Yield and nitrogen use efficiency in wheat, and soil fertility status as influenced by substitution of rice with pigeon pea in a rice - wheat cropping system

2006 ◽  
Vol 46 (9) ◽  
pp. 1185 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. K. Singh ◽  
B. S. Dwivedi
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Organic Carbon ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Nitrogen Use Efficiency ◽  
Soil Profile ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Pigeon Pea ◽  
Grain Legume ◽  
Nitrogen Use ◽  
Use Efficiency

Rice–wheat cropping systems managed on 10 million ha in the Indo-Gangetic Plain region (IGPR) of India are the most important production systems for national food security. Recent reports, however, indicate that the system is under production fatigue and the growth rates of rice and wheat have started declining. We, therefore, conducted field experiments at Modipuram, Meerut, India, for 3 consecutive years (1998–99 to 2000–01), to study the conservation of soil organic carbon, improvement in nitrogen use efficiency and increase in system yields through inclusion of a grain legume (pigeon pea) in place of rice. The wheat yields following pigeon pea crops were significantly (P<0.05) greater than those following rice crops during 1999–2000 and 2000–01, but not during 1998–99. The economic optimum doses of fertiliser N for wheat in the pigeon pea–wheat system were smaller (128–133 kg N/ha) than those in the rice–wheat system (139–173 kg N/ha), owing to increased N supply, greater N use efficiencies and a better crop growth environment in the pigeon pea–wheat system. The post-wheat harvest nitrate-N (NO3-N) at 90–105 cm soil depth in plots fertilised with 120 or 180 kg N/ha was greater for the rice–wheat system (6.5–8.1 mg/kg) than for the pigeon pea–wheat system (5.8–6.0 mg/kg), suggesting that inclusion of pigeon pea may help to minimise NO3-N leaching to deeper soil profile layers. In plots of pigeon pea, soil organic carbon at 0–15 cm and 15–30 cm soil depths was increased at the end of the experiment compared with the initial organic carbon content. With continuous rice–wheat cropping, the bulk density of soil increased over the initial bulk density, at different soil profile depths in general, and at 30–45 cm soil depth in particular. Inclusion of pigeon pea in the system maintained soil bulk density at its initial level, and thus eliminated sub-surface soil compaction. Despite these advantages of pigeon pea over rice as a preceding crop to wheat, permanent substitution of rice with pigeon pea in rice–wheat system is unlikely, because rice is a staple foodgrain crop in India. Nonetheless, decline in wheat productivity owing to puddling-induced soil constraints that arise on continuous rice–wheat systems could be minimised by introduction of pigeon pea into the system at longer time intervals.

scholarly journals Nitrogen Use Efficiency: Farming Practices and Sustainability

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Muhammad Haroon ◽  
Fahad Idrees ◽  
Hamza Armghan Naushahi ◽  
Rabail Afzal ◽  
Muhammad Usman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crop Yield ◽  
Nitrogen Use Efficiency ◽  
Soil Profile ◽  
Human Population ◽  
Soil Microbes ◽  
Farming Practices ◽  
Nitrogen Use ◽  
Developmental Processes ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Food Challenges

It is expected that up to 2050, human population will be doubled. Agricultural researchers are striving their best to meet the food challenges. To get the higher yield, nitrogenous fertilizers use is also being increased. Nitrogenous fertilizers play vital roles in different plant’s growth and developmental processes. But, excessive use of nitrogen is no more beneficial to plants. Only 30 to 50% nitrogen use efficiency is recorded in plants, the remaining nitrogen is used by soil microbes, leached down in soil profile or volatilized. Different agronomical practices have been practiced and suggested for the general cultivation. Proper use of these agronomical practices can increase the crop yield and nitrogen use efficiency.

The chemical and physical stability soil organic carbon in the top 1 m of the soil profile under different land uses in the UK

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dedy Antony ◽  
Jo Clark ◽  
Chris Collins ◽  
Tom Sizmur
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Profile ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Physical Stability ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Land Uses ◽  
Total N

&lt;p&gt;Soils are the largest terrestrial pool of organic carbon and it is now known that as much as 50% of soil organic carbon (SOC) can be stored below 30 cm. Therefore, knowledge of the mechanisms by which soil organic carbon is stabilised at depth and how land use affects this is important.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;This study aimed to characterise topsoil and subsoil SOC and other soil properties under different land uses to determine the SOC stabilisation mechanisms and the degree to which SOC is vulnerable to decomposition. Samples were collected under three different land uses: arable, grassland and deciduous woodland on a silty-clay loam soil and analysed for TOC, pH, C/N ratio and texture down the first one metre of the soil profile. Soil organic matter (SOM) physical fractionation and the extent of fresh mineral surfaces were also analysed to elucidate SOM stabilisation processes.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Results showed that soil texture was similar among land uses and tended to become more fine down the soil profile, but pH did not significantly change with soil depth. Total C, total N and C/N ratio decreased down the soil profile and were affected by land use in the order woodland &gt; grassland &gt; arable. SOM fractionation revealed that the free particulate organic matter (fPOM) fraction was significantly greater in both the topsoil and subsoil under woodland than under grassland or arable. The mineral associated OC (MinOC) fraction was proportionally greater in the subsoil compared to topsoil under all land uses: arable &gt; grassland &gt; woodland. Clay, Fe and Mn availability play a significant role (R&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;=0.87) in organic carbon storage in the top 1 m of the soil profile.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;It is evidently clear from the findings that land use change has a significant effect on the dynamics of the SOC pool at depth, related to litter inputs to the system.&lt;/p&gt;

Deriving regional pedotransfer functions to estimate soil bulk density in Austria

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 241-252
Author(s):  
Cecilie Foldal ◽  
Robert Jandl ◽  
Andreas Bohner ◽  
Ambros Berger
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Organic Carbon ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Pedotransfer Functions ◽  
Undisturbed Soil ◽  
The Impact

Summary Soil bulk density is a required variable for quantifying stocks of elements in soils and is therefore instrumental for the evaluation of land-use related climate change mitigation measures. Our motivation was to derive a set of pedotransfer functions for soil bulk densities usable to accommodate different levels of data availabilities. We derived sets of linear equations for bulk density that are appropriate for different forms of land-use. After introducing uncertainty factors for measured parameters, we ran the linear models repeatedly in a Monte Carlo simulation in order to test the impact of inaccuracy. The reliability of the models was evaluated by a cross-validation. The single best predictor of soil bulk density is the content of soil organic carbon, yielding estimates with an adjusted R2 of approximately 0.5. A slight improvement of the estimate is possible when additionally, soil texture and soil depth are known. Residual analysis advocated the derivation of land-use specific models. Using transformed variables and assessing land-use specific pedotransfer functions, the determination coefficient (adjusted R2) of the multiple linear models ranged from 0.43 in cropland up to 0.65 for grassland soils. Compared to pedotransfer function, from the literature, the performance of the linear modes were similar but more accurate. Taking into account the likely inaccuracies when measuring soil organic carbon, the soil bulk density can be estimated with an accuracy of +/− 9 to 25% depending on land-use. We recommend measuring soil bulk density by standardized sampling of undisturbed soil cores, followed by post-processing of the samples in the lab by internationally harmonized protocols. Our pedotransfer functions are accurately and transparently presented, and derived from well-documented and high-quality soil data sets. We therefore consider them particularly useful in Austria, where the measured values for soil bulk densities are not available.

Towards accurate measurements of soil organic carbon stock change in agroecosystems

2006 ◽  
Vol 86 (3) ◽  
pp. 465-471 ◽  
Author(s):  
A J VandenBygaart ◽  
D A Angers
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Organic Carbon ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Statistical Power ◽  
Prediction Models ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Soil Mass ◽  
Soc Stock ◽  
Stock Change

In response to Kyoto Protocol commitments, countries can elect agricultural carbon sinks to offset emissions from other sectors, but they need to verify soil organic carbon (SOC) stock change. We summarize issues we see as barriers to obtaining accurate measures of SOC change, including: soil depth, bulk density and equivalent soil mass, representation of landscape components, experimental design, and the equilibrium status of the SOC. If the entire plow depth is not considered, rates of SOC storage under conservation compared with conventional tillage can be overstated. Bulk density must be measured to report SOC stock on an area basis. More critical still is the need to report SOC stock on an equivalent mass basis to normalize the effects of management on bulk density. Most experiments comparing SOC under differing management have been conducted in small, flat research plots. Although results obtained from these long-term experiments have been useful to develop and validate SOC prediction models, they do not adequately consider landscape effects. Traditional agronomic experimental designs can be inefficient for assessing small changes in SOC stock within large spatial variability. Sampling designs are suggested to improve statistical power and sensitivity in detecting changes in SOC stocks over short time periods. Key words: Soil organic carbon change, agroecosystems, experimental design, sampling depth

scholarly journals Assessment of Soil Organic Carbon in Tropical Agroforests in the Churiya Range of Makawanpur, Nepal

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Lilu Kumari Magar ◽  
Gandhiv Kafle ◽  
Pradeep Aryal
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Profile ◽  
Climate Change Mitigation ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Agroforestry Systems ◽  
Home Garden ◽  
Change Mitigation

This paper reports the findings of a research study conducted in three tropical agroforestry systems in the Makawanpur district of Nepal, to quantify the spatial and vertical distribution of soil organic carbon in 30 cm soil profile depth in agrisilviculture, home garden, and silvopasture. The three agroforestry systems represent tropical agroforests of Nepal. It was found that the soil had 24.91 t/ha soil organic carbon in 30 cm soil profile in 2018, with 2.1% soil organic matter concentration in average. Bulk density was found increasing with an increase in soil depth. The soil organic carbon was not found significantly different across different agroforestry systems. Looking into the values of stocks of soil organic carbon, it is concluded that the tropical agroforests have played a role in global climate change mitigation by storing considerable amounts of soil organic carbon and the storage capacity can further be increased. Involvement of farmers in the management of tropical agroforests cannot be ignored in the process of climate change mitigation.

scholarly journals Comparative assessment of profile storage of soil organic carbon and total nitrogen in forest and grassland in Jajarkot, Nepal

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 184-192
Author(s):  
Mamata Sharma ◽  
Gandhiv Kafle
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Sample ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Soil Profile ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
C:N Ratio ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Soc Stock ◽  
Level Of Significance

Understanding distribution of soil organic carbon and nitrogen in soil profile is important for assessing soil fertility and soil carbon dynamics. However, little is known about their distribution in soil depth below 30cm in Nepal. In this context, this research was carried out in 2019 to determine the Soil Organic Carbon (SOC) and Total Nitrogen (TN) in 0-10 cm, 11-30 cm and 31-60 cm depths of soil profile at forest and grassland in Kotila community forest, Jajarkot, Nepal. Overall field measurement was based on national standard protocols. Three replicates of soil pit from forest and grassland were dug for soil sample collection. Approximately 100 g soil sample from each soil layer was collected and taken to laboratory for SOC analysis. Separate soil samples, one sample from each soil layer were collected with the help of a metal soil corer having volume 245.22cm3 to quantify bulk density. Forest has 25.42 ton/ha SOC stock and 3.28 ton/ha TN stock up to 60 cm soil depth. Likewise, Grassland has 21.19 ton/ha SOC stock and 3.14 ton/ha TN stock up to 60cm soil depth. However, these values are not significantly different at 5 % level of significance. The SOC and TN were decreased with increased soil depths, though not significantly different at 5 % level of significance. The C:N ratio was found higher in forest than grassland. It is concluded that SOC and TN do not vary significantly between forest and grassland. Topsoil contains more SOC, TN, and C:N ratio, so the management practices should focus on maintaining inputs of soil organic matter in the forest and grassland.

scholarly journals Effects of Land Use Change on the Soil Organic Carbon and Selected Soil Properties in the Sultan Marshes, Turkey

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Selma Yaşar Korkanç ◽  
Mustafa Korkanç ◽  
Muhammet Hüseyin Mert ◽  
Abdurrahman Geçili ◽  
Yusuf Serengil
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Carbon Stock ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Aggregate Stability ◽  
Carbon Stocks ◽  
Effects Of Land Use

Abstract This study aims the effects of land use changes on the carbon storage capacity and some soil properties of The Sultan Marshes was partially drained during the middle of the last century and converted to other land uses. Undisturbed soil sampling was performed in different land use types (rangelands, shrubs, marsh, agriculture, and dried lake area) in the wetland area at depths of 0-50 cm, and soil organic carbon (SOC), bulk density, and carbon stocks of soils for each land use type were calculated at 10 cm soil depth levels. Furthermore, disturbed soil samples were taken at two soil depths (0-20 cm and 20-40 cm), and the particle size distribution, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), aggregate stability and dispersion ratio (DR) properties of the soils were analyzed. Data were processed using ANOVA, Duncan’s test, and Pearson’s correlation analysis. The soil properties affected by land use change were SOC, carbon stock, pH, EC, aggregate stability, clay, silt, sand contents, and bulk density. SOC and carbon stocks were high in rangeland, marsh, and shrub land, while they were low in agriculture and drained lake areas. As the soil depth increased, SOC and carbon stock decreased. The organic carbon content of the soils exhibited positive relationships with aggregate stability, clay, and carbon stock, while it showed a negative correlation with bulk density, pH, and DR. The results showed that the drainage and conversion of the wetland caused a significant decrease in the carbon contents of the soils.

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