scholarly journals Groundwater and Surface Water Interaction, Wairarapa Valley, New Zealand

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Michael Guggenmos
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Temperature ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Temporal Variability ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Base Flow ◽  
Storm Event ◽  
Water Interaction ◽  
Surface And Groundwater

<p>Physical and chemical interactions between surface and groundwater are complex and display significant spatial and temporal variability. However, relatively little is known about the chemical interaction between surface and groundwater; in particular the temporal scales at which this interaction occurs. The aim of this research was to determine if existing and/or potential water chemistry measurements could be used to investigate the interaction between surface and groundwater bodies in the Wairarapa valley, New Zealand and identify specific locations and timescales at which this interaction occurs. Analyses were undertaken at both regional and local scales. The regional scale investigation utilised Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) to categorise 268 historic surface and groundwater sites from the 3000 km² Wairarapa valley into similar hydrochemical clusters in order to infer potential interaction. Six main clusters were identified, primarily differentiated by their total dissolved solids (TDS), redox potential and major ion ratios. Shallow aquifers, located in close proximity to losing reaches of the upper Ruamahanga, Waiopoua and Waiohine Rivers, were grouped with similar Ca²⁺-HCO₃⁻ type surface waters, indicating (potential) recharge from these river systems. Likewise, rainfall-recharged groundwater sites that displayed higher Na⁺ relative to Ca²⁺ and Cl⁻ relative to HCO₃⁻ were grouped with similar surface waters such as the Mangatarere and lower Waingawa streams. This suggests the provision of this rainfall-recharged signature to river base flow. Deep anoxic aquifers, high in TDS, were grouped together, but showed no statistical link to surface water sites. Results from the regional scale investigation highlight the potential use of HCA as a rapid and cost-effective method of identifying areas of surface and groundwater interaction using existing datasets. A local scale investigation utilised existing quarterly and monthly hydrochemical data from the Mangatarere and Waiohine Rivers and nearby groundwater wells in an attempt to gain insight into temporal variability in surface and groundwater interactions. Time series analysis and HCA were employed, however, the coarse time scales at which data was available made it difficult to make reliable inferences regarding this interaction. To overcome this issue, upstream and downstream surface and groundwater gauging stations were established in the Mangatarere Stream catchment for a 92 day period. Continuous electrical conductivity, water temperature and stage measurements were obtained at three of the four stations, along with one week of hydrochemical grab sampling. The fourth gauging station provided a more limited dataset due to technical issues. The downstream Mangatarere Stream received 30-60% of base flow from neighbouring groundwaters which provided cool Na⁺-Cl⁻ type waters, high in TDS and NO₃‾ concentrations. This reach also lost water to underlying groundwaters during an extended dry period when precipitation and regional groundwater stage was low. The upstream groundwater station received recharge primarily from precipitation as indicated by a Na⁺-Cl⁻-NO₃‾ signature, the result of precipitation passage through the soil-water zone. However, it appeared 2-4 m³/s of river recharge was also provided to the upstream groundwater station by the Mangatarere stream during an extended storm event on JD021-028. Mangatarere surface waters transferred a diurnal water temperature pattern and dilute Na⁺-Ca²⁺-Mg²⁺-HCO₃⁻-Cl⁻ signature to the upstream groundwater station on JD026-028. Results obtained from the Mangatarere catchment confirm the temporal complexities of ground and surface water interaction and highlight the importance of meteorological processes in influencing this interaction.</p>

scholarly journals Groundwater and Surface Water Interaction, Wairarapa Valley, New Zealand

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Michael Guggenmos
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Temperature ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Temporal Variability ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Base Flow ◽  
Storm Event ◽  
Water Interaction ◽  
Surface And Groundwater

<p>Physical and chemical interactions between surface and groundwater are complex and display significant spatial and temporal variability. However, relatively little is known about the chemical interaction between surface and groundwater; in particular the temporal scales at which this interaction occurs. The aim of this research was to determine if existing and/or potential water chemistry measurements could be used to investigate the interaction between surface and groundwater bodies in the Wairarapa valley, New Zealand and identify specific locations and timescales at which this interaction occurs. Analyses were undertaken at both regional and local scales. The regional scale investigation utilised Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) to categorise 268 historic surface and groundwater sites from the 3000 km² Wairarapa valley into similar hydrochemical clusters in order to infer potential interaction. Six main clusters were identified, primarily differentiated by their total dissolved solids (TDS), redox potential and major ion ratios. Shallow aquifers, located in close proximity to losing reaches of the upper Ruamahanga, Waiopoua and Waiohine Rivers, were grouped with similar Ca²⁺-HCO₃⁻ type surface waters, indicating (potential) recharge from these river systems. Likewise, rainfall-recharged groundwater sites that displayed higher Na⁺ relative to Ca²⁺ and Cl⁻ relative to HCO₃⁻ were grouped with similar surface waters such as the Mangatarere and lower Waingawa streams. This suggests the provision of this rainfall-recharged signature to river base flow. Deep anoxic aquifers, high in TDS, were grouped together, but showed no statistical link to surface water sites. Results from the regional scale investigation highlight the potential use of HCA as a rapid and cost-effective method of identifying areas of surface and groundwater interaction using existing datasets. A local scale investigation utilised existing quarterly and monthly hydrochemical data from the Mangatarere and Waiohine Rivers and nearby groundwater wells in an attempt to gain insight into temporal variability in surface and groundwater interactions. Time series analysis and HCA were employed, however, the coarse time scales at which data was available made it difficult to make reliable inferences regarding this interaction. To overcome this issue, upstream and downstream surface and groundwater gauging stations were established in the Mangatarere Stream catchment for a 92 day period. Continuous electrical conductivity, water temperature and stage measurements were obtained at three of the four stations, along with one week of hydrochemical grab sampling. The fourth gauging station provided a more limited dataset due to technical issues. The downstream Mangatarere Stream received 30-60% of base flow from neighbouring groundwaters which provided cool Na⁺-Cl⁻ type waters, high in TDS and NO₃‾ concentrations. This reach also lost water to underlying groundwaters during an extended dry period when precipitation and regional groundwater stage was low. The upstream groundwater station received recharge primarily from precipitation as indicated by a Na⁺-Cl⁻-NO₃‾ signature, the result of precipitation passage through the soil-water zone. However, it appeared 2-4 m³/s of river recharge was also provided to the upstream groundwater station by the Mangatarere stream during an extended storm event on JD021-028. Mangatarere surface waters transferred a diurnal water temperature pattern and dilute Na⁺-Ca²⁺-Mg²⁺-HCO₃⁻-Cl⁻ signature to the upstream groundwater station on JD026-028. Results obtained from the Mangatarere catchment confirm the temporal complexities of ground and surface water interaction and highlight the importance of meteorological processes in influencing this interaction.</p>

scholarly journals Investigation of groundwater-surface water interaction using hydrochemical sampling with high temporal resolution, Mangatarere catchment, New Zealand

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 10225-10273
Author(s):  
M. R. Guggenmos ◽  
B. M. Jackson ◽  
C. J. Daughney
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Temperature ◽  
Base Flow ◽  
High Temporal Resolution ◽  
Temperature Pattern ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Variability ◽  
Grab Sampling ◽  
Water Interaction ◽  
Groundwater Surface Water Interaction

Abstract. The interaction between groundwater and surface water is dynamic and is known to show considerable spatial and temporal variability. Generally hydrological studies that investigate this interaction are conducted at weekly to yearly timescales and inadvertently lose information contained at the neglected shorter timescales. This paper utilises high resolution physical and chemical measurements to investigate the groundwater and surface water interactions of the small temperate Mangatarere Stream in New Zealand. Continuous electrical conductivity, water temperature and stage measurements were obtained at two surface water gauging stations and one groundwater station, along with one week of intensive hydrochemical grab sampling. A second groundwater gauging station provided limited additional data. The downstream reach of the Mangatarere Stream received significant base flow from neighbouring groundwaters which provided cool Na+-Cl− type waters, high in TDS and NO−3 concentrations. This reach also lost water to underlying groundwaters during an extended dry period when precipitation and regional groundwater stage were low. The upstream groundwater station received recharge primarily from precipitation as indicated by a Na+-Cl−-NO−3 signature, the result of precipitation passage through the soil-water zone. However, river recharge was also provided to the upstream groundwater station as indicated by the transferral of a diurnal water temperature pattern and dilute Na+-Ca2+-Mg2+-HCO3−-Cl− signature. Results obtained from the Mangatarere catchment confirm the temporal complexities of groundwater and surface water interaction and highlight the benefits of multiple investigative approaches and the importance of high frequency hydrochemical sampling and monitoring for process understanding.

scholarly journals Regional-scale identification of groundwater-surface water interaction using hydrochemistry and multivariate statistical methods, Wairarapa Valley, New Zealand

2011 ◽  
Vol 15 (11) ◽  
pp. 3383-3398 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. Guggenmos ◽  
C. J. Daughney ◽  
B. M. Jackson ◽  
U. Morgenstern
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Multivariate Statistics ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Total Dissolved Solids ◽  
Dissolved Solids ◽  
Chemical Signature ◽  
Water Interaction ◽  
Groundwater Surface Water Interaction

Abstract. Identifying areas of interaction between groundwater and surface water is crucial for effective environmental management, because this interaction is known to influence water quantity and quality. This paper applies hydrochemistry and multivariate statistics to identify locations and mechanisms of groundwater-surface water interaction in the pastorally dominated Wairarapa Valley, New Zealand. Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) and Principal Components Analysis (PCA) were conducted using site-specific median values of Ca, Mg, Na, K, HCO3, Cl, SO4 and electrical conductivity from 22 surface water sites and 246 groundwater sites. Surface water and groundwater monitoring sites were grouped together in three of the seven clusters identified by HCA, with the inference made that similarities in hydrochemistry indicate groundwater-surface water interaction. PCA indicated that the clusters were largely differentiated by total dissolved solids concentration, redox condition and ratio of major ions. Shallow aerobic groundwaters, located in close proximity to losing reaches of rivers, were grouped with similar Ca-HCO3 type surface waters, indicating potential recharge to aquifers from these river systems. Groundwaters that displayed a rainfall-recharged chemical signature with higher Na relative to Ca, higher Cl relative to HCO3 and an accumulation of NO3 were grouped with neighbouring surface waters, suggesting the provision of groundwater base flow to these river systems and the transfer of this chemical signature from underlying aquifers. The hydrochemical techniques used in this study did not reveal groundwater-surface water interaction in some parts of the study area, specifically where deep anoxic groundwaters, high in total dissolved solids with a distinct Na-Cl signature, showed no apparent link to surface water. The drivers of hydrochemistry inferred from HCA and PCA are consistent with previous measurements of 18O, water age and excess air. Overall, this study has shown that multivariate statistics can be used as a rapid method to identify groundwater-surface water interaction at a regional scale using existing hydrochemical datasets.

scholarly journals Regional-scale identification of groundwater-surface water interaction using hydrochemistry and multivariate statistical methods, Wairarapa Valley, New Zealand

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 6443-6487 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. Guggenmos ◽  
C. J. Daughney ◽  
B. M. Jackson ◽  
U. Morgenstern
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Multivariate Statistics ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Total Dissolved Solids ◽  
Dissolved Solids ◽  
Chemical Signature ◽  
Water Interaction ◽  
Groundwater Surface Water Interaction

Abstract. Identifying areas of interaction between groundwater and surface water is crucial for effective environmental management, because this interaction is known to influence water quantity and quality. This paper applies hydrochemistry and multivariate statistics to identify locations and mechanisms of groundwater-surface water interaction in the pastorally dominated Wairarapa Valley, New Zealand. Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) and Principal Components Analysis (PCA) were conducted using site-specific median values of Ca, Mg, Na, K, HCO3, Cl, SO4 and electrical conductivity from 22 surface water sites and 246 groundwater sites. Surface water and groundwater monitoring sites were grouped together in three of the seven clusters identified by HCA, with the inference made that similarities in hydrochemistry indicate groundwater-surface water interaction. PCA indicated that the clusters were largely differentiated by total dissolved solids concentration, redox potential and ratio of major ions. Shallow aerobic groundwaters, located in close proximity to losing reaches of rivers, were grouped with similar Ca-HCO3 type surface waters, indicating potential recharge to aquifers from these river systems. Groundwaters that displayed a rainfall-recharged chemical signature with higher Na relative to Ca, higher Cl relative to HCO3 and an accumulation of NO3 were grouped with neighbouring surface waters, suggesting the provision of groundwater base flow to these river systems and the transfer of this chemical signature from underlying aquifers. The hydrochemical techniques used in this study did not reveal groundwater-surface water interaction in some parts of the study area, specifically where deep anoxic groundwaters, high in total dissolved solids with a distinct Na-Cl signature, showed no apparent link to surface water. The drivers of hydrochemistry inferred from HCA and PCA are consistent with previous measurements of 18O, water age and excess air. Overall, this study has shown that multivariate statistics can be used as a rapid method to identify groundwater-surface water interaction at a regional scale using existing hydrochemical datasets.

scholarly journals Spatial variability of nitrate concentration in lakes in Snowdonia, North Wales, UK

1999 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 395-408 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. Kernan ◽  
T. E. H. Allott
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Nitrate Concentration ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Strong Acid ◽  
N Deposition ◽  
N Leaching ◽  
Bare Rock ◽  
North Wales ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract. At a regional scale, high nitrate (NO3‾) concentrations in upland surface waters generally occur in tandem with high nitrogen (N) deposition levels. However, significant differences in the patterns of surface water NO3‾ concentration have been observed within areas of similar N deposition yet relatively few studies have been undertaken which examine within-region variation of NO3‾ concentrations. A study of 76 lakes in Snowdonia, north Wales, an area of high deposition and sensitive catchments, was undertaken to assess variation in surface water NO3‾ concentration across a 20 x 20 km grid square and to identify catchments vulnerable to NO3‾ leaching. Nitrate concentrations vary considerably, particularly during winter when values range from 0.7 to 70 μeq l-1. Although retention by vegetation and soil microbes in summer reduces the amount of NO3‾ reaching the lakes, 37 % of sites are characterised by NO3‾ concentrations greater then 4 μeq l-1. The elevated concentrations occurring in summer suggests that N breakthrough has occurred. By examining the ratio of NO3‾ to total strong acid anions, it is shown that NO3‾ contributes significantly to freshwater acidity, particularly during the winter. Redundancy analysis shows that NO3‾ leaching is greatest, both in winter and summer, in catchments with high proportions of bare rock where soil and vegetation cover is limited. Nitrogen cycling in these catchments, generally at higher altitudes, may no longer be governed by seasonal biological controls. They are likely to be saturated with respect to nitrogen (i.e. incapable of further N retention) as a result of the elevated deposition levels in the area. The contribution of NO3‾ to acidity is also greatest at these sites. In winter, significant positive relationships are also evident between NO3‾ concentration and soil pH and coniferous woodland. The study demonstrates the importance of catchment factors in modifying the relationship between N deposition and N leaching in upland catchments.

Seasonal variation of surface water CO2 partial pressure in the Southland Current, east of New Zealand

1999 ◽  
Vol 50 (5) ◽  
pp. 375 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kim I. Currie ◽  
Keith A. Hunter
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activity ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Partial Pressure ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Mixing Processes ◽  
Co2 Partial Pressure ◽  
Partial Pressure Of Co2 ◽  
Effects Of Temperature

The partial pressure of CO2 in the surface waters (pCO2sw) of the Southland Front east of New Zealand was determined over one annual cycle in 1992/93. Associated parameters of temperature, salinity and nutrients were also measured. Both the modified subtropical waters of the Southland Current and the cooler subantarctic surface waters were undersaturated with CO2 with respect to the atmosphere. The maximum ΔpCO2 of –150 µatm was measured in April 1993. A simple model taking into account the effects of temperature, biological activity and air–sea exchange applied to subantarctic surface water indicated that at different times of the year changes in sea surface temperature, biological activity and mixing processes are the dominant controls of pCO2sw .

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