Effects of Long-Term Preconditioning on Growth and Flowering of Some Snow Tussock (Chionochloa Spp.) Populations in Otago, New Zealand

1979 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 617 ◽  
Author(s):  
DH Greer
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Threshold Temperature ◽  
Critical Threshold ◽  
Physiological Plasticity ◽  
Subsequent Growth ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Flowering Behaviour ◽  
High Degree

Clone members of each of three altitudinal populations (910-1590 m) of two ecologically important snow tussocks (Chionochloa macra and C. rigida) reciprocally transplanted to four sites (10-1590 m) in 1960 were further subdivided and re-reciprocally transplanted to the same four sites in 1974 and their subsequent growth and flowering behaviour followed over two seasons. Interpopulation differences in stature and growth rates remained distinct after the 14-year intervening period, reinforcing earlier evidence for some genetic control of these characters. In contrast, the flowering of each population at each site had converged towards that of the resident plants, which indicated some adjustment to the critical threshold temperature for flowering. Interpopulation differences in flowering behaviour could not, therefore, be strictly controlled genetically as had been previously assumed. No interpopulation differences emerged as a result of 14 years of preconditioning in diverse environments. Furthermore, the preconditioning had a negligible effect on the subsequent perfor- mance of each population in a wide range of temperature environments. Distinct differences in growth rates between a lowland coastal population of C. rigida and its alpine counterparts appear adaptive, suggesting differentiation of a lowland ecotype. The high degree of physiological plasticity inherent in all populations of snow tussock studied may have its origin in the climatically diverse post-Pleistocene period when genotypes with maximum flexibility may have been selected preferentially. Since then, probably as a result of expansion of snow tussock grasslands within the last millenium, local adaptive variants have evolved.

Main approaches to treatment of hypoxia in acute respiratory distress syndrome, bacterial and viral pneumonia (part III)

2021 ◽  
pp. 38-55
Author(s):  
A. V. Vlasenko ◽  
E. A. Evdokimov ◽  
E. P. Rodionov
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Failure ◽  
Distress Syndrome ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Viral Pneumonia ◽  
Medical Technologies ◽  
Clinical Observations ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Prevention And Treatment ◽  
High Degree

The paper summarizes data on modern approaches to the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of severe acute parenchymal respiratory failure of various origins, including ARDS due to bacterial viral pneumonia. The work is based on the data of modern well-organized studies, analysis of international clinical guidelines with a high degree of evidence, as well as the results of our own long-term experimental studies and clinical observations of the treatment of patients with ARDS of various origins, including viral pneumonia of 2009, 2016, 2020. Scientifically grounded algorithms for prevention, differential diagnosis and personalized therapy of severe acute respiratory failure using innovative medical technologies and a wide range of respiratory and adjuvant treatment methods have been formulated. The authors tried to adapt as much as possible the existing current recommendations for the daily clinical practice of anesthesiologists and resuscitators.

The long-term conservation of forest diversity in New Zealand

1995 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 77 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Ogden
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
Forest Diversity ◽  
Forest Reserves ◽  
Introduced Plants ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Average Loss ◽  
Endemic Flora

The largely endemic flora of New Zealand is a remnant of the Cretaceous flora of Gondwana, supplemented by later additions from Australia and the tropics. Semi-natural plant communities cover about 50% of the country, and a scheme for the protection of supposedly representative areas is in place. Existing reserves do not adequately reflect the patterns of plant species diversity. Many are modified by introduced animals and alien plants. The latter are being actively introduced into New Zealand at the rate of c. 11 species per year. Measures of diversity are discussed and the broad pattern of (gamma) diversity and endemicity in the country is described. A comparison is made between (alpha) diversity levels in Beech Nothofagus solandri var. cliffortioidesand Kauri Agathis australisforest. Within each of these two forest types there are similar levels of alpha-diversity over a wide range of latitude. Altitudinal alpha-diversity trends indicate an average loss of 3.4 species per 100 m of altitude. This can be accounted for by the reduction of land surface area with increasing altitude on conical or ridge-shaped mountains. The altitudinal data emphasize the importance of the lowlands in the conservation of bio-diversity. The Holocene history of the forests in New Zealand suggests that the concept of "representativeness" is flawed: forest varies continuously in time and space. It may be possible to create some "living museums" of the past biota of New Zealand, but unless there are radical changes in our ability to eradicate animal pests and introduced plants, the composition of mainland forest reserves in the lowlands will change dramatically over the next few centuries. Conservation effort on saving endangered birds may have been at the expense of long-term "habitat" survival on the mainland.

scholarly journals Long term pasture growth patterns for Southland New Zealand: 1978 to 2012

2012 ◽  
pp. 147-151
Author(s):  
L.C. Smith
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Initial Period ◽  
Farm Management ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Annual Growth ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Summer Peak

Pasture growth rates for Southland were reported by several researchers in the late 1970s and early 1980s. However, pasture species and farm management systems have changed somewhat since then. This paper presents data from measurements at Woodlands, near Invercargill, that have been ongoing since 1977, and discusses some of the variability that has occurred over the years. Measurement of pasture growth was done using a standardised cutting method known as "rate of growth" or moving cages, with measurements every 3 weeks. Annual yields were calculated from 1 June to 31 May of the next year. The pasture growth at Woodlands is characterised by a spring-summer peak of growth followed by a deep winter trough where growth is minimal. Long-term average annual growth was 11.8 t DM/ha for older 'Ruanui' based pasture and 12.7 t DM/ ha for newer 'Nui'/'Supreme'/'Greenstone' ryegrass based pasture. However the newer pasture produced considerably more (ca.14.2 t DM/ha/year) for an initial period of 3 years, after which time the production dropped back to be similar to the old pasture (ca.12.0 t DM/ha/year). Key words. pasture growth; long-term; annual variability

Main approaches to treatment of hypoxia in acute respiratory distress syndrome, bacterial and viral pneumonia (part I)

2021 ◽  
pp. 38-54
Author(s):  
A. V. Vlasenko ◽  
E. A. Evdokimov ◽  
E. Р. Rodionov
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Failure ◽  
Distress Syndrome ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Viral Pneumonia ◽  
Medical Technologies ◽  
Clinical Observations ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Prevention And Treatment ◽  
High Degree

The paper summarizes data on modern approaches to the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of severe acute parenchymal respiratory failure of various origins, including ARDS due to bacterial viral pneumonia. The work is based on the data of modern well-organized studies, analysis of international clinical guidelines with a high degree of evidence, as well as the results of our own long-term experimental studies and clinical observations of the treatment of patients with ARDS of various origins, including viral pneumonia of 2009, 2016, 2020. Scientifically grounded algorithms for prevention, differential diagnosis and personalized therapy of severe acute respiratory failure using innovative medical technologies and a wide range of respiratory and adjuvant treatment methods have been formulated. The authors tried to adapt as much as possible the existing current recommendations for the daily clinical practice of anesthesiologists and resuscitators.

scholarly journals Analysis of a 39-year continuous atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> record from Baring Head, New Zealand

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 2683-2697 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. B. Stephens ◽  
G. W. Brailsford ◽  
A. J. Gomez ◽  
K. Riedel ◽  
S. E. Mikaloff Fletcher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Southern Ocean ◽  
Seasonal Cycle ◽  
Southern Oscillation ◽  
Atmospheric Co2 ◽  
Co2 Uptake ◽  
South Pole ◽  
The South ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract. We present an analysis of a 39-year record of continuous atmospheric CO2 observations made at Baring Head, New Zealand, filtered for steady background CO2 mole fractions during southerly wind conditions. We discuss relationships between variability in the filtered CO2 time series and regional to global carbon cycling. Baring Head is well situated to sample air that has been isolated from terrestrial influences over the Southern Ocean, and experiences extended episodes of strong southerly winds with low CO2 variability. The filtered Baring Head CO2 record reveals an average seasonal cycle with amplitude of 0.95 ppm that is 13% smaller and 3 weeks earlier in phase than that at the South Pole. Seasonal variations in a given year are sensitive to the timing and magnitude of the combined influences of Southern Ocean CO2 fluxes and terrestrial fluxes from both hemispheres. The amplitude of the seasonal cycle varies throughout the record, but we find no significant long-term seasonal changes with respect to the South Pole. Interannual variations in CO2 growth rate in the Baring Head record closely match the El Niño-Southern Oscillation, reflecting the global reach of CO2 mole fraction anomalies associated with this cycle. We use atmospheric transport model results to investigate contributions to seasonal and annual-mean components of the observed CO2 record. Long-term trends in mean gradients between Baring Head and other stations are predominately due to increases in Northern Hemisphere fossil-fuel burning and Southern Ocean CO2 uptake, for which there remains a wide range of future estimates. We find that the postulated recent reduction in the efficiency of Southern Ocean anthropogenic CO2 uptake, as a result of increased zonal winds, is too small to be detectable as significant differences in atmospheric CO2 between mid to high latitude Southern Hemisphere observing stations.

scholarly journals Analysis of a 39-yr continuous atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> record from Baring Head, New Zealand

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 15237-15277 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. B. Stephens ◽  
G. W. Brailsford ◽  
A. J. Gomez ◽  
K. Riedel ◽  
S. E. Mikaloff Fletcher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Southern Ocean ◽  
Seasonal Cycle ◽  
Southern Oscillation ◽  
Atmospheric Co2 ◽  
Co2 Uptake ◽  
South Pole ◽  
The South ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract. We present an analysis of a 39-yr record of continuous atmospheric CO2 observations made at Baring Head, New Zealand, filtered for steady CO2 mole fractions during southerly wind conditions. We discuss relationships between variability in the filtered CO2 time series and regional to global carbon cycling. Baring Head is well situated to sample air that has been isolated from terrestrial influences over the Southern Ocean, and experiences extended periods of strong southerly winds with low CO2 variability. The filtered Baring Head CO2 record reveals an average seasonal cycle with amplitude of 0.95 ppm that is 13% smaller and 3 weeks earlier in phase than that at the South Pole. Seasonal variations in a given year are sensitive to the timing and magnitude of the combined influences of Southern Ocean CO2 fluxes and terrestrial fluxes from both hemispheres. The amplitude of the seasonal cycle varies throughout the record, but we find no significant long-term seasonal changes with respect to the South Pole. Interannual variations in CO2 growth rate in the Baring Head record closely match the El Niño/Southern Oscillation, reflecting the global reach of CO2 mole fraction anomalies associated with this cycle. We use atmospheric transport model results to investigate contributions to seasonal and annual-mean components of the observed CO2 record. Long-term trends in mean gradients between Baring Head and other stations are predominately due to increases in Northern-Hemisphere fossil-fuel burning and Southern Ocean CO2 uptake, for which there remains a wide range of future estimates. We find that the postulated recent reduction in the efficiency of Southern Ocean anthropogenic CO2 uptake as a result of increased zonal winds is too small to be detectable as significant differences in atmospheric CO2 between mid- to high-latitude Southern Hemisphere observing stations.

scholarly journals New Zealand Apartment Living: Developing a Liveability Evaluation Index

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Jessica Bennett
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Indoor Environmental Quality ◽  
User Friendliness ◽  
The Public ◽  
Academic Knowledge ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Major Shift ◽  
Fit For Purpose ◽  
Acoustic Environments

<p>Over the past decade there has been a major shift in the housing preferences of New Zealanders away from low density, suburban, stand-alone housing towards higher density, urban apartments. As more people experience this style of accommodation, liveability issues have become apparent. An international literature review has found a gap between the research-based academic knowledge and the expectations of prospective occupants as represented by the national, popular press. For occupants their crucial issues are readily assessable (e.g. spatial and visual design), but often these issues do not have direct or long term health effects. The academic literature minimises these issues while placing importance on health and liveability issues (e.g. thermal and acoustic environments). This thesis presents the development of an assessment methodology to enable prospective buyers/tenants to easily and quickly evaluate and compare apartment liveability over a wide range of indicators, not just those of immediate concern. The New Zealand Apartment Liveability Index [NZ ALI] considers over 100 factors that influence liveability in higher density housing and presents this information in a simple, easily understandable format. The indicators have been organised into a weighted hierarchal system divided into five main categories: Community; Configuration; Governance; Indoor Environmental Quality; and Quality. There are 332 components within the New Zealand Apartment Liveability Index and all are weighted in order to provide a simple Liveability Rating (single score) or Liveability Profile (performance profile). Six criteria were applied in the development of the New Zealand Apartment Liveability Index to ensure that it is fit for purpose. The development criteria considered relevancy to liveability, objectivity & practicality of assessments, accuracy of evaluations, and generality & user friendliness of the tool. The New Zealand Apartment Liveability Index is intended to provide the public with a simple, easy to use tool to help them make informed decisions when purchasing or leasing apartments. It will also be of value to regulatory agencies to help better understand the minimum liveability standards for apartments, as well as to designers and developers to help them better meet the needs of their current clients and future building users.</p>

scholarly journals Fiscal and other risks over the long term

2013 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Upton
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Public Life ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Radar Screen ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Fiscal Prudence

After 13 years’ absence from any involvement in public life in New Zealand it has been a welcome challenge to re-immerse myself in issues with which I used to be familiar. I’d like to focus this article on why we should see the Treasury’s review of the government’s long-term fiscal outlook as an exercise in managing a wide range of risks under conditions of significant uncertainty; and how, from a political point of view, one might seek to stop the need for fiscal prudence sliding off the radar screen. 

Predicting long-term sapling dynamics and canopy recruitment in northern hardwood forests

2011 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 903-919 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob J. Hanson ◽  
Craig G. Lorimer ◽  
Corey R. Halpin
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Forest Composition ◽  
Calibration Data ◽  
Gap Size ◽  
Tree Model ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Northern Hardwood ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Sapling Density

Prediction of forest composition and structure over multiple generations of trees is often hampered by limited data on understory tree dynamics and the highly variable process of canopy recruitment in forest openings. In this paper, we describe a model of sapling dynamics and overstory recruitment for CANOPY, a spatially explicit, crown-based, individual-tree model of gap dynamics. The model incorporates gap size as a predictor of sapling recruitment and height growth, and it mimics the processes of sapling release, gap capture, and lateral gap closure. Calibration data were derived from 12 data sets with a wide range of stand ages and disturbance history in northern hardwood stands in the Great Lakes region, USA. The model accounted for 30%–62% of the variation in sapling density, composition, and growth rates. Predicted effects of increasing gap size on growth rate were similar to observed trends. Growth equations that included gap size as an independent variable generally gave better predictions of sapling density, species composition, and growth rates than equations based on conventional plot-level competition metrics. Long-term, 1000-year simulations produced estimates of stand basal areas and tree density in each size class that are close to the mean observed values for old-growth stands in the region.

Main approaches to treatment of hypoxia in acute respiratory distress syndrome, bacterial and viral pneumonia (part II)

2021 ◽  
pp. 25-37
Author(s):  
A. V. Vlasenko ◽  
E. A. Evdokimov ◽  
E. P. Rodionov
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Failure ◽  
Distress Syndrome ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Viral Pneumonia ◽  
Medical Technologies ◽  
Clinical Observations ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Prevention And Treatment ◽  
High Degree

The paper summarizes data on modern approaches to the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of severe acute parenchymal respiratory failure of various origins, including ARDS due to bacterial viral pneumonia. The work is based on the data of modern well-organized studies, analysis of international clinical guidelines with a high degree of evidence, as well as the results of our own long-term experimental studies and clinical observations of the treatment of patients with ARDS of various origins, including viral pneumonia of 2009, 2016, 2020. Scientifically grounded algorithms for prevention, differential diagnosis and personalized therapy of severe acute respiratory failure using innovative medical technologies and a wide range of respiratory and adjuvant treatment methods have been formulated. The authors tried to adapt as much as possible the existing current recommendations for the daily clinical practice of anesthesiologists and resuscitators.

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