Photosynthetic responses to submergence in mangrove seedlings

Flooding and salinity fluctuations are common in mangrove systems. Sometimes these events are long-lasting, persisting several months. With an increased frequency of heavy rainfalls and terrestrial run-off, subsequent floods have been associated with massive mangrove mortality and failure to regenerate in the region. Owing to climate change, these events are expected to be more common in the future. We investigated how three weeks of submergence in water of different salinities affected the photosynthetic rates in seedlings of three common mangroves: Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (L.) Lamk.; Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh.; and Heritiera littoralis Dryand. We found that photosynthesis and survival rates declined with increasing salinity and submergence time for all species. Prolonged submergence caused a significant decline in photosynthetic rates (as electron transport rate – ETR) for B. gymnorrhiza (P = 0.021) and H. littoralis (P = 0.002), whereas significant effects of both salinity (P = 0.003) and submergence (P = 0.023) were observed between species. Maximum diurnal values of ETR declined in the order of A. marina > B. gymnorrhiza > H. littoralis. After submergence, survived seedlings were tended normally, watered twice a day with freshwater. Three seedlings of B. gymnorrhiza from freshwater and 33% seawater treatments and of A. marina from freshwater treatment displayed signs of recovery for the first 3–5 days, but after that they died. We conclude that submergence time and water salinity will affect the performance of mangrove areas, such that areas experiencing prolonged submergence with flooding dominated by saline water might be most severely impacted.

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Contrasting Water Use, Stomatal Regulation, Embolism Resistance, and Drought Responses of Two Co-Occurring Mangroves

Water ◽

10.3390/w13141945 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (14) ◽

pp. 1945

Author(s):

Guo-Feng Jiang ◽

Timothy J. Brodribb ◽

Adam B. Roddy ◽

Jin-Yan Lei ◽

Huai-Tong Si ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Water Potential ◽

Saline Water ◽

Stomatal Closure ◽

Avicennia Marina ◽

Cavitation Resistance ◽

Bruguiera Gymnorrhiza ◽

Drought Avoidance ◽

Tolerance Strategy ◽

Safety Margins ◽

The Difference

The physiological mechanisms underlying drought responses are poorly documented in mangroves, which experience nearly constant exposure to saline water. We measured gas exchange, foliar abscisic acid (ABA) concentration, and vulnerability to embolism in a soil water-withholding experiment of two co-occurring mangroves, Avicennia marina (Forsskål) Vierhapper (Verbenaceae) and Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (L.) Savigny (Rhizophoraceae). A. marina showed higher photosynthesis and transpiration than B. gymnorrhiza under well-watered conditions. Cavitation resistance differed significantly between species, with 50% cavitation occurring at a water potential (P50) of −8.30 MPa for A. marina and −2.83 MPa for B. gymnorrhiza. This large difference in cavitation resistance was associated with differences in stomatal closure and leaf wilting. The rapid stomatal closure of B. gymnorrhiza was correlated with ABA accumulation as water potential declined. Meanwhile, stomatal closure and declining water potentials in A. marina were not associated with ABA accumulation. The safety margins, calculated as the difference between stomatal closure and embolism spread, differed between these two species (1.59 MPa for A. marina vs. 0.52 MPa for B. gymnorrhiza). Therefore, A. marina adopts a drought tolerance strategy with high cavitation resistance, while B. gymnorrhiza uses a drought avoidance-like strategy with ABA-related sensitive stomatal control to protect its vulnerable xylem.

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Growth and Survival of Mangrove Seedlings under Different Levels of Salinity and Drought Stress

Annals of Tropical Research ◽

10.32945/atr3326.2011 ◽

2011 ◽

pp. 107-129

Author(s):

Nit Lyn Estomata ◽

Pamela Abit

Keyword(s):

Drought Stress ◽

Growth Performance ◽

Biomass Allocation ◽

Survival Rates ◽

Avicennia Marina ◽

Water Levels ◽

Middle Zone ◽

Mangrove Species ◽

Salinity Levels ◽

Mangrove Seedlings

Water availability and salinity are determinants of growth, survival and establishment of mangrove species. This study aimed to compare the ability of the mangrove species to survive extreme water stress, and to determine differences in growth performance and biomass allocation between mangrove species grown in different water levels and saline conditions. Seedlings of Lumnitzera racemosa, Rhizophora apiculata, R. mucronata and Avicennia marina were used. A dry-down experiment was done to compare the ability of mangrove species from different zonations to survive drought stress by evaluating survival rates after re-watering consequent to drought exposure. The different mangrove species were grown at different water levels (dry, well-watered, flooded) and different salinity levels such as low (3-5 ppt), high (25-27 ppt) and pure seawater (32 ppt) to evaluate the growth performance and biomass allocation of the mangrove seedlings. L. racemosa was the most drought tolerant, followed by R. mucronata and A. marina while R. apiculata was the most drought sensitive. There is a possibility that A. marina may displace the current distribution of R. apiculata in the middle zone while the distribution of L. racemosa and R. mucronata in the landward and middle zone, respectively could be retained. The number of leaves of A. marina was significantly higher than R. apiculata and R. mucronata but was only comparable to that of L. racemosa across all salinity levels. L. racemosa was only significantly different from the two Rhizophora spp. under pure saline treatment. Root length of A. marina was significantly higher than R. apiculata but statistically similar to R. mucronata and L. racemosa. The capacity for root growth may allow roots to exploit water from dry soils and could correspond to the drought tolerance of A. marina, R. mucronata and L. racemosa. There was no significant effect of water and salinity stresses on the biomass allocation.

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Ecophysiological differences between three mangrove seedlings (Kandelia obovata, Aegiceras corniculatum, and Avicennia marina) exposed to chilling stress

Ecotoxicology ◽

10.1007/s10646-015-1488-7 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 24 (7-8) ◽

pp. 1722-1732 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Ya-Lan Peng ◽

You-Shao Wang ◽

Jiao Fei ◽

Cui-Ci Sun ◽

Hao Cheng

Keyword(s):

Chilling Stress ◽

Avicennia Marina ◽

Kandelia Obovata ◽

Aegiceras Corniculatum ◽

Mangrove Seedlings

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KAJIAN NILAI EKONOMIS DAN DAMPAK SOSIAL KEBERADAAN EKOSISTEM MANGROVE TERHADAP MASYARAKAT PESISIR

Jurnal Ekonomi dan Pembangunan ◽

10.22373/jep.v11i1.58 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 1-10

Author(s):

Agus Putra A. Samad ◽

Pitri Agustina ◽

Mus Herri

Keyword(s):

Avicennia Marina ◽

Rhizophora Mucronata ◽

Bruguiera Gymnorrhiza ◽

Sonneratia Caseolaris ◽

Rhizophora Apiculata ◽

Xylocarpus Granatum ◽

Bruguiera Parviflora

Langsa merupakan salah satu kota pesisir Aceh yang memiliki kawasan mangrove yang sangat potensial. Kota ini memiliki panjang garis pantai 16 km dengan luas kawasan mangrove sebesar 7.837 Ha. Keberadaan mangrove di wilayah ini menjadi aset strategis untuk dikembangkan menjadi basis kegiatan ekonomi untuk memakmurkan masyarakat dan meningkatkan pendapatan asli daerah. Tujuan utama penelitian ini adalah untuk melestarikan potensi sumberdaya ekosistem mangrove yang ada di Kota Langsa agar dapat memberikan fungsi ekologis dan ekonomis secara berkesinambungan kepada masyarakat disekitarnya. Kajian ini dilakukan menggunakan metode survei, analisa laboratorium dan observasi lapangan. Hasil pengamatan terhadap komposisi jenis tumbuhan yang terdapat di ekosistem mangrove menunjukkan 8 jenis tumbuhan mangrove yaitu: jenis Avicennia lanata, Avicennia marina, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Bruguiera parviflora, Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora mucronata, Sonneratia Caseolaris dan Xylocarpus granatum. Nilai rata-rata parameter kualitas air di ekosistem mangrove secara beturut-turut adalah DO (6.3 ppm),salinitas (27 ‰), pH tanah dasar (6.0), pH tanah permukaan (5.08), pH air (7.33), suhu (30 oC) dan kecerahan (5 m). Perhitungan terhadap nilai manfaat ekosistem mangrove meliputi: 1) Nilai manfaat langsung perikanan tangkap: Rp. 8.710.000.000 per tahun, 2) Nilai manfaat budidaya tambak: Rp. 93.940.000.000,- per tahun, 3) Nilai penahan abrasi dan banjir: Rp. 300.000.000,- per hektar per tahun, 4) Nilai sebagai penyediaan unsur hara: Rp. 28.634.000,- per tahun, 5) Nilai manfaat pilihan: Rp. 210.000.000,- per tahun dan 6) Nilai manfaat keberadaan: Rp. 1.464.493.000,- per tahun. Nilai keberadaan ekosistem mangrove yang dinilai adalah Nilai Keaslian = 70 % (lebih dari asli), Nilai Keindahan Alam = 74 % (lebih dari indah), Nilai Kenyamanan = 66% (kondisi lebih dari nyaman), dan Nilai Aspirasi masyarakat = 98 % (sangat didukung masyarakat). Alternatif pengelolaan dan pemanfaatan ekosistem mangrove yang diperkirakan cocok secara ekonomi dan ekologis terdiri dari beberapa kegiatan pilihan yaitu budidaya ikan, udang, tiram dan kepiting, budidaya ikan kerapu dan kakap, pengolahan buah dan daun mangrove, dan pengembangan obyek wisata.

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KEANEKARAGAMAN JENIS MANGROVE DI DESA MENDALOK KECAMATAN SUNGAI KUNYIT KABUPATEN MEMPAWAH

JURNAL HUTAN LESTARI ◽

10.26418/jhl.v7i1.31251 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Syahrul Muharamsyah ◽

M Sofwan Anwari ◽

Hafiz Ardian

Keyword(s):

Mangrove Forest ◽

Avicennia Marina ◽

Raw Material ◽

Mangrove Forests ◽

Bruguiera Gymnorrhiza ◽

Mangrove Species ◽

Rhizophora Stylosa ◽

Sonneratia Caseolaris ◽

Rhizophora Apiculata ◽

Bruguiera Cylindrica

Mangrove forests are unique ecosystems that have ecological, biological and socio-economic functions. The function of mangrove forests on the environment is very important especially in the coastal and oceanic regions. Mangrove forests providers of wood, leaves as raw material for medicines, and natural dye. This study aims to inventory the diversity of species of mangrove vegetation in Mendalok Village, Sungai Kunyit Subdistrict, Mempawah Regency. The benefits of this study are to provide the data on mangrove forest vegetation as basic data for local government and related agencies in efforts to protect and preserve mangrove forests in Mendalok Village, Sungai Kunyit Subdistrict, Mempawah Regency. Inventory the tree in mangrove forest used a line with measured 200 meters. There are 6 lines and the distance between the lines as far as 100 meters. The lines of observation are placed by purposive sampling. The results of research found 11 types of species and consisted of 6 genera. The genera are Avicennia, Bruguiera, Ceriops, Rhizophora, Soneratia and Xylocarpus. The species found were Avicennia alba, Avicennia marina, Bruguiera cylindrica, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Bruguiera parviflora, Ceriops decandra, Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora mucronata, Rhizophora stylosa, Sonneratia caseolaris, Xylocarpus mollucensis. Diversity of mangrove species in Mendalok Village, Sungai Kunyit Subdistrict, Mempawah Regency was high and should be maintained for conservation and ecotourism area. Keywords : conservation, ecotourism, mangrove, Mendalok Village

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PERTUMBUHAN BEBERAPA JENIS BIBIT TANAMAN MANGROVE SEBAGAI BIBIT SIAP TANAM DI BALAI KARHUTLA WILAYAH JAWA BALI NUSA TENGGARA

SIMBIOSIS Journal of Biological Sciences ◽

10.24843/jsimbiosis.2019.v07.i01.p02 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 6

Author(s):

I Ketut Endra Primantara ◽

A.A.Ketut Darmadi ◽

I Ketut Ginantra

Keyword(s):

Sea Water ◽

Stem Diameter ◽

Mangrove Forests ◽

Stem Height ◽

Bruguiera Gymnorrhiza ◽

Sea Water Intrusion ◽

Average Growth ◽

Nesting Sites ◽

Mangrove Seedlings ◽

Number Of Leaves

Mangrove forests have important role in coastal ecosystems, for example to overcome marine abrasion, bird nesting sites, forming ecological balance, capturing and localizing sediments, preventing soil acidity and inhibiting sea water intrusion. The success of mangrove reforestation is largely determined by the success in preparing mangrove seedlings. Nursery beds made of bamboo to accommodate 4 species of mangrove seedlings, that are Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Rhizopora apiculata, Rhizopora mucronata and Rhizopora stylosa with 6 replications and each of 3 individuals of each type. The variables measured were plant height, number of leaves and stem diameter. Statistical analysis with the Costat & Co. program The results showed that the average growth of stem height from the 4 mangrove seedlings measured from 6 -13 MST was 1.5 cm, 1.4 cm, 0.8 cm and 0.7 cm respectively. The average number of leaves from the 4 mangrove seedlings were 0.6, 1.2, 0.6, and 0.6 strands respectively and the average stem diameter of the 4 mangrove seedlings was 0.1 cm. The mangrove seedlings of Rhizopora mucronata and Bruguiera gymnorrhiza species that produced higher growth rates of stem height than others, and Bruguiera gymnorrhiza which produced the highest average number of leaves compared to the other three types. Keywords ; seedlings, mangroves, growth

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Some effects of fluoride on the establishment and growth of propagules of Bruguiera gymnorrhiza and Avicennia marina

South African Journal of Botany ◽

10.1016/s0254-6299(16)31622-2 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 51 (6) ◽

pp. 439-447 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

D.J. Mycock ◽

C.A. Frankland ◽

Patricia Berjak

Keyword(s):

Avicennia Marina ◽

Bruguiera Gymnorrhiza

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The anatomical basis of the link between density and mechanical strength in mangrove branches

Functional Plant Biology ◽

10.1071/fp12204 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 40 (4) ◽

pp. 400 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Nadia S. Santini ◽

Nele Schmitz ◽

Vicki Bennion ◽

Catherine E. Lovelock

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Strength ◽

Avicennia Marina ◽

Modulus Of Rupture ◽

Carbon Gain ◽

Bruguiera Gymnorrhiza ◽

Mangrove Species ◽

Rhizophora Stylosa ◽

Anatomical Characteristics ◽

Trade Offs ◽

Anatomical Basis

Tree branches are important as they support the canopy, which controls photosynthetic carbon gain and determines ecological interactions such as competition with neighbours. Mangrove trees are subject to high wind speeds, strong tidal flows and waves that can damage their branches. The survival and establishment of mangroves partly depend on the structural and mechanical characteristics of their branches. In addition, mangroves are exposed to soils that vary in salinity. Highly saline conditions can increase the tension in the water column, imposing mechanical stresses on the xylem vessels. Here, we investigated how mechanical strength, assessed as the modulus of elasticity (MOE) and the modulus of rupture (MOR), and density relate to the anatomical characteristics of intact mangrove branches from southeast Queensland and whether the mechanical strength of branches varies among mangrove species. Mechanical strength was positively correlated with density of mangrove intact branches. Mechanical strength (MOE) varied among species, with Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh. branches having the highest mechanical strength (2079 ± 176 MPa), and Rhizophora stylosa Griff. and Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (L.) Savigny ex Lam. and Poiret having the lowest mechanical strength (536.8 ± 39.2 MPa in R. stylosa and 554 ± 58.2 MPa in B. gymnorrhiza). High levels of mechanical strength were associated with reductions in xylem vessel lumen area, pith content and bark content, and positively associated with increases in fibre wall thickness. The associations between mechanical strength and anatomical characteristics in mangrove branches suggest trade-offs between mechanical strength and water supply, which are linked to tree growth and survival.

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