Jenis dan Tingkat Kerusakan Ekosistem Mangrove di Pulau Beralas Bakau Desa Teluk Bakau Kabupaten Bintan

Desa Teluk Bakau, Kabupaten Bintan memiliki komunitas mangrove yang baik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui jenis mangrove, tutupan kanopi mangrove, dan tingkat kerusakan mangrove di Pulau Beralas Bakau. Pengamatan mangrove dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode line transek, dengan luasan area pengamatan 10 x 10 m. Hasil penelitian ditemukan 4 (empat) species mengrove yakni Rhizopora apiculata, R mucronata, Bruguiera gymnorrizha, Xylocarpus granatum. Kondisi mangrove berdasarkan kerapatan dan tutupan kanopi tergolong sedang, dengan kriteria mangrove tergolong baik. Parameter fisika – kimia perairan meliputi; suhu, Kecepatan Arus, Substrat, Salinitas, pH, dan DO masih dalam kisaran normal.

Analysis of marine debris and mangrove forest density in Purnama village, Dumai city, Riau province

Mangrove ecosystems naturally function as trap of waste produced from anthropogenic activities including marine debris. This study aims to analyze marine debris and density of mangrove forests in the Purnama Village. The survey research method was carried out in two stations: Station I (Estuary of Sungai Masjid) and Station II (coastal waters of the Unri Marine Station), which was held from April to July 2021. Marine debris was collected in five plots in a quadrant transect measuring 100 x 50 meter. Identification results of mangrove species in Station I found 3 species of mangrove (Xylocarpus granatum, Rhizophora apiculata and Bruguiera gymnorriza), while at Station II found 3 species of mangroves (Rhizophora apiculata, Xylocarpus granatum and Avecennia alba). This research results obtained the release of marine debris at Station II is more than that of Station I. While in Station II there are 172 items (marine debris density of 0.172 item/m2), weight of marine debris 12.665 grams/m2 and mangrove density 2222 individu/ha (category very close). At Station I there are 35 items (the density of marine debris is 0.035 item/m2), the total weight of marine debris is 3.194 grams/m2 and the density of mangroves is 1678 individu/ha (category very close).

Strategies for the De Novo Synthesis of Highly Substituted Pyridine Scaffolds: Unified Total Synthesis of the Limonoid Alkaloids

Highly substituted pyridine scaffolds are found in many biologically active natural products and therapeutics. Accordingly, numerous complementary de novo approaches to obtain differentially substituted pyridines have been disclosed. This article delineates the evolution of the synthetic strategies designed to assemble the demanding tetrasubstituted pyridine core present in the limonoid alkaloids isolated from Xylocarpus granatum, including xylogranatopyridine B, granatumine A and related congeners. The most efficient and convergent construction of the core framework present in xylogranatopyridine B involved a Liebeskind pyridine synthesis and late-stage benzylic oxidation. By contrast, the synthesis of the bislactone limonoid alkaloids, such as granatumine A which exhibited moderate PTP1B-inhibitory activities, necessitated the development of a novel pyran-to-pyridine conversion. In addition, NMR calculations suggested structural misassignment of several limonoid alkaloids, and predicted their C3-epimers as the correct structures, which was further validated unequivocally through chemical synthesis. While preliminary results of the pNPP assays showed that these bislactone limonoid alkaloids were only weakly inhibitory against PTP1B, C3-deoxy-xylogranatin F, an unnatural synthetic analog, was demonstrated to be more potent than the other congeners.

Ethnomedicinal Use, Phytochemistry, and Pharmacology of Xylocarpus granatum J. Koenig

The mangrove plants are the potential sources of foods and remedies for people living in the forests and nearby communities. Xylocarpus granatum J. Koenig is traditionally used to treat various diseases including diarrhea, cholera, dysentery, fever, malaria, and viral infections, among others. To summarize critically the taxonomy, ethnomedicinal, phytochemistry, and pharmacological activities of X. granatum, information was collected from different databases. An up-to-date search (till June 2020) was carried out with the help of various scientific web resources from databases such as PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, and various patent offices (e.g., WIPO, CIPO, and USPTO) using the keywords “Xylocarpus granatum” and then paired with ethnomedicinal use and phytochemical, phytochemistry, and pharmacological activity (in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo studies). Findings revealed that seeds, fruits, stem bark, leaf, and twigs of X. granatum exhibited a wide range of key phytochemicals including limonoids, phragmalin, limonoid-based alkaloids, mexicanolides, protolimonoids, flavonols, and lactones. The plant possessed potent antioxidant, anticancer, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, antimalarial, antifeedant, and neuroprotective activities. No clinical studies have been reported in the databases. Ethnomedicinal assessment indicated the application of X. granatum in various fields of medical science specially to treat various human ailments, and this was attributed to the presence of enormous alkaloids as confirmed by pharmacological studies. However, to understand the mechanism of action in-depth studies are required. In view of these findings, more research is necessary to explore and characterize the chemical compounds and toxicological aspects of this medicinal mangrove plant. Overall, it can be stated that X. granatum may be one of the hopeful medicinal herbs for the treatment of various diseases in human beings.

Anti-Aging Activity of Xylocarpus Granatum Phytoextracts and Xyloccensins K Compound

Cellular aging is promoted by the deleterious effect of free radicals. This can be lowered by antioxidant treatments. Xylocarpus granatum and its compound, Xyloccensins K have been reported to have antioxidant activity but there have been no reports of antioxidant and anti-aging activities at the cellular level. Thus, the aim of this study to investigate the antioxidant and anti-aging properties of X. granatum-derived extract and Xyloccensins K at a cellular level in yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Four vegetative and three generative parts of X. granatum organs including root, stem, leaf, twig, seed, flesh of fruit, and peel of fruit were extracted using 70% ethanol by the maceration method. Whereas, Xyloccensins K was obtained from seed of X. granatum. The samples tested, other than peel of fruit, prolonged cell longevity in lower concentration as compared to that without phytoextracts treatment. Also, our data indicate that all samples could promote oxidative stress tolerance phenotype, as yeast was capable of dealing with H2O2-induced oxidative stress treatment at 1, 2, and 3 mM H2O2 with the best phenotypes by the administration of twig extracts. Most of the phytoextracts showed an increase in mitochondrial activity, except that of seed extract. The result showed the administration of Xyloccensins K compound did not increase the expression of transcriptional factors of oxidative stress response gene cluster, sty1 and pap1. We suggest that the Xyloccensins K compound acts as direct Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) scavenger. Thus further study in elucidating the phenomenon of longevity-induced X. granatum extract is required.

Biodiversitas Mangrove di Desa Terapung dan Totobo Sulawesi Tenggara

Mangrove adalah ekosistem lahan basah pasang surut yang sangat produktif dan ditemukan di sepanjang pantai tropis maupun subtropic, mempunyai peranan sangat penting di daerah estuaria, merupakan ekosistem yang sangat unik dan rapuh serta sebagai daerah pertemuan antara lingkungan darat dan laut. Indonesia sebagai negara maritim dan kepulauan terbesar di dunia dengan jumlah pulau mencapai 17.504 pulau dan panjang garis pantai sekitar 95.181 km dengan kondisi biofisik lingkungan dan iklim beragam. Hal ini, didukung dengan ekosistem mangrove terluas di dunia (3.49 juta ha), dimana terdapat sekitar 202 jenis mangrove dengan 166 jenis di Pulau Jawa, 157 jenis di Pulau Sumatera, 150 jenis di Pulau Kalimantan, 142 jenis di Pulau Irian Jaya, 133 jenis di Pulau Maluku, 120 jenis di Kepulauan Sunda Kecil dan 135 jenis di Pulau Sulawesi, sehingga Indonesia dikenal sebagai negara mega biodiversitas. Penelitian ini bertujuan melihat biodiversitas mangrove dan sebagai acuan dalam menambah informasi (database) mengenai kelimpahan mangrove yang ada di Sulawesi Tenggara. Penelitian dilaksanakan di pesisir pantai Desa Terapung dan Desa Totobo Sulawesi Tenggara. Pengambilan data vegetasi mangrove di lokasi penelitian menggunakan metode tanpa plot Point Centered Quarter Method (PCQM) yang masing-masing lokasi diletakan dibuat baseline 100 m, jarak antara sub transek 25 m dan pengukuran parameter lingkungan. Hasil penelitian di dua lokasi ditemukan 7 spesies yaitu: Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (L.) Lamk., Bruguiera sexangula (Lour). Poir. Rhizophora mucronata Lamk. Xylocarpus granatum Keon. Sonneratia Alba J.E Smith dan Avesinnia marina (Forsk) Vierh. Namun, jenis yang banyak ditemukan pada stasiun 1 (desa Marobo), karena didukung oleh subtract dan parameter lingkungan (pH tanah: 5 – 7,8), (Kelembaban udara: 72,1—81,55%), (Temperatur udara: 30,45—34,4 0C), (intensitas cahaya 27.5--541.5cd) dan salinitas berkisar (20 -- 30‰).

Struktur dan Komposisi Jenis Mangrove di Kabupaten Bangka Barat

Tujuan penelitian yaitu mengetahui struktur dan komposisi mangrove di Kabupaten Bangka Barat. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode purposive sampling, dimana penentuan stasiun dengan memilih daerah yang mewakili lokasi pengamatan. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa terdapat sembilan jenis mangrove yang ditemukan pada stasiun penelitian, yang paling banyak ditemukan jenis Rhizophora mucronata dan Rhizophora apiculata, nilai kerapatan terbesar terdapat pada stasiun 1 berkisar 0,117 dengan jenis Rhizophora apiculata. Nilai frekuensi jenis terbesar yaitu 1 terdapat pada stasiun I, III dan V dengan jenis mangrove Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora mucronata dan Xylocarpus granatum. Nilai penutupan jenis sebesar 48, 410 % terdapat pada stasiun I dengan jenis mangrove Rhizophora apiculata dan INP sebesar 169,010 terdapat pada stasiun I dengan jenis mangrove Rhizophora apiculata. Jenis Rhizophora sangat mendominansi karena Rhizophora memiliki adaptasi yang tinggi terhadap faktor parameter lingkungan seperti tipe substrat, fluktuasi salinitas, pasang surut, kandungan bahan organik, suhu dan pH. jenis Rhizophora apiculata mempunyai kemampuan adaptasi yang tinggi dimana tempat jenis ini tumbuh.

Pengaruh Kerapatan Berbeda Terhadap Produksi Dan Laju Dekomposisi Serasah Mangrove Xylocarpus granatum Koenig, 1784 (Meliaceae:Rosids) dan Rhizophora apiculate Blume,1827 (Rhizophoraceae: Rosids) di Perairan Pulau Bintan

Penelitian mengenai Produksi dan Laju Dekomposisi Serasah Mangrove Xylocarpus granatum dan Rhizophora apiculata di Perairan Busung dan Tanjung Unggat Pulau Bintan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk membandingkan produksi dan laju dekomposisi serasah mangrove Xylocarpus granatum dan Rhizophora apiculata di perairan Busung dan Tanjung Unggat, Pulau Bintan. Penelitian ini di laksanakan pada bulan Februari – Mei 2020 mengenai produksi dan laju dekomposisi serasah mangrove X. granatum dan R. apiculata di perairan Busung dan Tanjung Unggat Pulau Bintan. Penelitian ini bertujuan membandingkan produksi dan laju dekomposisi serasah mangrove X. granatum dan R. apiculata. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan penentuan lokasi, kemudian persiapan alat dan bahan dan dilanjutkan dengan pengambilan data kerapatan mangrove dan pengambilan data serasah serta laju dekomposisi. Hasil penelitian ditemukan 2 jenis mangrove di 2 stasiun yaitu X. granatum dan R. apiculata. Kerapatan total di Desa Busung berjumlah 2267 pohon/ha tergolong sangat padat dan masih dalam kondisi baik sedangkan kerapatan total di Tanjung Unggat berjumlah 1200 pohon/ha tergolong sedang dan masih dalam kondisi baik. Produksi serasah tertinggi yaitu terjadi pada Stasiun Busung yaitu R. apiculata 1.47 g/m2/hari dan X. ganatum 0.83 g/m2/hari dengan kerapatan yang padat dan untuk hasil terendah terjadi pada stasiun Tanjung Unggat yaitu R. apiculata 1.09 g/m2/hari dan X. granatum 0.65 g/m2/hari dengan kerapatan sedang. Laju dekomposisi serasah daun spesies X. granatum menunjukkan nilai 0.0192 dan Laju dekomposisi serasah daun spesies R. apiculata menunjukkan nilai 0.0203. Laju dekomposisi sersah daun terjadi penurunan yang sangat signifikan pada hari ke 14 yaitu dengan kisaran 0.04 – 0.06 gr/hr. Sedangkan pada hari ke-14 sampai hari ke-28 relatif konstan, dengan kisaran 0.01 – 0.03 gr/hr. Research on the Production and Decomposition Rate of Xylocarpus granatum and Rhizophora apiculata Mangrove Litter in Busung and Tanjung Unggat Waters, Bintan Island. The purpose of this study was to compare the production and decomposition rate of mangrove litter from Xylocarpus granatum and Rhizophora apiculata in the waters of Busung and Tanjung Unggat, Bintan Island. This research was conducted in February - May 2020 regarding the production and decomposition rate of mangrove litter X. granatum and R. apiculata in the waters of Busung and Tanjung Unggat Bintan Island. This study aims to compare the production and decomposition rate of mangrove litter X. granatum and R. apiculata. This research was conducted by determining the location, then preparing the tools and materials, followed by collecting data on mangrove density and data collection of litter and decomposition rate. The results found 2 types of mangroves at 2 stations, namely X. granatum and R. apiculata. The total density in Busung Village was 2267 trees / ha which was classified as very dense and still in good condition, while the total density in Tanjung Unggat was 1200 trees / ha which was classified as moderate and still in good condition. The highest litter production occurred at Busung Station, namely R. apiculata 1.47 g/M2/day and X. granatum 0.83 g/m2 /day with a dense density and for the lowest yield occurred at Tanjung Unggat station, namely R. apiculata 1.09 g/m2/day and X. granatum 0.65 g/m2/day with moderate density. The leaf litter decomposition rate of species X. granatum showed a value of 0.0192 and the rate of decomposition of leaf litter of species R. apiculata showed a value of 0.0203. The decomposition rate of leaf litter decreased significantly on day 14, in the range of 0.04 - 0.06 gr/day. Meanwhile, on day 14 to day 28 it is relatively constant, with a range of 0.01 - 0.03 g/day.