Liquid-State Volumetric Properties of a Set of Alcohols with Up to Five Carbon Atoms

This work provides density data (~1300 values) of 14 alcohols with up to five carbon atoms at p ∈ [0.1–40] MPa and T ∈ [278–358] K. The information obtained is modeled with a convenient reformulation of the Tait equation from which the volumetric coefficients, α and β, are derived both analytically and numerically. The general EoS containing α and β is also used for checking the consistency of the hypothesis on the invariability of the cited thermophysic parameters. The results obtained can be considered reliable because of the low estimated errors between the experimental data and those of the literature, which are below 0.4% for volume, while for the volumetric coefficients there is always a reference diverging 10%, or less, from the proposed model estimations. By including the averages of α and β into the general state of equation the errors increase, being <15%, compared to those based on the Tait equation. Hence, the assumption on the stability of the volumetric coefficients in this working interval is sufficient to make rough estimations of the molar volume of the selected alcohols.

Densities, Viscosities and Excess Properties for Dimethyl Sulfoxide with Diethylene Glycol and Methyldiethanolamine at Different Temperatures

Densities and viscosities of the binary systems dimethylsulfoxide with diethylene glycol and methyldiethanolamine were measured at temperatures ranging from 293.15 to 313.15 K, at atmospheric pressure and over the entire composition range. The experimental density data was correlated as a function of composition using Belda’s and Herraez’s equations, and as a function of temperature and composition using the models of Emmerling et al. and Gonzalez-Olmos-Iglesias. The viscosity results were fitted to the Grunberg-Nissan, Heric-Brewer, Wilson, Noda, and Ishida and Eyring-NRTL equations. The values of viscosity deviation (), excess molar volume (VE), partial molar volumes ( and ) and apparent molar volume ( and ) were determined. The excess functions of the binary systems were fitted to the polynomial equations. The values of thermodynamic functions of activation of viscous flow were calculated and discussed.

Dielectric Constant, Metallization Criterion and Optical Properties of CuO Doped TeO2-B2O3 Glasses

Copper oxide doped TeO2 – B2O3 glass system with empirical formula; [(B2O3)0.3(TeO2)0.7]1-x(CuO)x using the melt quenching method, where x = 0.0, 0.01, 0.015, 0.02, and 0.025 was combined. The glass samples’ density and molar volume were measured, followed by characterizations using the UV-Vis, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopes. The amorphous or glassy nature of glass samples was proven by the XRD spectra except for the pure borotellurite sample which showed a peak around 2θ = 20o, indicating α-TeO2 crystalline phase presence. The FTIR spectral analysis suggested the presence of BO3, TeO3 and TeO4 as the structural functional units in the glass samples. The UV-Vis spectra showed no presence of any sharply defined edges, affirming the amorphous or glassy nature of the glass materials. Physical parameters e.g. molar volume, density, oxygen packing density (OPD), inter ionic distance of Cu2+ ions, concentration of copper ion per unit volume (N), as well as the polaron radius data were presented and discussed. Also, the direct bandgap (3.8900 to 3.5900 eV) , indirect bandgap (3.3200 to 3.0800 eV), refractive index (2.318 to 2.378), dielectric constant (5.3731 to 5.6549), optical dielectric constant (4.3731 to 4.6549), refractive index based metallization criterion (0.406885 to 0.391916) and the band gap based metallization criterion (0.407431 to 0.392428) were analysed and discussed. Based on the metallization criterion and values of refractive index, the glasses are good candidates for optoelectronic and laser applications. Meanwhile, the dielectric constants’ values of the present glasses indicate their suitability bandpass filters and microelectronic substrates applications.

Studies on excess molar volumes and viscosity deviations of binary mixtures of household kerosene and premium motor spirit at 303K

Density and viscosity of binary liquid mixtures of household kerosene (HHK) and premium motor spirit (PMS) were determined over the entire range of mole fraction at 303K. Excess molar volume (VE), molar volume (Vm), Excess Viscosity (ηE), Viscosity deviations (Δη) and excess Gibbs free energies of activation of viscous flow (ΔGE) were calculated. The results obtained shows that excess free energy of activation were all positive over the entire mole fraction. The viscosity deviation shows both negative and positive values. The positive VE obtained in this study shows increase in volume in the binary mixture. This work will help in effective monitoring, detection of adulterated kerosene and subsequent enforcement of severe penalty on such adulteration.

Investigations on Structural and Optical Properties of Various Modifier Oxides (MO = ZnO, CdO, BaO, and PbO) Containing Bismuth Borate Lithium Glasses

Bismuth based quaternary glasses with compositions BiBLM: 50Bi2O3–20B2O3–15Li2O–15MO (where MO = ZnO, CdO, BaO, and PbO) were processed by conventional melt quenching. The effectiveness of various modifier oxides on the optical and structural properties of the developed glasses was studied systematically by XRD, DSC, FTIR, Raman, and optical absorption (OA) measurements. The synthesized glass specimens were characterized by XRD and the patterns demonstrated an amorphous nature. The physical characteristics such as molar mass, density, and OPD values were found to increase with an increase in the molar mass of the modifier oxides, while there was a decrement in oxygen molar volume, thus resulting in decrement of complete molar volume of the prepared glasses. From DSC analysis, incorrigible reduction and enhancement of Tg and thermal stability among various modifier oxides in the glass network was noticed. Optical absorption data for glass specimens have confirmed the decrease in both direct and indirect optical band gap values among various modifier oxides incorporation. These investigations support the obtained Urbach energy (UE) and metallization criteria of synthesized glasses. The ionic characteristic for the glass specimens were confirmed by the values of electronic polarizability and electronegativity. The Raman and FT-IR spectra of the glass specimens displayed the existence of BiO3, BiO6, ZnO4, CdO4, BaO4, BO3, PbO4, and BO4 structural units within the glass matrix. These structural results can support the applications of as-developed glasses in the area of photonics.

Structural analysis on the basis of effect of molybdenum on the Pr2O3 doped lead borate glasses series-II

This paper explains the role of molybdenum on the structural analysis of the investigated rare earth ion Pr3+ doped, lead borate (75 PbO — [25 – (x+y)]B2O3—yMoO3—xPr2O3) glass matrix has been discussed using the relation between Tg and structural parameters like average cross-link density ( n ¯ c ), average stretching force constant (F) and the number of bonds per unit volume (nb). Densities, molar volume have been measured as a function of MoO3 content. Linear variation in density and in the molar volume has been observed and is credited to the role of MoO3 in the investigated glasses. Based on the properties like good stability and bond strength, investigated glasses possibly suitable for the design of optoelectronic devices.

Effect of phosphorus on the density and molar volume of Al–Si alloy without solidification shrinkage

The Al–Si alloys exhibit many unique properties, but not enough work has been dedicated to their thermophysical properties. In this work, the effect of phosphorus modifier on the density, molar volume and solidification shrinkage rate of Al-25% Si alloys was investigated by using the indirect Archimedes method. The results show that both density–temperature and molar volume–temperature curves show three inflection points: the liquidus temperature point, the eutectic transformation starting point and the finishing point. The density of the solidus linearly decreases and that of the liquidus linearly increases with phosphorus modifier content. Compared with Vegard’s law, the molar volumes show a negative deviation. Finally, the solidification shrinkage rate is calculated from the densities of solidus and liquidus.

Molecular interaction investigation of some alkaline earth metal salts in aqueous citric acid at various temperatures by physiochemical studies

Densities, ultrasonic velocity, conductance and viscosity of some alkaline earth metal chlorides such as magnesium chloride (MgCl2) and calcium chloride (CaCl2) were calculated in the concentration range (0.01–0.12 mol kg−1) in 0.01 mol kg−1 aqueous solution of citric acid (CA + H2O) at four varying temperatures T 1 = 303.15 K, T 2 = 308.15 K, T 3 = 313.15 K and T 4 = 318.15 K. The parameters like apparent molar volume (ϕ v ), limiting apparent molar volume ( ϕ v o ${\phi }_{v}^{o}$ ) and transfer volume (Δtr ϕ v o ${\phi }_{v}^{o}$ ) were calculated from density data. Viscosity data have been employed to calculate Falkenhagen coefficient (A), Jone–Dole’s coefficient (B), relative viscosity (η r ), and relaxation time (τ) whereas limiting molar conductance ( Λ m o ${{\Lambda}}_{m}^{o}$ ) has been evaluated from conductance studies. Using these parameters, various type of interactions occurred in the molecules have been discussed. Values of Hepler’s constant (d 2 ϕ v o ${\phi }_{v}^{o}$ /dT 2) p , (dB/dT) and d( Λ m o ${{\Lambda}}_{m}^{o}$ η o )/dT suggests that both MgCl2 and CaCl2 behave as structure breaker in (CA + H2O) system. The positive value of transfer volume exclusively tells about solute–solvent interactions which further indicate that both metal chlorides distort the structure of water and act as structure breaker. These studies are helpful in understanding the nature of interactions occurs in biological systems as CA and metal salts are essential for normal functioning of body.