STUDIES ON THE BACTERIAL OXIDATION OF 2,3-BUTANEDIOL AND RELATED COMPOUNDS

1944 ◽  
Vol 22b (5) ◽  
pp. 140-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Y. Stanier ◽  
Sybil B. Fratkin
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Aeromonas Hydrophila ◽  
The Other ◽  
Bacterial Oxidation ◽  
Aerobacter Aerogenes ◽  
Aerobic Conditions ◽  
Related Compounds

Aerobacter aerogenes, Aerobacillus polymyxa, and Aeromonas hydrophila, representatives of the three genera characterized by a butanediol fermentation, can all oxidize 2,3-butanediol under aerobic conditions. The configuration of the 2,3-butanediol has considerable bearing on its decomposability: Aerobacter aerogenes is inactive on the l-isomer, but attacks both meso- and d-isomers; Aeromonas hydrophila attacks the meso-isomer but not the l- and probably not the d-isomer; Aerobacillus polymyxa can oxidize both l- and meso-2,3-butanediol, but the rate with the former is many times greater than with the latter. Aerobacter aerogenes oxidizes both 2,3-butanediol and acetoin to carbon dioxide and water, a large part of the substrate being simultaneously assimilated. The other two organisms oxidize 2,3-butanediol to acetoin, but can further oxidize the acetoin thus formed only very slowly, if at all. Both Aerobacter aerogenes and Aerobacillus polymyxa are unable to attack 1,3-butanediol, 2-methyl-1,2-propanediol and 1,2-ethancdiol. However they can oxidize 1,2-propanediol to acetol.

PRODUCTION OF CARBON DIOXIDE AND VOLATILE ACIDS BY MUSCLE FROM ASCARIS LUMBRICOIDES

1960 ◽  
Vol 38 (9) ◽  
pp. 1009-1020 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. P. Harpur ◽  
W. R. Waters
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Ascaris Lumbricoides ◽  
The Other ◽  
Acid Fraction ◽  
Anaerobic Conditions ◽  
Aerobic Conditions ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Chromatographic Procedure ◽  
Specific Fraction

Under anaerobic conditions the production of carbon dioxide by chopped ascaris muscle is enhanced by the presence of carbon dioxide. This effect is not due to a lowering of the pH since raising the pH actually increases the effect. In addition to manometric measurements changes in the volatile acids were studied. Since the chromatographic procedure employed did not distinguish between isomers, the acid fractions have been designated by the number of carbon atoms contained by the acid normally eluted in each specific fraction. When minced or chopped muscle is incubated in an atmosphere of N2/CO2, 93/7, there is an increase in the C5and C4acid fractions in addition to a small but significant increase in the C2acid fraction. The ratio of C5produced to CO2evolved is 1:3. On the other hand the C3and C2acid fractions are increased under aerobic conditions.

PRODUCTION OF CARBON DIOXIDE AND VOLATILE ACIDS BY MUSCLE FROM ASCARIS LUMBRICOIDES

1960 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 1009-1020 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. P. Harpur ◽  
W. R. Waters
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Ascaris Lumbricoides ◽  
The Other ◽  
Acid Fraction ◽  
Anaerobic Conditions ◽  
Aerobic Conditions ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Chromatographic Procedure ◽  
Specific Fraction

Under anaerobic conditions the production of carbon dioxide by chopped ascaris muscle is enhanced by the presence of carbon dioxide. This effect is not due to a lowering of the pH since raising the pH actually increases the effect. In addition to manometric measurements changes in the volatile acids were studied. Since the chromatographic procedure employed did not distinguish between isomers, the acid fractions have been designated by the number of carbon atoms contained by the acid normally eluted in each specific fraction. When minced or chopped muscle is incubated in an atmosphere of N2/CO2, 93/7, there is an increase in the C5and C4acid fractions in addition to a small but significant increase in the C2acid fraction. The ratio of C5produced to CO2evolved is 1:3. On the other hand the C3and C2acid fractions are increased under aerobic conditions.

Studies Directed Towards the Total Synthesis of Anticapsin and Related Compounds. IV. Competitive Reaction of Amino and Carboxy Substituents in the Halohydrination of 2-Aminobicyclo[2.2.2]oct-5-ene-2-carboxylic Acid Derivatives

1994 ◽  
Vol 47 (12) ◽  
pp. 2221 ◽  
Author(s):  
MJ Crossley ◽  
SR Davies ◽  
TW Hambley
Keyword(s):  
Total Synthesis ◽  
The Other ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Amino Groups ◽  
Competitive Reaction ◽  
Trimethylsilyl Group ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Tricyclic Compounds ◽  
Tricyclic Compound ◽  
Related Compounds

Bromohydrination of benzyl (1RS,2SR,4SR)-2-benzyloxycarbonylamino-1-trimethylsilyloxy-bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-5-ene-2-carboxylate (6a) and the (1RS,2RS,4SR)- diastereomer (6b) with N- bromoacetamide in aqueous dioxan has been investigated. These reactions are highly regio-and stereo-selective and give the corresponding bromohydrins (9a) and (9b), but in moderate to low yield. These bromohydrins have the necessary stereochemistry for conversion into anticapsin. The other products from the reaction are tricyclic compounds formed by capture of the anti- bromonium cation intermediates or resultant bromohydrins by interaction with the proximal protected carboxy and amino groups within the molecules. Thus the carbolactone (11) is formed from the endo -adduct (6a), and the carbonimidic acid derivative (12) and the cyclic urethane (13) are formed from the exo-adduct (6b). Cleavage of the trimethylsilyl group from the tricyclic compound (12) gives benzyl (1RS,2RS,3RS,7RS,8RS)-5-benzyloxy-2-bromo-8-hydroxy-4-oxa-6-azatricyclo[5.3.1.03,8]undec-5-ene-7-carboxylate(14), the structure of which was determined by X-ray diffraction methods and refined to a residual of 0.035 for 1549 independent observed reflections. The crystals of (14) are monoclinic, P21/c, a 12.954(3), b 6.197(3), c 26.784(7) Ǻ, β 95.33(2)°, Z 4. Reactions attempting to generate iodohydrins from the alkenes (6) were also highly regioselective and gave detrimethylsilylated iodo analogues of (11) and (13).

PRODUCTION AND PROPERTIES OF 2,3-BUTANEDIOL: VII. FERMENTATION OF WHEAT BY AEROBACILLUS POLYMYXA UNDER AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC CONDITIONS

1946 ◽  
Vol 24f (1) ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Adams
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Anaerobic Fermentation ◽  
Anaerobic Conditions ◽  
Mechanical Agitation ◽  
Fermentation Time ◽  
Aerobic Conditions ◽  
Ethanol Formation ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Aerobic And Anaerobic ◽  
Aerobic And Anaerobic Conditions

Aeration by mechanical agitation of 15% wheat mash fermented by Aerobacillus polymyxa inhibited the formation of 2,3-butanediol and particularly of ethanol. Aeration of similar mashes by passage of finely dispersed air or oxygen at the rate of 333 ml. per minute per litre of mash increased the rate of formation and yield of 2,3-butanediol but inhibited ethanol formation. However, the over-all time required for the completion of fermentation was not shortened from the usual 72 to 96 hr. required for unaerated mashes. There was no evidence of a shift from fermentative to oxidative dissimilation. Under aerobic conditions, the final butanediol–ethanol ratio was approximately 3:1. Anaerobic conditions, as produced by the passage of nitrogen or hydrogen through the mash, increased the rate of formation of both butanediol and ethanol and shortened the fermentation time to about 48 hr. Under these conditions, the butanediol–ethanol ratio was reduced to about 1.3:1.0. Carbon dioxide gave a butanediol–ethanol ratio resembling that of anaerobic fermentation but did not reduce fermentation time.

Emergence Change of Carbon Dioxide from Artificial Skin by Titania Photocatalyst

2007 ◽  
Vol 544-545 ◽  
pp. 55-58
Author(s):  
Eiji Watanabe ◽  
Mitsuharu Fukaya ◽  
Hiroshi Taoda
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Visible Light ◽  
Uv Irradiation ◽  
Visible Light Irradiation ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Light Condition ◽  
The Other ◽  
Artificial Skin ◽  
Irradiation Condition ◽  
Titania Photocatalyst

The influence of the titania photocatalyst particle of the nanometer region on the human being and biology’s to be doubted. Removing the uneasiness will expand further uses for the photocatalyst nanoparticle. Then, we attempted to examine the effect of several titania photocatalyst nanoparticles to the artificial skin like the human body under the UV and visible light irradiation conditions. The decomposition degree of the artificial skin was evaluated from the monitoring of the amount of carbon dioxide generated from them by the titania photocatalyst nanoparticle activity. Under the UV irradiation condition, it was almost found the carbon dioxide emergence from the artificial skin by the activity of the titania photocatalyst nanoparticle. On the other hand, under visible light condition it was mostly detected.

scholarly journals IMPACT EVALUATION OF CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2) IN BHOPAL DUE TO INCREASE IN NUMBER OF PASSENGER CARS

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (7) ◽  
pp. 422-431
Author(s):  
Niranjan Mudliar ◽  
Paramjeet Singh
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Public Transport ◽  
Income Group ◽  
The Other ◽  
State Governments ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
Lower Income Group ◽  
The Government ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
The City

India has been progressing steadily since last two decades in terms of affordability of commodity and purchasing power of the common man. This has given rise to demand which leads to the continuous economic growth. Of course, support from the Government of India as well as various state Governments has come in the form of reforms and infrastructure funding. However this growth has also seen the disadvantage of erratic consumption by wealthy persons as compared to the economically weaker sections, for example on one side there is heavy demand of passenger cars by the higher income group who uses it sparingly but on the other side people of the lower income group who are more in numbers have to rely on public transport. This imbalance creates a wider gap between public affordability to consume a particular commodity like passenger cars. On one side there are persons who buy the latest model introduced by the manufacturer in spite of having sufficient numbers at their disposal and on the other side basic lowest level model are out of reach of some persons in the society, who rely on two-wheeler or public transport which is not reliable. This has not only created a huge gap in public expenditure but has also impact the environment. With year on year increase in number of vehicles in tier 2 cities like Bhopal, there is tremendous influence on the carbon dioxide (CO2) in and around the city. Past decade saw increase in maximum temperatures during summer rise by 3 – 4 degrees above normal in Bhopal and there is clear effect on the monsoon pattern too which has become inconsistent with rains reaching 120 mm in three days. Earlier this quantity was spread over a month. The last major season of winter is seen getting reduced to two months only from the earlier four, again with temperatures dropping suddenly below normal etc. This effect must be the result of increasing number of passenger vehicles in the city apart from other factors which also need detailed study for their influence.

Lag, adaptation and ageing in a micro-organism ( Bact. lactis aerogenes )

1961 ◽  
Vol 155 (959) ◽  
pp. 195-201 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Source ◽  
Generation Time ◽  
Sole Carbon Source ◽  
The Other ◽  
Lag Phase ◽  
Glucose Medium ◽  
Galactosidase Activity ◽  
Aerobacter Aerogenes ◽  
Isomerase Activity

The lag preceding growth of Bact. lactis aerogenes (Aerobacter aerogenes) after a first transfer to a medium containing D-arabinose as sole carbon source increases with the age and decreases with the size of the inoculum. During the long lag phase the β -galactosidase activity declines steeply. In contrast with this (and with a control ageing in a glucose medium) the D-ribulose isomerase activity is maintained, although no detectable consumption of D-arabinose occurs. If the long lag of unadapted cells in D-arabinose is divided into parts by intermediate passages in glucose or lactose media, the sum of the partial lags is nearly constant and equal to that observed when there is no interruption. But the periodic passages in the other media increase the rate at which growth eventually occurs in the D-arabinose. It is concluded that during the lag a decay of the enzymes in general occurs concomitantly with the development of the specific mechanisms concerned in the utilization of the new substrate. The balance of these processes (together with varying loss or retention of diffusible metabolites) is largely responsible for the observed variations in lag and mean generation time.

Inhibition of δ-Aminolevulinic Acid Synthesis by Glyphosate

Weed Science ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 571-577 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lynn M. Kitchen ◽  
William W. Witt ◽  
Charles E. Rieck
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Zea Mays ◽  
Aminolevulinic Acid ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Porphyrin Ring ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Ring Compounds ◽  
Site Of Action

The effect of glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine] on barley (Hordeum vulgareL.) and corn (Zea maysL.) shoot δ-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) production was examined by monitoring ALA content in the tissue and measuring incorporation of14C precursors into ALA and chlorophylla. Barley shoot ALA content was significantly decreased by 1 mM glyphosate after 9, 11, and 15 h of illumination. ALA production by treated barley shoots was 30 nmoles•g fresh weight-1•h-1at each interval tested, compared with 75 to 120 nmoles•g fresh weight-1•h-1for the control. In corn shoots, ALA content was reduced 32, 45, and 58% by 0.1, 1.0, and 10.0 mM glyphosate, respectively, after 12 h illumination. Incorporation studies with14C-glutamate,14C-α-ketoglutarate, and14C-glycine into ALA showed a 77, 92, and 91% inhibition, respectively, in barley shoots treated with 1 mM glyphosate. Incorporation of14C-ALA into chlorophyllawas not affected by 1 mM glyphosate. Thus, the site of action of glyphosate may involve two enzyme pathways:one controlling the conversion of α-ketoglutarate to ALA, and the other controlling the condensation of glycine with succinyl CoA to form ALA and carbon dioxide. Inhibition of ALA synthesis blocks synthesis of chlorophyll, as well as all other porphyrin ring compounds found in higher plants. Thus, inhibition of ALA synthesis may be an integral component of the herbicidal mode of action of glyphosate.

Pyrimidine Derivatives and Related Compounds, V Synthesis of Some Isoxazolo [2,3-a] pyrimidines. A New Ring System

1977 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 311-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed Hilmy Elnagdi ◽  
Ezzat Mohamed Kandeel ◽  
Kamal Usef Sadek
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Hydrochloric Acid ◽  
Ethyl Acetoacetate ◽  
Pyrimidine Derivative ◽  
Ring System ◽  
The Other ◽  
Acid Mixture ◽  
Pyrimidine Derivatives ◽  
Benzoyl Isothiocyanates ◽  
Related Compounds

3-Amino-5-phenyl-4-phenylazoisoxazole (1) reacts with ethyl acetoacetate to yield the corresponding ethyl isoxazolylaminocrotonate derivative (2) which could be thermally cyclized into the isoxazolopyrimidine derivative (4). On the other hand, condensation of 1 with ethoxymethylenemalononitrile has resulted in the formation of the aminoethylene derivative (5).Compound 1 reacted with acrylonitrile to yield the isoxazolo[2,3-a]pyrimidine derivative (6). The latter was converted into the corresponding exo derivative (8) by the action of acetic acid-hydrochloric acid mixture.Compound 1 also reacted with methoxycarbonyl-, ethoxycarbomyl- and benzoyl isothiocyanates to yield the isoxazolylthioureas (10a, b) and (11), respectively. The reaction of 2 with acetic acid-hydrochloric acid and with phenylhydrazine is reported.

THE FORMATION OF GLYCEROPHOSPHATIDES FROM C14-LABELLED PRECURSORS IN RAT BRAIN SLICES

1958 ◽  
Vol 36 (11) ◽  
pp. 1211-1220 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. T. Pritchard
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Rat Brain ◽  
Carbohydrate Metabolism ◽  
Liver Tissue ◽  
Brain Slices ◽  
The Other ◽  
Aerobic Conditions ◽  
Liver Slices ◽  
Rat Brain And Liver ◽  
The Individual

The relative incorporation of a number of C14-labelled precursors into the phosphatides of surviving rat brain and liver slices was examined. In addition, the distribution of radioactivity within the individual phosphoglycerides was determined for each precursor. Acetate was the only precursor that contributed considerable radioactivity to the fatty acid portion of the phosphatide molecule. The other precursors donated their radioactivity to the non-fatty acid portion of the glycerophosphatide molecule, both in brain and liver tissue. In brain it was found that ethanolamine was the most effective precursor, followed by serine, choline, glycerol, acetate, and glycine. In liver the order was acetate, glycerol, serine, choline, and glycine. Aerobic conditions and an adequate carbohydrate metabolism were essential for optimum incorporation of the precursors into the phosphatides of brain slices.

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