Thermodynamic properties of the binary molten salt systems, PbBr2-KBr, PbBr2-RbBr and PbBr2-CsBr, by measurement of the electromotive forces of galvanic cells

1981 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 479 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Bloom ◽  
MS White
Keyword(s):  
Thermodynamic Properties ◽  
Molten Salt ◽  
Activity Coefficients ◽  
Molten Salts ◽  
Free Energies ◽  
Complex Ions ◽  
Galvanic Cells ◽  
Salt Systems

The electromotive forces of galvanic cells for the formation of PbBr2 in the molten binary salt systems, PbBr2-KBr, PbBr2,-RbBr and PbBr2-CsBr, have been measured. Activities, activity coefficients and partial molar free energies have been calculated for each component of the three systems. Integral free energies of mixing have also been calculated. Various models of mixing of molten salts have been applied to the results. The systems contain complex ions, probably mixtures of PbBr42-, PbBr64- with some PbBr3-.

Calculation on the Free Energy of Mixing of some Silane Systems

2011 ◽  
Vol 391-392 ◽  
pp. 1017-1021
Author(s):  
Ru Zhang ◽  
Yan Fen Wu ◽  
Ping Hu
Keyword(s):  
Free Energy ◽  
Thermodynamic Properties ◽  
Activity Coefficients ◽  
Influence Factors ◽  
Critical Parameters ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Free Energies ◽  
Wilson Model ◽  
Energy Of Mixing ◽  
Free Energy Of Mixing

Six binary silane systems were chosen to calculate the activity coefficients (γ) and free energies of mixing (ΔGm). These systems included: methyldichlorosilane + methyltrichlorosilane, methyldichlorosilane + methylvinyldichlorosilane, methyldichlorosilane + toluene, methyltrichlorosilane + methylvinyldichlorosilane, methyltrichlorosilane + toluene, methylvinyldichlorosilane + toluene. Based on the Antoine constants, critical parameters of the pure components and Wilson model parameters, γ and ΔGmwere calculated. The influence factors of these thermodynamic properties were also discussed.

scholarly journals Thermodynamic properties of the NiCl2–CoCl2–KCl system

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (10) ◽  
pp. 1596-1599 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter J. Tumidajski ◽  
Christopher A. Pickles
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Thermodynamic Properties ◽  
Molten Salt ◽  
Activity Coefficients ◽  
Polynomial Equation ◽  
Nickel Chloride ◽  
Ideal Solution ◽  
Complex Species ◽  
Ternary Solutions ◽  
Ideal System

The thermodynamic behavior of NiCl2 in NiCl2–CoCl2–KCl ternary solutions was investigated using formation cells of the type, (−) Ni/NiCl2–CoCl2–KCl/C, Cl2(gas, 1 atm)(+). The values of the NiCl2 activity coefficients indicate a non-ideal system consonant with the formation of complex species. The NiCl2 activity coefficients at 1000 K were fitted to the polynomial equation,[Formula: see text]where[Formula: see text]The experimental data were limited to the ranges 0 ≤ t ≤ 0.80 and 0.10 ≤ y ≤ 0.5. Keywords: molten salt, thermodynamic properties, nickel chloride, non-ideal solution, complex species.

The Soft Ion Model in Monte Carlo Simulation of Molten Salts

1988 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-132
Author(s):  
C. Margheritis ◽  
C. Sinistri
Keyword(s):  
Monte Carlo Simulation ◽  
Monte Carlo ◽  
Molten Salt ◽  
Molten Salts ◽  
Computational Cost ◽  
Coulomb Energy ◽  
Numerical Application ◽  
Polarization Energy ◽  
Simple Evaluation ◽  
Salt Systems

Abstract This paper describes a method for a simple evaluation of the polarization energy in molten salt systems, by which it is possible to go, without heavy computational cost, from the rigid to the soft ion model. The method is based on the observation that, within the movements of single ions in the Monte Carlo chain, the deviation of the polarization energy is a linear function of the deviation of the Coulomb energy.An extended numerical application has been carried out for molten Lil at 800, 1200 and 1453 (b. p.) K. The parameters that are mostly affected by the used model are put into evidence.

Electrochemical Synthesis of Niobium-Hafnium Coatings in Molten Salts

2007 ◽  
Vol 62 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 425-430 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergey A. Kuznetsov ◽  
Svetlana V. Kuznetsova
Keyword(s):  
Heat Resistance ◽  
Molten Salt ◽  
Current Density ◽  
Electrochemical Synthesis ◽  
Molten Salts ◽  
Protective Coatings ◽  
Limiting Current ◽  
Surface Alloying ◽  
Limiting Current Density ◽  
Salt Systems

Graphite is widely used in technology because of its unique properties. A drawback of graphite is its low heat resistance in oxidizing atmospheres. To increase its heat resistance, Nb-Hf protective coatings were synthesized. Electrodeposition of niobium coatings on graphite with subsequent precise surface alloying of niobium with hafnium was studied. Electrochemical synthesis of Nb-Hf coatings from molten salt systems containing compounds of niobium and hafnium was used too. It was shown that Nb-Hf coatings with a planar growing front can be obtained if the concentration and therefore the limiting current density of the more electropositive component Nb is kept low. Nb-Hf coatings with a thickness of 20 - 30 μm have been obtained in this way from an NaCl-KCl-K2NbF7 (1 wt%)-K2HfF6 (10 wt%)-NaF (5 wt%) melt, above the limiting current density of niobium deposition.

Conductivities of Room Temperature Molten Salts Containing AlCl3, Measured by a Computerized Direct Current Method

2001 ◽  
Vol 56 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 670-676
Author(s):  
Hsin-Yi Hsu ◽  
Chao-Cheng Yang
Keyword(s):  
Molten Salt ◽  
Direct Current ◽  
Molten Salts ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Current Method ◽  
Activation Energies ◽  
Nium Chloride ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Salt Systems

Abstract The conductivities of the binary room-temperature molten salt systems AlCl3-N-n-butylpyridinium chloride (BPC), AlCl3-l-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (EMIC) and AlCl3-benzyltriethylammo-nium chloride (BTEAC) have been measured at different temperatures and compositions by a d.c. four-probes method. There is a maximum of the conductivity at 50 mol% AlCl3 in the AlCl3-BPC and AlCl3-EMIC systems at 40 to 80 °C, their activation energies being relatively low (20.79 and 14.76 kJ/mol, respec­ tively). As to the A1C13-BTEAC system, there is an irregular change in the conductivity at 40-70 mol% AlCl3 in the temperature range 50 to 80 °C. The conductivities of the three RTMS are in the order AlCl3-EMIC > AlCl3-BPC > AlCl3-BTEAC, the reason being discussed.

Molten salt mixtures. XI. Integral and partial molar volumes in the molten salt systems PbCl2 + NaCl, PbCl2 + RbCl, PbCl2 + CsCl, CdCl2 + RbCl, and CdCl2 + CsCl

1966 ◽  
Vol 19 (9) ◽  
pp. 1591 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Bloom ◽  
PWD Boyd ◽  
JL Laver ◽  
J Wong
Keyword(s):  
Molten Salt ◽  
Molar Volume ◽  
Partial Molar Volume ◽  
Binary Systems ◽  
Partial Molar Volumes ◽  
Complex Ions ◽  
Molar Volumes ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
Salt Mixtures ◽  
Salt Systems

The densities of molten PbCl2, CsCl, and RbCl and of the molten salt systems PbCl2 + NaCl, PbCl2 + RbCl, PbCl2 + CsCl, CdCl2 + RbCl, and CdCl, + CsCl have been measured to an accuracy of �0.1% by an Archimedean method over a considerable temperature range. Integral and partial molar volume isotherms have been constructed for the above binary systems and are interpreted to show that complex ions are formed in all but the PbCl2+NaCl system.

Molten salt mixtures. X. The thermochemistry of the binary molten salt systems CdCl2+PbCl2, CdCl2+NaCl, CdCl2+KCI, PbCl2+NaCl, PbCl2-KCl, and CdI2+KI

1966 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 187 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Bloom ◽  
SB Tricklebank
Keyword(s):  
Molten Salt ◽  
Water Solution ◽  
Relative Magnitude ◽  
Enthalpy Change ◽  
Complex Ions ◽  
Heats Of Mixing ◽  
Salt Mixtures ◽  
Solution Calorimeter ◽  
Salt Systems ◽  
The Enthalpy Of Formation

The enthalpy change on cooling molten and solid salts and their mixtures from temperatures as high as 850� down to 26.9� has been measured by means of a Bunsen-type fusion calorimeter. The enthalpy of formation of solid mixtures has also been measured using a water solution calorimeter. From the combined results, heats of mixing have been determined for the molten salt systems investigated. In each system, with the exception of CdCl2 + PbCl2, the process of mixing is exothermic and the relative magnitude of the results can be explained by the formation of complex ions in the systems CdC12 +NaCl, CdCl2 +KCl, PbCl2 +KCl, and CdI2 +KI. Complex ions have not been detected in the other systems.

Densities and molar volumes for the molten salt systems ZnBr2 + KBr, CdI2 + NaI and CdI2 + CsI

1974 ◽  
Vol 27 (7) ◽  
pp. 1401
Author(s):  
H Bloom ◽  
MR Bendall ◽  
PDW Boyd ◽  
JL Laver
Keyword(s):  
Molten Salt ◽  
Binary Mixtures ◽  
Linear Equations ◽  
Excess Molar Volumes ◽  
Complex Ions ◽  
Molar Volumes ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Salt Systems

Densities of binary mixtures of ZnBr2 + KBr, CdI2 + NaI and CdI2 + CsI, have been measured by an Archimedian method over a wide range of temperature. Results have been expressed in terms of simple linear equations in temperature. Molar volumes for the systems have excess values in the ZnBr2 + KBr and CdI2 + CsI systems but not to such an extent in the CdI2+NaI system. The excess molar volumes are related to the possible formation of complex ions in the systems concerned.

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