Effects of modifying layer cages with perches on stress physiology, plumage, pecking and bone strength of hens

1997 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 523 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Barnett ◽  
P. C. Glatz ◽  
E. A. Newman ◽  
G. M. Cronin
Keyword(s):  
Bone Strength ◽  
Stress Physiology ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
External Control ◽  
Physiological Measures ◽  
Tail Feather ◽  
Floor Area ◽  
Physiological Variables ◽  
Layer Hens

Summary. This experiment evaluated the welfare of layer hens housed in cages modified with perches. Welfare was assessed on the basis of physiological measures of stress (corticosterone concentrations ‘at rest’ and in response to ACTH and heterophil : lymphocyte ratios) and immunological responsiveness, feather condition and cover, bone strength, claw length and between-bird pecking behaviour. Factors examined were cage modification (perches v. standard cage), tier (upper v. lower), birds (1 or 2 birds/cage) and age (commencing at 35 v. 60 weeks of age). The cages provided a floor area of 1504 cm2 . Floor pens (2.5 by 2.5 m) with 10 birds/pen served as an external control treatment. Perches improved the strength of the femur (P<0.05) compared with standard cages but bone strength was still less than in floor pens (P<0.05). There were no effects of cage modification on any of the physiological variables or liveweight (P>0.05). The only improvement in feather condition and cover within cages due to the presence of a perch was in the condition of the tail feathers which was better (P<0.05) than in a standard cage, but not as good as tail feathers in the pen treatment (P<0.001). Overall, feather condition and cover was better in the pen treatment (P<0.001) and similar in the 2 cage treatments (P>0.05). The presence of a perch resulted in longer claws than in a standard cage and floor pens (P<0.05), and significant (P<0.01) perching activity compared with floor pens. The experiment showed that perches should be considered for use in commercial laying cages as they resulted in an improvement in bone strength; there was also an improvement in tail feather condition, which is considered by some to be an advantage.

Effects of modifying layer cages with solid sides on stress physiology, plumage, pecking and bone strength of hens

1997 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Barnett ◽  
P. C. Glatz ◽  
E. A. Newman ◽  
G. M. Cronin
Keyword(s):  
Bone Strength ◽  
Stress Physiology ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
External Control ◽  
Physiological Measures ◽  
Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone ◽  
Floor Area ◽  
Response Data ◽  
Hot Weather ◽  
Positive Effect

Summary. This experiment evaluated the welfare of layer hens housed in cages modified with solid sides. Welfare was assessed on the basis of physiological measures of stress [corticosterone concentrations ‘at rest’ and in response to adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) and heterophil : lymphocyte ratios)] and immunological responsiveness, feather condition and cover, bone strength, claw length and between-bird pecking behaviour. Factors examined were cage modification (solid sides v. open sides i.e. standard cages), tier (upper v. lower), birds (1 or 2 birds/cage) and age (commencing at 35 v. 60 weeks of age). The cages provided a floor area of 1504 cm2. Floor pens (2.5 by 2.5 m) with 10 birds/pen served as an external control treatment. Solid sides in cages reduced the level of stress, compared with both standard cages and floor pens, based on lower corticosterone concentrations (2.2 v. 3.4 and 4.4 nmol/L, respectively) and lower heterophil : lymphocyte ratios (1.36 v. 1.66 and 1.66, respectively) (P<0.05). The ACTH response data reflected a lower level of stress in the solid side compared with the pen treatment (P<0.05). Feather condition and cover were improved by the presence of solid sides compared with standard cages (P<0.05), were similar to the floor pen treatment and were probably a consequence of reduced pecking behaviour both within (65%) and between cages (86%) (P<0.05). Solid sides had no effects on immunological responsiveness, claw length or bone strength. The experiment showed that solid sides can have a positive effect on welfare by reducing the level of stress, decreasing between-bird pecking and improving feather condition and cover. However, another study showed mortalities increased in cages with solid sides during hot weather.

Effects of Provocation on Emotions and Aggression: An Experimental Study with Aggressive Children

2006 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina Stadler ◽  
Sonja Rohrmann ◽  
Sibylle Steuber ◽  
Fritz Poustka
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Positive Emotions ◽  
Skin Conductance Level ◽  
Physiological Measures ◽  
Competitive Reaction ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Conduct Disordered ◽  
Physiological Variables ◽  
Aggressive Children ◽  
Conductance Level

In this study, the effects of an experimental-induced provocation on emotions and aggression were examined in 34 aggressive conduct-disordered children using a competitive reaction time paradigm. Two experimental conditions were created, an increasing provocation and a low constant provocation condition. Self-rated anger was assessed directly after provocation on a 5-point-visual scale. In addition, negative and positive emotions as well as physiological measures (heart rate and skin conductance level) were measured at baseline and after provocation. Results revealed that participants’ aggressive behaviour and subjective emotions differed as a function of the opponent’s level of provocation. Concerning physiological parameters, no significant differences were found between the experimental conditions. These results suggest that affective, but not physiological variables characterize reactive aggression in conduct-disordered children.

Effects of housing conditions on behaviour and physiology in the Finnraccoon (Nyctereutes procyonoides ussuriensis)

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 239-255
Author(s):  
T Koistinen ◽  
A-M Moisander-Jylha ◽  
HT Korhonen
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Nyctereutes Procyonoides ◽  
Group Housing ◽  
Time Behaviour ◽  
Housing Conditions ◽  
Agonistic Interactions ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Nest Box ◽  
Physiological Variables

The welfare of juvenile Finnraccoons (Nyctereutes procyonoides ussuriensis) was compared between various housing conditions through the measurement of day-time behaviour and physiological variables. For the small control treatment (SC), Finnraccoons were raised in pairs in small cages; in the large area treatment (LA), in pairs in large cages; in the large control treatment (LC), in groups of four in large cages and in the large enrichment treatment (LE), in groups of four in large cages with access to a nest-box and a large tube, from weaning to pelting time. Study subjects consisted of a total of 152 Finnraccoons. As autumn progressed, day-time resting increased, especially allohuddling; while active behaviours decreased. Allohuddling was the most common type of resting; apart from in the LE treatment, resting shelters were used effectively alongside allohuddling. Locomotion was observed more frequently in LA and LC treatments, ie in large cages without shelters. The nest-box roof was preferred to the platform as an elevated location, and the nest-box to the tube as a resting shelter. Agonistic interactions were not observed. Males grew heavier than females and had heavier organs. No systematic differences in haematological and other physiological parameters were found between the treatments. Catching time was shortest in the SC treatment. The LE treatment compromised animals cleanliness. Based on the intensive positive social interactions and regular shelter use, group housing and access to resting shelters are recommended for juvenile Finnraccoons.

scholarly journals Traits for depression related to agentic and external control

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Santiago Castiello ◽  
Salha Senan ◽  
Rachel M. Msetfi ◽  
Robin Murphy
Keyword(s):  
Control Treatment ◽  
External Control ◽  
Moderate Degree ◽  
Performance Difference ◽  
Global Performance ◽  
Zero Degree ◽  
Degree Of Control ◽  
Situational Perceptions ◽  
Experimental Treatments ◽  
Specific Control

Depression has been linked to weakened perceptions of control. The experimental evidence derives from tasks with exposure to stable action-outcome contingencies. One assumption has been that performance represents a general cognitive bias that might manifest itself by a global performance difference. Another view is that people have specific situational perceptions of control reflecting their recent actions and the contingencies to which they are currently experiencing. In an experiment with N = 179, participants acquired one of four action-outcome sequences (Constant or Variable). We measured how learning was reflected in ratings of control and probability of responding in relation to mood. In three experimental treatments, the overall contingency across training involved an average moderate degree of control (∆P = 0.25), but differed in how control varied (Constant or one of two Variable treatments). A fourth, control treatment involved a Constant zero degree of control (∆P = 0.00). Participants rated their control before, during and after each sequence, providing measures of pre-existing bias, ratings of control in specific situations and generalised control perceptions. Specific control ratings were only influenced by the contingency experience and not pre-existing bias. Higher scores on the Beck’s depression inventory were associated with weakened association between action and context ratings. Overall, these data suggest that human agency is related to rates of responding and that mood is related to a difference in sensitivity to the ratings of and responding to the context.

Psychological Dimensions of Cerebrovascular Insufficiency

1969 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 555-563 ◽  
Author(s):  
John H. Vitale ◽  
John C. Steinhelber ◽  
William E. Drake ◽  
Helen Dahlgren
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Intellectual Functioning ◽  
Psychological Tests ◽  
Physiological Measures ◽  
Cerebrovascular Insufficiency ◽  
Psychological Variables ◽  
Physiological Variables ◽  
Visual Motor ◽  
Psychological Dimensions

129 patients with cerebrovascular insufficiency (CVI) were studied on 43 scores from psychological tests of intellectual functioning and 42 scores from physiological measures. BC TRY cluster analysis of 35 psychological variables yielded 3 strong dimensions labeled verbal, visual-motor, and numerical, as well as a weaker dimension labeled attention. These 4 dimensions accounted for 91% of the communality among the 35 psychological variables. The dimensions were fairly highly intercorrelated, and correlated significantly with 10 of the 42 physiological variables, primarily EEG findings. It was concluded that adequate assessment of CVI patients should include, in addition to physiological measures, testing in the identified psychological dimensions of intellectual functioning. Further research planned along these lines was discussed.

Measurement of Activation through Self-Report

1967 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 663-678 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert E. Thayer
Keyword(s):  
Self Report ◽  
Physiological Measures ◽  
Physiological Measurement ◽  
Adjective Check List ◽  
Physiological Variables ◽  
Activation Factor ◽  
Alternative Measurement ◽  
Report Measure ◽  
Diurnal Sleep ◽  
Significant Activation

While activation has proved to be a very useful concept in understanding behavior, theoretical and practical problems concerning physiological measurement have reduced its utility. Controlled self-report is suggested as an alternative measurement form, and data from several studies are presented indicating the validity of the Activation-Deactivation Adjective Check List (AD-ACL), an objective self-report measure of transient levels of activation. Factor analytic studies yielded four AD-ACL factors representing different points on a hypothetical continuum. These factors correlated substantially with physiological variables and reflected significant activation changes as predicted from diurnal sleep-wakefulness variations and from an impending college examination. The relative merits of self-report and individual peripheral physiological measures in the assessment of activation are discussed.

scholarly journals Nutrition and physiology of hybrid Eucalyptus urograndis in soil fertilized with sewage sludge

2020 ◽  
pp. 19
Author(s):  
Alessandro Reinaldo Zabotto ◽  
Leticia Danielle Longuini Gomes ◽  
Caroline de Moura D’andréa Mateus ◽  
Roberto Lyra Villas Boas ◽  
Shoey Kanashiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Organic Fertilizer ◽  
Tropical Soils ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Physiological Variables ◽  
Hybrid Eucalyptus ◽  
Different Doses ◽  
Eucalyptus Urograndis

Sewage sludge is a residual pollutant product from the treatment of urban effluent and must be adequately processed before final disposal in order to avoid environmental contamination. The use of sewage sludge in agricultural and forestry areas can improve the physical, chemical and biological properties of soil; it can also be a source of nutrients, increasing crop productivity. Accordingly, this study aimed to evaluate the growth and development of hybrid Eucalyptus urograndis (Eucalyptus grandis x E. urophylla) seedlings cultivated in soil with different doses of sewage sludge. To accomplish this, hybrid E. urograndis seedlings were cultivated for 120 days in pots containing soil (dystrophic Red-Yellow Latosol -LVA) with different doses of sewage sludge (0, 30, 60 or 90 Mg ha-1). The experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design consisting of four treatments, three replications with four plants per replication, totaling 48 plants. Biometric, biomass and physiological variables (chlorophyll, gaseous exchange, stomatal conductance and transpiration); in addition to macro- and micronutrient contents in leaves and soils of each treatment were evaluated. The treatments with sewage sludge were statistically superior to control treatment for all variables. Therefore, we recommend the application of 60 Mg ha-1 sewage sludge for the growth of hybrid Eucalyptus urograndis seedlings. Conversely, 90 Mg ha-1 sewage sludge inhibited hybrid E. urograndis root growth. Moreover, the use of sewage sludge as organic fertilizer in tropical soils is a viable and sustainable alternative for Eucalyptus cultivation. 

A Psychophysiological Study of Compensatory Tracking on a Digital Display

1965 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 457-472 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan J. Benson ◽  
Jo H. F. Huddleston ◽  
John M. Rolfe
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Muscle Activity ◽  
Skin Resistance ◽  
Primary Task ◽  
Physiological Measures ◽  
Digital Display ◽  
Physiological Variables ◽  
Psychophysiological Study ◽  
Comparable Performance ◽  
Display Performance

Comparable performance on a compensatory tracking task was achieved with a purely digital altimeter display and with a combined digital and scale-and-pointer display. Performance of a subsidiary, light responding, task was degraded significantly when the digital task was employed. In the presence of the subsidiary task a larger change was recorded in a number of physiological variables (heart rate, muscle activity, skin resistance and respiration) with the digital than with the counter-pointer display. Thus, both performance and physiological measures indicated that parity of performance on the primary task was achieved by increased 'effort' when using the digital display.

SOCIAL STRESS AND DOMINANCE AMONG GROUP MEMBERS AFTER MIXING BEEF COWS

1990 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 345-354 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. MENCH ◽  
J. C. SWANSON ◽  
W. R. STRICKLIN
Keyword(s):  
Agonistic Behavior ◽  
Social Stress ◽  
Beef Cows ◽  
Physiological Measures ◽  
Physiological Variables ◽  
The Social ◽  
Origin Group ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Different Sources ◽  
Origin Effect

Three groups of 10 spring-calving Angus and Hereford purebred and crossbred cows were placed in drylot paddocks from mid-November until calving to determine the influence of mixing mature beef cows from two different sources on social behavior and stress. Two Angus cows from an outside herd (alien cows) were placed in each paddock, and eight cows selected from the resident herd were added 1 d later. Agonistic behavior was recorded during a total of 21 30-min observation sessions over a period of 13 wk. Blood samples were drawn on days 2, 28 and 84 after penning and analyzed for cortisol, glucose and differential leucocyte counts. Breed-origin influenced (P < 0.01) social dominance values, which averaged 49.8, 48.7, 40.1 and 35.0 for crossbred, resident Angus, Hereford and alien Angus cows, respectively. Alien Angus received the most aggression during the first observation period (0–36 d after mixing) and initiated less aggression throughout the study as compared to resident cows. Physiological measures did not differ due to breed-origin, group or sample day, but there was a significant sample day × breed-origin effect for cortisol (P < 0.01), with levels for the cows from the most socially subordinate groups, alien Angus and Hereford, increasing over the sample days. The increasing cortisol values may have indicated cumulative social stress on the social subordinates within the groups. Other physiological variables, however, did not show a similar trend. We conclude that when small numbers of cattle from different sources are mixed the aliens are at a social disadvantage, and we speculate that under some conditions social stress on aliens and(or) subordinates may be additive over time. Key words: Cattle (beef), agonistic behavior, social stress, mixing, cortisol, immunocompetence

scholarly journals Effects of Three Acepromazine Doses on the Incidence of Morphine-Induced Vomiting, Sedation and Some Physiological Variables in Dogs

2017 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduardo Raposo Monteiro ◽  
Juliana Barros Pinto ◽  
Juarez Simões Nunes Junior ◽  
Julia Da Penha Piccoli Rangel
Keyword(s):  
Phase 1 ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Conscious Dogs ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Antiemetic Effect ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Physiological Variables ◽  
Significant Difference

Background: Acepromazine was found to reduce the incidence of vomiting induced by opioids such as morphine, hydromorphone and oxymorphone in dogs. Despite the effectiveness of the phenothiazine in preventing opioid-induced vomiting in this species, a single dose of acepromazine (0.05 mg/kg) was tested and the influence of dose on the antiemetic effect of the drug is unknown. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of three acepromazine doses on the incidence of vomiting induced by morphine in dogs. A secondary aim was to assess the degree of sedation and effects on physiological variables following administration of the combinations tested.Materials, Methods & Results: All dogs received 0.5 mg/kg morphine (IM). Fifteen min before morphine, dogs in the Control, ACPLD, ACPMD and ACPHD groups were administered (IM) physiological saline or acepromazine at doses of 0.025, 0.05 and 0.1 mg/kg, respectively. In Phase 1, purpose-bred dogs (n = 8) underwent each of the four treatments in a randomized, crossover design; the incidence of vomiting, sedation, pulse rate (PR), systolic, mean and diastolic blood pressures (SAP, MAP and DAP) were investigated for 60 min. Sedation was assessed by a numeric descriptive scale (NDS, range 0-3) and a simple numerical scale (SNS, range 1-10). In Phase 2, client-owned dogs (n = 50) received a single treatment and only the incidence of vomiting was assessed. There was no significant difference between groups on the incidence of vomiting recorded in Phase 1, Phase 2 and the average of Phases 1 and 2. A significant decrease in PR was observed in most groups but no significant difference was detected between groups. Blood pressure decreased in all groups; during most of the evaluation period, SAP, MAP and DAP were significantly higher in the Control than in other treatments. Dogs in this study presented mild to intense sedation. A significant difference in NDS scores was observed between the Control and ACPMD groups whereas for SNS scores, significant differences were detected between the ACPMD and ACPHD groups compared with the Control group. The number of dogs presenting intense sedation as judged by the NDS (NDS score = 3) were: 1/8, 3/8, 3/8 and 4/8 dogs in the Control, ACPLD, ACPMD and ACPHD groups, respectively.Discussion: The hypothesis of the study was rejected. The acepromazine dose did not influence the frequency of morphineinduced vomiting, the degree of sedation or cardiovascular variables after administration of either treatment. The frequency of vomiting was high (≥ 75%) in dogs of the present study regardless of the treatment administered. There was no significant difference in the frequency of vomiting in ACPLD, ACPMD and ACPHD as compared to the Control group. This finding was unexpected because it has been reported in a previous study that acepromazine reduced the incidence of opioid-induced vomiting in dogs. ACPLD, ACPMD and ACPHD improved the quality of sedation compared to the Control treatment but no significant difference in sedation scores was observed among these groups. These findings suggest that, when combined to morphine, there is no improvement in sedation when the acepromazine dose is increased above 0.025 mg/kg in dogs. Despite a significant decrease, mean values of PR, SAP, MAP and DAP remained within the physiological range for conscious dogs. In summary, none of the acepromazine doses was effective in preventing morphine-induced vomiting in dogs. Sedation is greater after acepromazine-morphine combinations than after morphine alone and is not influenced by the acepromazine dose. Cardiovascular effects induced by combinations administered in this study were well tolerated and of little clinical relevance to healthy conscious dogs.

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