The Reduction of Some 2,2'-Dinitrodiaryl Compounds and Related Compounds by Thiourea S,S-Dioxide (Formamidinesulfinic Acid)

1988 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 995 ◽  
Author(s):  
JFK Wilshire
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Smiles Rearrangement ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Related Compounds ◽  
Minor Extent

The reaction of thiourea S,S-dioxide ( formamidinesulfinic acid) in ethanolic alkali with 2,2?-dinitrobiphenyl and several related dinitro compounds possessing an -X-bridge (where X = NH, NMe , O and S), located at the 1,1′-positions, has been investigated. With 2,2′-dinitrobiphenyl ′(which gives good yields of benzo [c] cinnoline and its oxides) and, to a minor extent, with 2,2′-dinitrodiphenylamine, anintramolecular reaction occurred to give heterocyclic products; with each of the other dinitro compounds, the only product obtained was formed as the result of a Smiles rearrangement.

scholarly journals The metabolites of cyclohexylamine in man and certain animals

1972 ◽  
Vol 129 (4) ◽  
pp. 857-867 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. G. Renwick ◽  
R. T. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cyclohexane Ring ◽  
Hydroxylated Metabolites ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Minor Extent ◽  
Ring Hydroxylation

1. [1-14C]Cyclohexylamine hydrochloride was synthesized and given orally or intraperitoneally to rats, rabbits and guinea pigs (dose 50–500mg/kg) and orally to humans (dose 25 or 200mg/person). The 14C is excreted mainly in the urine, most of the excretion occurring in the first day after dosing. Only small amounts (1–7%) are found in the faeces. 2. In the rat, guinea pig and man, the amine is largely excreted unchanged, only 4–5% of the dose being metabolized in 24h in the rat and guinea pig and 1–2% in man. In the rabbit about two-thirds of the dose is excreted unchanged and about 30% is metabolized. 3. In the rat, five minor metabolites were found, namely cyclohexanol (0.05%), trans-3- (2.2%), cis-4- (1.7%), trans-4- (0.5%) and cis-3-aminocyclohexanol (0.1% of the dose in 24h). 4. In the rabbit, eight metabolites were identified, namely cyclohexanol (9.3%), trans-cyclohexane-1,2-diol (4.7%), cyclohexanone (0.2%), cyclohexylhydroxylamine (0.2%) and trans-3- (11.3%), cis-3- (0.6%), trans-4- (0.4%) and cis-4-aminocyclohexanol (0.2%). 5. In the guinea pig, six minor metabolites were found, namely cyclohexanol (0.5%), trans-cyclohexane-1,2-diol (2.5%) and trans-3- (1.2%), cis-3- (0.2%), trans-4- (0.2%) and cis-4-aminocyclohexanol (0.2%). 6. In man only two metabolites were definitely identified, namely cyclohexanol (0.2%) and trans-cyclohexane-1,2-diol (1.4% of the dose), but man had been given a smaller dose (3mg/kg) than the other species (50mg/kg). 7. The hydroxylated metabolites of cyclohexylamine were excreted in the urine in both free and conjugated forms. 8. Although cyclohexylamine is metabolized to only a minor extent, in rats the metabolism was mainly through hydroxylation of the cyclohexane ring, in man by deamination and in guinea pigs and rabbits by ring hydroxylation and deamination.

scholarly journals The Impact of Metabolic Scion–Rootstock Interactions in Different Grapevine Tissues and Phloem Exudates

Metabolites ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 349
Author(s):  
Sara Tedesco ◽  
Alexander Erban ◽  
Saurabh Gupta ◽  
Joachim Kopka ◽  
Pedro Fevereiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Agronomic Traits ◽  
Phloem Exudate ◽  
Graft Union ◽  
Reciprocal Effect ◽  
Metabolic Markers ◽  
Interaction Studies ◽  
Metabolic Interactions ◽  
A Minor ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Related Compounds

In viticulture, grafting is used to propagate Phylloxera-susceptible European grapevines, thereby using resistant American rootstocks. Although scion–rootstock reciprocal signaling is essential for the formation of a proper vascular union and for coordinated growth, our knowledge of graft partner interactions is very limited. In order to elucidate the scale and the content of scion–rootstock metabolic interactions, we profiled the metabolome of eleven graft combination in leaves, stems, and phloem exudate from both above and below the graft union 5–6 months after grafting. We compared the metabolome of scions vs. rootstocks of homografts vs. heterografts and investigated the reciprocal effect of the rootstock on the scion metabolome. This approach revealed that (1) grafting has a minor impact on the metabolome of grafted grapevines when tissues and genotypes were compared, (2) heterografting affects rootstocks more than scions, (3) the presence of a heterologous grafting partner increases defense-related compounds in both scion and rootstocks in shorter and longer distances from the graft, and (4) leaves were revealed as the best tissue to search for grafting-related metabolic markers. These results will provide a valuable metabolomics resource for scion–rootstock interaction studies and will facilitate future efforts on the identification of metabolic markers for important agronomic traits in grafted grapevines.

BENZOTHIAZEPINONES, RELATED COMPOUNDS, AND THE SMILES REARRANGEMENT

1979 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward Y Chan ◽  
Ronald G. Crampton ◽  
Leallyn B. Clapp
Keyword(s):  
Smiles Rearrangement ◽  
Related Compounds

Factors affecting the future of the Scottish hydrometric network

1987 ◽  
Vol 78 (4) ◽  
pp. 269-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Poodle
Keyword(s):  
Data Acquisition ◽  
Computer Systems ◽  
Economic Recession ◽  
Data Standards ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Economic Climate ◽  
A Minor ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Minor Extent

ABSTRACTThe Scottish Hydrometric Network consists of a number of river gauging stations which have been located at sites considered suitable to provide long term flow records. Economic recession has placed some stress on the gauging programme, and has given rise to extensive closures of gauging stations in England and, to a minor extent so far, in Scotland. The way in which the network became established provides a mixture of strengths and weaknesses which could have unpredictable consequences in an adverse economic climate. Changing technology provides some opportunity to reduce the cost of data acquisition and improve the deployment of manpower, while maintaining data standards. In these changing circumstances, particularly with extensive use of computer systems, it is important that standards are established for data returned to the Water Archive and that the network is not allowed to degenerate by default.

Studies Directed Towards the Total Synthesis of Anticapsin and Related Compounds. IV. Competitive Reaction of Amino and Carboxy Substituents in the Halohydrination of 2-Aminobicyclo[2.2.2]oct-5-ene-2-carboxylic Acid Derivatives

1994 ◽  
Vol 47 (12) ◽  
pp. 2221 ◽  
Author(s):  
MJ Crossley ◽  
SR Davies ◽  
TW Hambley
Keyword(s):  
Total Synthesis ◽  
The Other ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Amino Groups ◽  
Competitive Reaction ◽  
Trimethylsilyl Group ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Tricyclic Compounds ◽  
Tricyclic Compound ◽  
Related Compounds

Bromohydrination of benzyl (1RS,2SR,4SR)-2-benzyloxycarbonylamino-1-trimethylsilyloxy-bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-5-ene-2-carboxylate (6a) and the (1RS,2RS,4SR)- diastereomer (6b) with N- bromoacetamide in aqueous dioxan has been investigated. These reactions are highly regio-and stereo-selective and give the corresponding bromohydrins (9a) and (9b), but in moderate to low yield. These bromohydrins have the necessary stereochemistry for conversion into anticapsin. The other products from the reaction are tricyclic compounds formed by capture of the anti- bromonium cation intermediates or resultant bromohydrins by interaction with the proximal protected carboxy and amino groups within the molecules. Thus the carbolactone (11) is formed from the endo -adduct (6a), and the carbonimidic acid derivative (12) and the cyclic urethane (13) are formed from the exo-adduct (6b). Cleavage of the trimethylsilyl group from the tricyclic compound (12) gives benzyl (1RS,2RS,3RS,7RS,8RS)-5-benzyloxy-2-bromo-8-hydroxy-4-oxa-6-azatricyclo[5.3.1.03,8]undec-5-ene-7-carboxylate(14), the structure of which was determined by X-ray diffraction methods and refined to a residual of 0.035 for 1549 independent observed reflections. The crystals of (14) are monoclinic, P21/c, a 12.954(3), b 6.197(3), c 26.784(7) Ǻ, β 95.33(2)°, Z 4. Reactions attempting to generate iodohydrins from the alkenes (6) were also highly regioselective and gave detrimethylsilylated iodo analogues of (11) and (13).

A modified Runge-Kutta method

SIMULATION ◽  
1968 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 221-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.S. Chai
Keyword(s):  
Error Estimate ◽  
Linear Combination ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
The Other ◽  
New Method ◽  
Kutta Method ◽  
Starting Values ◽  
Runge Kutta Method ◽  
Runge Kutta ◽  
A Minor

It is possible to replace k2 in a 4th-order Runge-Kutta for mula (also Nth-order 3 ≤ N ≤ 5) by a linear combination of k1 and the ki's in the last step, using the same procedure for computing the other ki's and y as in the standard R-K method. The advantages of the new method are: It re quires one less derivative evaluation, provides an error estimate at each step, gives more accurate results, and needs a minor change to switch to the RK to obtain the starting values. Experimental results are shown in verification of the for mula.

scholarly journals II.—General Theorems on Determinants

1880 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-54
Author(s):  
Thomas Muir
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Elementary Theorem ◽  
A Minor

The rows of a determinant of the nth order having been separated into two sets, one containing the first p rows and the other the rest, if each minor of the pth degree formed from the first set be multiplied by a minor, called its complementary, formed from the second set, and the result have its sign chosen in accordance with a certain law, it is well known as an elementary theorem that the aggregate of the products thus obtained is equal to the original determinant.

A Medieval Open Work

POETICA ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 228-265
Author(s):  
Rafael Simian
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Specific Function ◽  
Umberto Eco ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Avant Garde ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Open Work ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
A Minor

Abstract Guigo II is commonly known and praised among specialists of Western mysticism for his Scala claustralium, a work that presents a spiritual program for cloistered monks. His Meditations, on the other hand, have usually been relegated to the margin of attention. The First Meditation, in particular, is generally regarded as a minor piece. The paper argues, however, that a new approach can make better sense of the First Meditation, while also enabling us to recognize its specific function and value. Seen from this new perspective, Guigo’s purpose with the text is to train and exercise his readers’ minds according to the spiritual program laid out in the Scala. The paper shows that the First Meditation realizes that goal, surprisingly, by having the same essential features that Umberto Eco found in the ‘open works’ of the Western avant-garde.

Cupressus arizonica (Arizona cypress).

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sylvan Kaufman
Keyword(s):  
New World ◽  
Erosion Control ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
Christmas Trees ◽  
Cupressus Arizonica ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Minor Extent

Abstract At present, in the New World, C. arizonica and its varieties are of low economic importance, but they are sometimes cut for fenceposts, fuelwood and lumber, and recently they have become popular as Christmas trees. By contrast, the Arizona cypress (C. arizonica var. arizonica) and the smooth cypress (C. arizonica var. glabra) are widespread in Europe and are used for landscaping, erosion control, windbreaks, and to a minor extent for lumber.

STUDIES ON THE BACTERIAL OXIDATION OF 2,3-BUTANEDIOL AND RELATED COMPOUNDS

1944 ◽  
Vol 22b (5) ◽  
pp. 140-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Y. Stanier ◽  
Sybil B. Fratkin
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Aeromonas Hydrophila ◽  
The Other ◽  
Bacterial Oxidation ◽  
Aerobacter Aerogenes ◽  
Aerobic Conditions ◽  
Related Compounds

Aerobacter aerogenes, Aerobacillus polymyxa, and Aeromonas hydrophila, representatives of the three genera characterized by a butanediol fermentation, can all oxidize 2,3-butanediol under aerobic conditions. The configuration of the 2,3-butanediol has considerable bearing on its decomposability: Aerobacter aerogenes is inactive on the l-isomer, but attacks both meso- and d-isomers; Aeromonas hydrophila attacks the meso-isomer but not the l- and probably not the d-isomer; Aerobacillus polymyxa can oxidize both l- and meso-2,3-butanediol, but the rate with the former is many times greater than with the latter. Aerobacter aerogenes oxidizes both 2,3-butanediol and acetoin to carbon dioxide and water, a large part of the substrate being simultaneously assimilated. The other two organisms oxidize 2,3-butanediol to acetoin, but can further oxidize the acetoin thus formed only very slowly, if at all. Both Aerobacter aerogenes and Aerobacillus polymyxa are unable to attack 1,3-butanediol, 2-methyl-1,2-propanediol and 1,2-ethancdiol. However they can oxidize 1,2-propanediol to acetol.

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