.75±0.50, and 398±6 respectively) than normal healthy cows. Further researches in the near future must be directed for prevention of uterine infection, as most of effective treatments don’t prevent the negative impacts of such disease upon dairy, reproduction and culling percentage within dairy herd.International Journal of Natural Sciences (2015), 5(2) 107-111

Effect of Different Organic And Inorganic Fertilizers on the Growth and Yield of Wetland Rice

Two experiments were conducted at farmer’s field of Tukerbazer, Sylhet in Boro season and T. aman season of 2013 in order to test the effect of different organic and inorganic fertilizers on the growth and yield of wetland rice. Eight treatment combinations were tested in T. aman season namely T1= Control (without fertilizer), T2= Agro-Sar (Organo-Chemical) (ASOC) @ 750 kg/ha, T3= STB (Soil Test Based), T4= T2+50% STB, T5= T2 + 60% STB, T6= T2 + 70% STB, T7= T2 + 80% STB and T8= T2 + T3 where BRRI dhan31 was used as test crop. In Boro season, the following ten treatment combinations were tested in Boro season: namely T1= FRG ’05 dose: N, P, K, S and Zn @ 123, 26, 60, 13 & 4 kg/ha, T2= Agro meal plus @ 300 kg/ha, T3= T2 + N, P, K, S @ 74, 16, 60 and 8 kg/ha, T4= ASO @ 740 kg/ha, T5= T4 + N, P, K, S @ 74, 16, 60 and 8 kg/ha, T6= Agro-Sar (Organo-chemical) (ASOC) @ 740 kg/ha, T7= T6 + N, P, K, S @ 74, 18, 36 and 8, T8= Raj Jaibo Sar @ 790 kg/ha, T9 = T8 + N, P, K, S @ 74, 20, 54 and 9 kg/ha, and T10= Control (without fertilizer). The blanket doses of fertilizers were applied as soil test based (STB). The experiments were laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design with 3 replications of each treatment. The sources of N, P, K & S were USG, TSP, MP and gypsum. The treatment T4 where USG was deep-placement produced the maximum yield and also found superior in terms of economic point of view.International Journal of Natural Sciences (2015), 5(2) 80-85

Socio-economic status of the farmers and economic analysis of poultry farming at Gazipur district in Bangladesh

The study was conducted to identify the socio-economic status of the poultry farmers and economic analysis of poultry farming at Gazipur, Bangladesh. A Total of 40 poultry farms (20 broilers and 20 layers) were selected. The farmers and farming were evaluated through the analysis of data that were collected in a pre-structured questionnaire. This study revealed that comparatively rich farmers (42.5% had >4.94 acre of land) were involved in farming. There were significant variations (p<0.05) in source of investment (57.5% own, 32.5% bank loan, 7.5% from money lenders with interest and 5% from money lenders without interest), training (72.5% not received and 27.5% received), farming as an occupation for the farmers (55% main and 45% subsidiary occupation), amount of loan taken (50% have loan and 50% have no loan), level of educational knowledge (62.5% poor, 25% medium and 23.5 % high), sources of drinking water (87.5% have own tube-well), latrine condition (67.5% have sanitary latrine) and health status of the farmers (30% good, 50% medium and 20% poor). There were no significant variation (p>0.05) in farm size and management skills of the farmers. The average number of children per farmer attends to primary school, high school, college and university were 0.7, 0.75, 0.1 and 0.01 in case of boys and 0.5, 0.45, 0.07 and 0.01 in case of girls, respectively. Per bird average annual rearing cost, return, and cost benefit ratio were 925.5 BDT., 1080 BDT. and 1:1.17 in broiler and 1332.5 BDT., 2210 BDT. and 1:1.66 in layer, respectively. This study recommends although initial investment is higher; layer farming is more profitable than broiler.International Journal of Natural Sciences (2014), 4(2) 8-12