Winter cereal production on the Darling Downs dash an 11 year study of fallowing practices

1989 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 807 ◽  
Author(s):  
JM Marley ◽  
JW Littler
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Water Storage ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Zero Tillage ◽  
Storage Efficiency ◽  
Winter Cereal ◽  
Available N ◽  
Cereal Production

A long term field experiment to compare 4 methods of fallowing for annual winter cereal production on a Darling Downs Vertisol was started in 1968 on the Hermitage Research Station near Warwick, Queensland. Fallowing systems being investigated are (i) tined tillage with stubble burnt (TcSb); (ii) tined tillage with stubble retained (TcSr); (iii) zero tillage with stubble burnt (TzSb); and (iv) zero tillage with stubble retained (TzSr); each at 3 rates of nitrogen (N) fertiliser application. This paper reports the effect of these treatments on fallow water accumulation, fallow N mineralisation, crop growth and yield, for the period 1968-79. Average values for available soil water in the 0-150 cm zone at sowing were 195 mm for TcSb, 212 mm for TcSr, 225 mm for TzSb and 252 mm for TzSr, and for storage efficiency (percentage of fallow rainfall stored) were 18, 20, 25 and 27% respectively. The relatively greater water storage efficiency of Tz treatments occurred mainly in fallow seasons when initial storage was low. Nitrogen mineralisation during fallows averaged 61 kg/ha and was depressed in some years by Sr. Carryover of available N in excess of crop requirements was shown at the higher rate of N fertilisation. Grain yields averaged over 12 crops were similar for the 4 fallowing systems. The lack of grain yield response to the improved water storage under TzSr was probably caused by yellow spot disease (Pyrenophora tritici-repentis) and root lesion nematode (Pratylenchus thornei), which were most prevalent under this treatment in wheat crops. Poor early growth of barley under TzSr limited its water use and grain yield potential, however, the cause of the poor early growth of barley is not known. A reduction in grain yield of 232 kg/ha associated with Sr was overcome with the addition of 23 kg N/ha as urea.

Zero tillage and nitrogen fertiliser application in wheat and barley on a Vertosol in a marginal cropping area of south-west Queensland

2007 ◽  
Vol 47 (8) ◽  
pp. 965 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Thomas ◽  
R. C. Dalal ◽  
E. J. Weston ◽  
C. J. Holmes ◽  
A. J. King ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Storage ◽  
Soil Water Storage ◽  
Zero Tillage ◽  
Gross Margin ◽  
Winter Cereal ◽  
South West ◽  
Cereal Production ◽  
Fallow Soil ◽  
Fertiliser Application

Winter cereal cropping is marginal in south-west Queensland because of low and variable rainfall and declining soil fertility. Increasing the soil water storage and the efficiency of water and nitrogen (N) use is essential for sustainable cereal production. The effect of zero tillage and N fertiliser application on these factors was evaluated in wheat and barley from 1996 to 2001 on a grey Vertosol. Annual rainfall was above average in 1996, 1997, 1998 and 1999 and below average in 2000 and 2001. Due to drought, no crop was grown in the 2000 winter cropping season. Zero tillage improved fallow soil water storage by a mean value of 20 mm over 4 years, compared with conventional tillage. However, mean grain yield and gross margin of wheat were similar under conventional and zero tillage. Wheat grain yield and/or grain protein increased with N fertiliser application in all years, resulting in an increase in mean gross margin over 5 years from $86/ha, with no N fertiliser applied, to $250/ha, with N applied to target ≥13% grain protein. A similar increase in gross margin occurred in barley where N fertiliser was applied to target malting grade. The highest N fertiliser application rate in wheat resulted in a residual benefit to soil N supply for the following crop. This study has shown that profitable responses to N fertiliser addition in wheat and barley can be obtained on long-term cultivated Vertosols in south-west Queensland when soil water reserves at sowing are at least 60% of plant available water capacity, or rainfall during the growing season is above average. An integrative benchmark for improved N fertiliser management appears to be the gross margin/water use of ~$1/ha.mm. Greater fallow soil water storage or crop water use efficiency under zero tillage has the potential to improve winter cereal production in drier growing seasons than experienced during the period of this study.

Winter cereal production on the Darling Downs dash a comparison of reduced tillage practices

1990 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 83 ◽  
Author(s):  
JM Marley ◽  
JW Littler
Keyword(s):  
Water Storage ◽  
Soil Water Storage ◽  
Reduced Tillage ◽  
Zero Tillage ◽  
Storage Efficiency ◽  
Winter Cereal ◽  
Tillage Practices ◽  
Weed Growth ◽  
Major Treatment ◽  
Cracking Clays

Five experiments, 1 of which was continued over 3 years on the same site, were established on non-sloping Darling Downs cracking clays to compare conventional, reduced and zero tillage systems of fallowing for annual wheat production. Average values for soil water storage efficiency (percentage of fallow rainfall stored) were 14.0% for stubble burnt and conventional cultivation with tined implements (TI); 19.8% for stubble retained and conventional cultivation with tined implements (T2); 25.3% for stubble retained and zero tillage with chemical control of fallow weed growth (T3); 21.1% for stubble retained with no tillage but chemical weed control until early March, followed by cultivations with tined implements until sowing (T4); and 21.1% for stubble retained and fallow cultivations with a sweep plough (T6). Nitrogen mineralisation during fallow periods was measured over 3 seasons at the final site. No major treatment differences occurred. A small mean grain yield advantage of 4.6% to T3 over T1 was established in those seasons when improved fallow water storage was obtained with T3. The lack of yield improvement by reduced tillage treatments (T4, T5 and T6) over T1 is attributed largely to above-average crop period rainfall in those seasons when the treatments had resulted in improved presowing water.

scholarly journals Stability Assessment of Single-Cross Maize Hybrids Using GGE-Biplot Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 78
Author(s):  
L. Musundire ◽  
J. Derera ◽  
S. Dari ◽  
A. Lagat ◽  
P. Tongoona
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
South African ◽  
Inbred Line ◽  
Inbred Lines ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Gge Biplot ◽  
Single Cross ◽  
Ideal Genotype ◽  
Single Cross Hybrids

Grain yield potential of new maize hybrid varieties across target environments contributes to the uptake of these varieties by farmers. Evaluation of single-cross hybrids developed from test crossing introgressed inbred lines bred for three distinct environments to elite tropical inbred line testers was carried out. The study’s objective was to assess grain yield stability and genotype adaptability of the single-cross hybrids across South African environments relative to adapted commercial hybrid checks. One hundred and twenty-two introgressed inbred lines developed using the pedigree breeding program were crossed to four tropical elite inbred line testers using line × tester mating design to obtain 488 experimental single cross hybrids. Subject to availability of adequate seed for evaluation, a panel of 444 experimental single-cross hybrids was evaluated using an augmented design in two experiments defined as Population A and B for the study’s convenience in South African environments. Data for grain yield (t/ha) performance for experimental single-cross hybrids and commercial check hybrids in Population A and B across environments and individual environments identified experimental single-cross hybrids that had significant comparable grain yield (t/ha) performance relative to best commercial check hybrid (PAN6Q445B) on the market. The selected experimental single-cross hybrids 225, 89, 246 and 43 (Population A) and 112 (Population B) also had a better average rank position for grain yield (t/ha) relative to best commercial check hybrid. These selected experimental single-cross hybrids had a grain yield (t/ha) advantage range of 0.9-6.7% for Population A and 7.3% for Population A and B, respectively, relative to the adapted commercial check hybrid. GGE biplot patterns for which won-where for Population A indicated that at Potchefstroom Research Station and Ukulinga Research Station experimental single-cross hybrids 127 and135 were the vertex (winning) hybrids. Cedera Research Station did not have a vertex hybrid for Population A. For Population B, experimental single-cross hybrids 112, 117 and 18 were the vertex hybrids at Cedera Research Station, Ukulinga Research Station and Potchefstroom Research Station, respectively. Experimental single-cross hybrid 257 was identified as ideal genotype for Population A, while experimental single-cross hybrid 121 in Population B was the ideal genotype. Ideal environments were also identified as Ukulinga Research Station for Population A, and Cedera Research Station for Population B. Average-environment coordination (AEC) view of the GGE biplot in Population A indicated that experimental single-cross hybrids 1 was highly stable across environments. In comparison, Population B experimental single-cross hybrid 161 was highly stable across environments. In conclusion, selected single-cross hybrids in the current study can also be advanced for further evaluation with a possibility for identifying high yielding and stable single-cross hybrids for variety registration and release in target environments in South Africa.

Influence of source, timing and placement of nitrogen on grain yield and nitrogen removal of durum wheat under reduced- and conventional-tillage management

2001 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. Grant ◽  
K. R. Brown ◽  
G. J. Racz ◽  
L. D. Bailey
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Conservation Tillage ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
High Yield ◽  
N Recovery ◽  
Available N

Effective fertilizer management is critical to maintain economic production and protect long-term environmental quality. Field studies were conducted over 4 yr at two locations in southwestern Manitoba to determine the effect of source, timing and placement of N on grain yield and N recovery of durum wheat (Triticum durum L. ‘Sceptre’) under reduced-tillage (RT) and conventional-tillage (CT) management. The effect of N management on durum grain yield and N recovery differed with soil type and tillage system. On the clay loam (CL) soil, lower yields with fall- as compared with spring-banded N were more frequent under RT than CT. Lower yields occurred more frequently with fall-applied as compared with spring-applied urea ammonium nitrate (UAN) than when urea or NH3 was the N source. On the drier fine sandy loam (FSL) soil, fall applications of N generally produced similar to higher grain yield than did spring applications. Differences among fertilizer sources and tillage systems were much less frequent with spring than fall applications of N. Where differences occurred, durum grain yields were higher with in-soil than surface applications of urea or UAN. In-soil applications of urea and UAN increased durum grain yield as compared with surface applications more frequently under RT than CT on the CL soil where yield potential was high, whereas increases on the FSL were as common under CT as under RT. On soils with a high yield potential, enhanced immobilisation and/or volatilisation of surface-applied N may reduce grain yield by reducing available N, particularly under RT. Selection of a suitable source-timing and placement combination to optimise crop yield may be more important under RT than CT. Key words: Conservation tillage, direct seeding, placement

scholarly journals Effect of different methods of sowing and row orientation on growth, yield and quality of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

2019 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kuldeep Singh ◽  
Rakesh Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Zero Tillage ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Yield Attributes ◽  
Available N ◽  
East West

A field experiment was conducted during Rabi season of 2015-16 at the Students’ Research Farm, Khalsa College Amritsar, on sandy loam soil, low in organic carbon and available N, Medium in available P and high in available K. Field experiment was laid out in split plot design comprising four methods of sowing such as (Bed Planting, Zero tillage, Flat drilling, Happy seeder) and two row orientation as (North-South and East-West) replicated four times. Bed planting method produced significantly higher growth characters (i.e. plant height, leaf area index and dry matter accumulation, yield contributing characters effective tillers, grains ear-1, grain and straw yield, harvest index and B C ratio) than happy seeder and zero tillage sowing Bed planting recorded 14% and 10.48% higher grain yield over happy seeder and zero tillage sowing, respectively. Between row orientations, north-south row orientation produced higher growth and yield attributes than east-west whereas grain yield and biological yield was 3.86% and 3.77% higher than east-west sowing direction respectively.

Evaluation of Pearl millet varieties under rainfed region of eastern India

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (04) ◽  
Author(s):  
MK SINGH ◽  
VINOD KUMAR
Keyword(s):  
Pearl Millet ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Dry Land ◽  
Available N ◽  
Randomized Block Design

Field experiments were carried out at Dry land research station, KVK Munger during kharif seasons of 2013 and 2014 to evaluate the yield potential and economics of pearl millet varieties under the rainfed condition of sub-humid sub-tropical environment of South Bihar. The sandy-loam soil of the experimental field was low in organic carbon (0.26%), available N (182.5 kg ha-1), and available P2 O5 (19.5 kg ha-1) and medium in K2O (168.kg ha-1) content, having pH 6.8. Experiment was laid out in randomized block design and replicated thrice with nine pearl millet varieties viz. Pusa hybrid 1201, Pusa hybrid 1202, Pusa composit 443, Pusa composit 612, Proagro 9444, Proagro 9444 GOLD, Proagro 9330+, Proagro Tejas and Proagro 9450. The highest plant dry matter accumulation (126.68g plant-1) at harvest stage was noticed with hybrid 'Proagro 9444' which was atpar to 'Pusa hybrid 1201', 'Pusa hybrid 1202' and 'Proagro 9450'. Significantly higher grain yield (33.87 q ha-1) was in hybrid 'Proagro 9450' which was comparable to 'Proagro 9444' (32.09 q ha-1) and 'Pusa hybrid 1201' (30.67 q ha-1) but superior over other varieties. The significantly more net return (Rs 67815 ha-1) and B:C ratio(3.41) was with Proagro 9450 but at par to Proagro 9444.(Rs 66188 and 3.33)

Study of green fodder yield potential of pearl millet genotypes under rainfed conditions of Gujarat, India

2016 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
K. K. Dhedhi ◽  
V. V. Ansodariya ◽  
N. N. Chaudhari ◽  
J. S. Sorathiya
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Pearl Millet ◽  
Plant Population ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Rainfed Conditions ◽  
Days To Maturity ◽  
Green Fodder ◽  
Fodder Yield ◽  
Grassland Research

Twenty three fodder pearl millet genotypes including two checks <italic>viz</italic>., DFMH 30 and PAC 981 were evaluated at Pearl millet Research Station, Junagadh Agricultural University (JAU), Jamnagar and Grassland Research Station, JAU, Dhari during <italic>kharif</italic> 2014. Significant differences were observed among the genotypes for days to 50 % flowering, days to maturity, plant height, dry fodder yield and green fodder yield while differences for plant population and grain yield were non significant. The locations differences were found significant for all the characters studied. The genotypes x locations differences were observed non significant for all the traits except plant population and grain yield. Days to 50 % flowering varied from 52 days (DFMH 30) to 77 days (IP 15564). Days to maturity ranged between 75 days (IP 2761) to 96 days (IP 14542). IP 22269 (342 cm) was observed the tallest genotype, while, check DFMH 30 (252 cm) was manifested the shortest genotype. Dry fodder yield ranged from 96 q/ha (IP 5153, IP 2761) to 208 q/ha (ICMV 05222). The genotype ICMV 05222 (390 q/ha) produced the highest green fodder yield among all the genotypes followed by IP 6202 (348 q/ha) and IP 15564 (341 q/ha). Hence, these three genotypes <italic>viz</italic>., ICMV 05222, IP 6202 and IP 15564 may be considered for general cultivation under rainfed conditions of Gujarat.

Soil nitrogen—crop response calibration relationships and criteria for winter cereal crops grown in Australia

2013 ◽  
Vol 64 (5) ◽  
pp. 442 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Bell ◽  
Wayne Strong ◽  
Denis Elliott ◽  
Charlie Walker
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
National Database ◽  
Soil Test ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Winter Cereal ◽  
Available N ◽  
Nitrate N ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Yield Responses

More than 1200 wheat and 120 barley experiments conducted in Australia to examine yield responses to applied nitrogen (N) fertiliser are contained in a national database of field crops nutrient research (BFDC National Database). The yield responses are accompanied by various pre-plant soil test data to quantify plant-available N and other indicators of soil fertility status or mineralisable N. A web application (BFDC Interrogator), developed to access the database, enables construction of calibrations between relative crop yield ((Y0/Ymax) × 100) and N soil test value. In this paper we report the critical soil test values for 90% RY (CV90) and the associated critical ranges (CR90, defined as the 70% confidence interval around that CV90) derived from analysis of various subsets of these winter cereal experiments. Experimental programs were conducted throughout Australia’s main grain-production regions in different eras, starting from the 1960s in Queensland through to Victoria during 2000s. Improved management practices adopted during the period were reflected in increasing potential yields with research era, increasing from an average Ymax of 2.2 t/ha in Queensland in the 1960s and 1970s, to 3.4 t/ha in South Australia (SA) in the 1980s, to 4.3 t/ha in New South Wales (NSW) in the 1990s, and 4.2 t/ha in Victoria in the 2000s. Various sampling depths (0.1–1.2 m) and methods of quantifying available N (nitrate-N or mineral-N) from pre-planting soil samples were used and provided useful guides to the need for supplementary N. The most regionally consistent relationships were established using nitrate-N (kg/ha) in the top 0.6 m of the soil profile, with regional and seasonal variation in CV90 largely accounted for through impacts on experimental Ymax. The CV90 for nitrate-N within the top 0.6 m of the soil profile for wheat crops increased from 36 to 110 kg nitrate-N/ha as Ymax increased over the range 1 to >5 t/ha. Apparent variation in CV90 with seasonal moisture availability was entirely consistent with impacts on experimental Ymax. Further analyses of wheat trials with available grain protein (~45% of all experiments) established that grain yield and not grain N content was the major driver of crop N demand and CV90. Subsets of data explored the impact of crop management practices such as crop rotation or fallow length on both pre-planting profile mineral-N and CV90. Analyses showed that while management practices influenced profile mineral-N at planting and the likelihood and size of yield response to applied N fertiliser, they had no significant impact on CV90. A level of risk is involved with the use of pre-plant testing to determine the need for supplementary N application in all Australian dryland systems. In southern and western regions, where crop performance is based almost entirely on in-crop rainfall, this risk is offset by the management opportunity to split N applications during crop growth in response to changing crop yield potential. In northern cropping systems, where stored soil moisture at sowing is indicative of minimum yield potential, erratic winter rainfall increases uncertainty about actual yield potential as well as reducing the opportunity for effective in-season applications.

scholarly journals Morphological and Yield Traits of Pole-Type French Bean Genotypes

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 10-21
Author(s):  
Binod Prasad Luitel ◽  
Santosh Kalauni ◽  
Bishnu Bahadur Bhandari
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Agronomic Traits ◽  
French Bean ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Improvement Program ◽  
Pod Yield ◽  
Pole Type ◽  
Pod Number

Understanding the phenotypic variation and association between the grain yield, and other agronomic traits in French bean genotypes is important for its varietal improvement program. Field experiments were conducted during 2018 and 2019 cropping season at Horticulture Research Station, Dailekh, Karnali Province of Nepal to evaluate pole-type French bean genotypes for plant morphological characters, yield and the association between the agronomic traits. Twelve (Bhatte, Chaumase, Dhankute Chhirke, WP Con Bean, White OP, Dhundi Raj, LB-31, LB-37, LB-39, Madhav, Chinese Long, and Trishuli) pole-type French bean genotypes were laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Pole-type French bean genotypes showed the significant variation for plant morphological traits and grain yield. Genotype LB-31 exhibited significantly the highest pod number (78.0/plant), green pod weight (675.0 g/plant), green pod yield (36.1 t/ha), and dry grain yield (2.4 t/ha). Following LB-31 genotype, genotype Chaumase and LB-39 produced the highest green pod yield (31.3 t/ha and 31.2 t/ha, respectively). The number of clusters per plant, pod number per plant and green pod weight per plant exhibited the significant positive correlation with green pod and dry grain yield. Hence, these traits can be selected to improve the yield potential of pole-type French bean genotypes. Pole type French bean genotypes used in the experiment were well adapted to the study area. Therefore, the high yielding genotypes viz LB-31, Chaumase and LB-39 could be recommended to use as seed source for on-farm production in Mid-Western Nepal.

scholarly journals Performance of Pre Released Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Genotypes under Different Sowing Windows in Rabi Season

2020 ◽  
pp. 43-51
Author(s):  
D. Anil ◽  
Sreedhar Siddi
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Rice Crop ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Net Returns ◽  
Sowing Dates

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different sowing dates on growth and yield potential of pre released rice genotypes under irrigated conditions of Northern Telangana zone. The field experiments were carried out during two consecutive rabi seasons of 2018-19 and 2019-20, on clay soils of agricultural research station, Kunaram, Telangana state, India. The experiment was laid out in strip plot design with three replications. The treatments comprised of three sowing dates i.e. 20th November, 5th December and 20th December in horizontal factor and four genotypes i.e. KNM 733, RNR 15048, KNM 1638 and KNM 118 in vertical factor. Pooled data analysis results revealed that the different sowing dates and genotypes significant effect on all the studied growth and yield characters. The rice crop sown on 20th December recorded significantly  higher grain yield ( 8138 kg ha-1) and Among the genotypes, the short slender, short duration genotype KNM 733 recorded the recorded the maximum grain yield ( 8024 kg ha-1), which was on par with the other genotypes. The treatment combinations data results concluded that the, among the genotypes the genotype KNM 118 was recorded highest grain yield (8438 kg ha-1) when sowing was taken up on 20th December and followed by  the genotype KNM 733 with sown on 20th  November. In respect of economics of treatment combinations, the highest net returns (Rs.91,165 ha-1) and B:C (2.47)  ratio were obtained when rice crop was sown during 20th December with the  genotype KNM 118 and followed by sown on 20th November with the  genotype KNM 733.

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