Seasonal variation of surface water CO2 partial pressure in the Southland Current, east of New Zealand

1999 ◽  
Vol 50 (5) ◽  
pp. 375 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kim I. Currie ◽  
Keith A. Hunter
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activity ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Partial Pressure ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Mixing Processes ◽  
Co2 Partial Pressure ◽  
Partial Pressure Of Co2 ◽  
Effects Of Temperature

The partial pressure of CO2 in the surface waters (pCO2sw) of the Southland Front east of New Zealand was determined over one annual cycle in 1992/93. Associated parameters of temperature, salinity and nutrients were also measured. Both the modified subtropical waters of the Southland Current and the cooler subantarctic surface waters were undersaturated with CO2 with respect to the atmosphere. The maximum ΔpCO2 of –150 µatm was measured in April 1993. A simple model taking into account the effects of temperature, biological activity and air–sea exchange applied to subantarctic surface water indicated that at different times of the year changes in sea surface temperature, biological activity and mixing processes are the dominant controls of pCO2sw .

scholarly journals Properties, processes and regimes of soil solutions and surface waters

2020 ◽  
Vol 175 ◽  
pp. 12022
Author(s):  
Guriyat Podvolotskaya ◽  
Sergey Belopukhov ◽  
Vitaly Savich ◽  
Andrey Sorokin ◽  
Nikolay Tyutrin
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activity ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Pair Correlation ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soil Solutions ◽  
Different Depths ◽  
Different Soils

Soil solutions and the surface waters are characterized by properties, processes and regimes. Soil solutions of different soils and their surface water have different biological activity and change the activity of dissolved stimulants and inhibitors. The object of the study are soil solutions of the main types of soils obtained in the model experiments with the ratio of soils: water equal to 1:1 and 1: 2, soil solutions and surface water in the flooding of soils with water for 1 week – 3 months. The research method consisted in the assessment of pH, Eh, activity of K, NO3, NH4, Ca, Mg by conventional methods, assessment of concentrations of water-soluble compounds extracted from soils by ionite membranes, in the assessment of biological activity of solutions using biotests. The following is suggested for additional evaluation: the using of cation and anion membranes, determination of interrelation between the properties of waters, equation of pair correlation and multiply regression. The informative value of the gradient of surface water concentrations at different distances from the floor of the reservoir, at different depths of the overwatered soils is shown. The mobility of Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn in soils and the content of their water-soluble forms depends on both pH and Eh, whose influence on the content of water-soluble forms of the considered cations shows the effects of synergy and antagonism. The rate of change in the composition of soil solutions during soil flooding depends on a combination of soil properties, temperature, and duration of flooding. Soil solutions of different soils and their surface waters have differentrates.

Inhibition of CO2 Assimilation by Supraoptimal CO2: Effect of Light and Temperature

1983 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 75 ◽  
Author(s):  
KC Woo ◽  
SC Wong
Keyword(s):  
Partial Pressure ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Co2 Assimilation ◽  
Quantum Yields ◽  
Co2 Partial Pressure ◽  
Low Co2 ◽  
O2 Partial Pressure ◽  
Partial Pressures ◽  
High Partial Pressure ◽  
Partial Pressure Of Co2

In cotton the rate of CO2 assimilation, at O2 partial pressures up to 200 mbar, increased to a maximum and then declined as the intercellular partial pressure of CO2 was increased. The specific intercellular partial pressure of CO2 at which rate of assimilation began to decline depended on the environmental conditions. At 19 mbar partial pressure of O2 the decline occurred at CO2 partial pressure >390 �bar. At 200 mbar partial pressure of O2 it occurred at CO2 partial pressure > 534 �bar. O2 increased the CO2 partial pressure required for inhibition but it did not appear to affect the steepness of the decline of rate of assimilation with further increase in partial pressure of CO2 once the decline became apparent. The decline was more readily observed at low temperature and low O2 partial pressure, and in plants grown at low light and NO3- levels. It was also observed in cowpea and sunflower. Changes in quantum efficiency in cotton at high and low CO2 concentrations were observed. At ambient CO2 concentration (300 �bar), the quantum yields measured at 19 and 200 mbar partial pressure of O2 were 0.072 � 0.0003 and 0.053 � 0.0060 mol CO2 per mol absorbed quanta, respectively. In contrast, at 900 �bar CO2 partial pressure the respective values were 0.050 � 0.0023 and 0.070 � 0.0006 mol CO2 per mol absorbed quanta. The nature of the inhibition of CO2 assimilation by high partial pressure of CO2 is discussed.

Seasonal effects of temperature and salinity on the partial pressure of CO2 in seawater

Nature ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 300 (5892) ◽  
pp. 511-513 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. F. Weiss ◽  
R. A. Jahnke ◽  
C. D. Keeling
Keyword(s):  
Partial Pressure ◽  
Seasonal Effects ◽  
Partial Pressure Of Co2 ◽  
Effects Of Temperature

scholarly journals Groundwater and Surface Water Interaction, Wairarapa Valley, New Zealand

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Michael Guggenmos
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Temperature ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Temporal Variability ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Base Flow ◽  
Storm Event ◽  
Water Interaction ◽  
Surface And Groundwater

<p>Physical and chemical interactions between surface and groundwater are complex and display significant spatial and temporal variability. However, relatively little is known about the chemical interaction between surface and groundwater; in particular the temporal scales at which this interaction occurs. The aim of this research was to determine if existing and/or potential water chemistry measurements could be used to investigate the interaction between surface and groundwater bodies in the Wairarapa valley, New Zealand and identify specific locations and timescales at which this interaction occurs. Analyses were undertaken at both regional and local scales. The regional scale investigation utilised Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) to categorise 268 historic surface and groundwater sites from the 3000 km² Wairarapa valley into similar hydrochemical clusters in order to infer potential interaction. Six main clusters were identified, primarily differentiated by their total dissolved solids (TDS), redox potential and major ion ratios. Shallow aquifers, located in close proximity to losing reaches of the upper Ruamahanga, Waiopoua and Waiohine Rivers, were grouped with similar Ca²⁺-HCO₃⁻ type surface waters, indicating (potential) recharge from these river systems. Likewise, rainfall-recharged groundwater sites that displayed higher Na⁺ relative to Ca²⁺ and Cl⁻ relative to HCO₃⁻ were grouped with similar surface waters such as the Mangatarere and lower Waingawa streams. This suggests the provision of this rainfall-recharged signature to river base flow. Deep anoxic aquifers, high in TDS, were grouped together, but showed no statistical link to surface water sites. Results from the regional scale investigation highlight the potential use of HCA as a rapid and cost-effective method of identifying areas of surface and groundwater interaction using existing datasets. A local scale investigation utilised existing quarterly and monthly hydrochemical data from the Mangatarere and Waiohine Rivers and nearby groundwater wells in an attempt to gain insight into temporal variability in surface and groundwater interactions. Time series analysis and HCA were employed, however, the coarse time scales at which data was available made it difficult to make reliable inferences regarding this interaction. To overcome this issue, upstream and downstream surface and groundwater gauging stations were established in the Mangatarere Stream catchment for a 92 day period. Continuous electrical conductivity, water temperature and stage measurements were obtained at three of the four stations, along with one week of hydrochemical grab sampling. The fourth gauging station provided a more limited dataset due to technical issues. The downstream Mangatarere Stream received 30-60% of base flow from neighbouring groundwaters which provided cool Na⁺-Cl⁻ type waters, high in TDS and NO₃‾ concentrations. This reach also lost water to underlying groundwaters during an extended dry period when precipitation and regional groundwater stage was low. The upstream groundwater station received recharge primarily from precipitation as indicated by a Na⁺-Cl⁻-NO₃‾ signature, the result of precipitation passage through the soil-water zone. However, it appeared 2-4 m³/s of river recharge was also provided to the upstream groundwater station by the Mangatarere stream during an extended storm event on JD021-028. Mangatarere surface waters transferred a diurnal water temperature pattern and dilute Na⁺-Ca²⁺-Mg²⁺-HCO₃⁻-Cl⁻ signature to the upstream groundwater station on JD026-028. Results obtained from the Mangatarere catchment confirm the temporal complexities of ground and surface water interaction and highlight the importance of meteorological processes in influencing this interaction.</p>

scholarly journals Planktic Foraminifera-Based Sea Surface Temperature Estimates and Late Quaternary Oceanography off New Zealand's West Coast

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Andrew Peter Kolodziej
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
West Coast ◽  
Mass Movement ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Temperate Species ◽  
Tasman Sea ◽  
Modern Analogue ◽  
Neogloboquadrina Dutertrei ◽  
Glacial Periods

<p>Planktic foraminiferal assemblages were used to investigate the paleoceanography of the Eastern Tasman Sea over the last 480 kyrs (Marine Isotope Stages 12-1). One hundred and sixty-two faunas (96 picked and identified as part of this project (MIS 12-6) added to 66 census counts from Dr. M. Crundwell (MIS 6-1)) have been assembled from Marion Dufresne piston core MD06-2986 (~43˚ S. off New Zealand‟s west coast, 1477 m water depth). Faunal changes through the last five glacial-interglacial cycles are used to track surface water mass movement. Glacial periods are dominated by the eutrophic species Globigerina bulloides, with significant contributions from the temperate species Globoconella inflata. Temperate species Neogloboquadrina incompta and Gc. inflata dominate interglacials, with the former dominating the warmer parts and the latter dominating the cooler parts of the interglacials. Modern Analogue Technique (MAT) and an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) were used to estimate past sea surface temperatures (SST) based on the foraminiferal census counts data (23 species, ~46,000 specimens). SSTs show that MIS 12 was the longest, sustained cold period, while the coldest temperature was recorded in MIS 5d (~8º C). Interglacials MIS 11 and 5e are the two warmest stages of the record, with SSTs reaching ~18.5º C, about ~2º C warmer than present day. We find that contrary to either the western Tasman Sea or offshore eastern New Zealand, the eastern Tasman Sea has been fairly isolated from any major influx of subpolar or subtropical species carried in with surface water from either high or low latitude sources. Subtropical taxa abundance (Globigerinoides ruber, Neogloboquadrina dutertrei (D), Globigerinoides sacculifer, Globigerinella aequilateralis, Sphaeroidinellopsis dehiscens, Truncorotalia truncatulinoides (D), Beella digitata) is low (average ~0.6%) and only prominent during peak interglacials. Subantarctic taxa abundance (Neogloboquadrina pachyderma, Neogloboquadrina dutertrei (S)) is low (average ~5.1%), but significant, particularly in glacial periods. Comparison of faunal and SSTANN data along with ratios of Nq. pachyderma:Nq. incompta (previously referred to as coiling ratios of Nq. pachyderma) and absolute abundance of planktic productivity (a productivity proxy) suggest that the STF migrated northwards towards the site in all glacial periods, and may have moved over the site in MIS 12 and possibly MIS 5d. A latitudinal SSTANN 25 comparison between offshore eastern and western New Zealand reveals that MD06-2986 (~43º S) is most similar (~0.5º C) to ODP Site 1125 (~42º S). On the contrary, ODP Site 1119 (44º S) is ~5º C cooler than MD06-2986. This comparison highlights the significant changes in surface water masses off eastern New Zealand that exist in such a short span of latitude because of the influence of a complex submarine topography.</p>

scholarly journals Low <i>p</i>CO<sub>2</sub> under sea-ice melt in the Canada Basin of the western Arctic Ocean

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naohiro Kosugi ◽  
Daisuke Sasano ◽  
Masao Ishii ◽  
Shigeto Nishino ◽  
Hiroshi Uchida ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Sea Ice ◽  
Partial Pressure ◽  
Arctic Ocean ◽  
Canada Basin ◽  
Western Arctic Ocean ◽  
Co2 Partial Pressure ◽  
Ice Melt ◽  
Low Co2 ◽  
Western Arctic

Abstract. In September 2013, we observed an expanse of surface water with low CO2 partial pressure (pCO2sea) (

scholarly journals Reconstruction of super-resolution ocean <i>p</i>CO<sub>2</sub> and air–sea fluxes of CO<sub>2</sub> from satellite imagery in the southeastern Atlantic

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (17) ◽  
pp. 5229-5245 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Hernández-Carrasco ◽  
J. Sudre ◽  
V. Garçon ◽  
H. Yahia ◽  
C. Garbe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Partial Pressure ◽  
Sea Surface Temperature ◽  
Ocean Color ◽  
Super Resolution ◽  
In Situ Measurements ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Co2 Fluxes ◽  
Partial Pressure Of Co2

Abstract. An accurate quantification of the role of the ocean as source/sink of greenhouse gases (GHGs) requires to access the high-resolution of the GHG air–sea flux at the interface. In this paper we present a novel method to reconstruct maps of surface ocean partial pressure of CO2 ( pCO2) and air–sea CO2 fluxes at super resolution (4 km, i.e., 1/32° at these latitudes) using sea surface temperature (SST) and ocean color (OC) data at this resolution, and CarbonTracker CO2 fluxes data at low resolution (110 km). Inference of super-resolution pCO2 and air–sea CO2 fluxes is performed using novel nonlinear signal processing methodologies that prove efficient in the context of oceanography. The theoretical background comes from the microcanonical multifractal formalism which unlocks the geometrical determination of cascading properties of physical intensive variables. As a consequence, a multi-resolution analysis performed on the signal of the so-called singularity exponents allows for the correct and near optimal cross-scale inference of GHG fluxes, as the inference suits the geometric realization of the cascade. We apply such a methodology to the study offshore of the Benguela area. The inferred representation of oceanic partial pressure of CO2 improves and enhances the description provided by CarbonTracker, capturing the small-scale variability. We examine different combinations of ocean color and sea surface temperature products in order to increase the number of valid points and the quality of the inferred pCO2 field. The methodology is validated using in situ measurements by means of statistical errors. We find that mean absolute and relative errors in the inferred values of pCO2 with respect to in situ measurements are smaller than for CarbonTracker.

Corrigendum to: The relative limitation of photosynthesis by mesophyll conductance in co-occurring species in a temperate rainforest dominated by the conifer Dacrydium cupressinum

2004 ◽  
Vol 31 (7) ◽  
pp. 759
Author(s):  
Evan H. De Lucia ◽  
Michael J. Clearwater ◽  
David Whitehead
Keyword(s):  
Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽  
Partial Pressure ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Radiata Pine ◽  
Leaf Nitrogen ◽  
Herbaceous Plant ◽  
Mesophyll Conductance ◽  
Co2 Partial Pressure ◽  
Fluorescence Measurements ◽  
Partial Pressure Of Co2

The capacity to conduct CO2 from the intercellar spaces in leaves to the site of fixation (mesophyll conductance, gm) may pose a significant limitation to photosynthesis. Dacrydium cupressinum Sol. ex Lamb. (rimu), a native conifer of New Zealand, and other members of the Podocarpaceae evolved during the Jurassic when the partial pressure of CO2 exceeded 200 Pa. This species has low rates of photosynthesis and high levels of leaf nitrogen, which have led to the hypothesis that low gm restricts photosynthesis. Mesophyll conductance was estimated from gas-exchange and fluorescence measurements for this and other co-occurring tree species [Prumnopitys ferruginea D.�Don (miro), Weinmannia racemosa L.f. (kāmahi), Meterosideros umbellata Cav. (rata)]. Pinus radiata D. Don (radiata pine) and Phaseolus vulgaris L. (bean) were included to provide comparisons with a rapidly growing tree and herbaceous plant with relatively high photosynthetic rates. Mesophyll conductance was not statistically different among indigenous tree species but was lowest for D. cupressinum. This species also had the lowest ratio of mesophyll to stomatal conductance, gm / gst and was the only species where the decline in partial pressure of CO2 was greater from the intercellular air space to the site of fixation (16.3 Pa) than between the bulk air and the intercellular spaces (8.8 Pa), providing support for the hypotheses that low gm limits photosynthesis in this species. As a group, conifers had marginally lower gm and gm / gst ratio than angiosperms, but this difference was strongly influenced by the high values for Phaseolus vulgaris. That co-occurring members of the Podocarpaceae operated differently suggests that low gm may reflect a response to evolutionary pressures other than high atmospheric CO2 partial pressure.

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