Functional morphology of the Chelipeds, mouthparts and gastric mill of Ozius truncatus (Milne Edwards) (Xanthidae) and Leptograpsus variegatus (Fabricius) (Grapsidae) (Brachyura)

1986 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 67 ◽  
Author(s):  
GA Skilleter ◽  
DT Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Functional Morphology ◽  
Gastric Mill ◽  
Functional Relationships ◽  
The Third ◽  
Analogous Functional

Field and laboratory observations show that O. truncatus is a predator on gastropod molluscs, using dimorphic crusher-cutter chelipeds to remove the shell. The soft gastropod body is then presented to the maxillipeds. The third maxillipeds and mandibles tear the food, but the fragments reaching the foregut are still relatively large. The gastric mill ossicles of O. truncatus are robust, with few setae. L. variegatus is an opportunistic omnivore using equal cutting-scraping chelipeds in an alternating action, mainly in plucking and scraping algae. The food fragments reaching the maxillipeds are finely shredded by the chelipeds. The small food fragments are ingested directly, being pushed into the mouth by the mandibular palps. The maxillipeds and mouthparts do not triturate the food. The gastric mill ossicles of L. variegatus are finely toothed and setose. Analogous functional relationships between ingestion mechanisms and gastric mill occur in Anomura. The need for further studies on Brachyura is stressed.

Functional morphology of mouthparts and gastric mill of Ibacus peronii (Leach) (Palinura : Scyllaridae)

1981 ◽  
Vol 32 (6) ◽  
pp. 931 ◽  
Author(s):  
IM Suthers ◽  
DT Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Functional Morphology ◽  
Benthic Invertebrates ◽  
Small Animal ◽  
Gastric Mill ◽  
Animal Food ◽  
Small Prey ◽  
The Third ◽  
Animal Remains ◽  
Size And Structure

I. Peronii is a scavenger on small benthic invertebrates and animal remains. The mouthparts are less complex than those of some palinurans, as shown by their simple setation and fusion of endites, but have a broad endopod on the third maxillipeds. In the maceration and ingestion of soft animal remains, the mouthparts function as in other palinurans. How the mouthparts collect small prey is not yet known. The proventriculus of I. Peronii is simplified in the number, size and structure of its ossicles as compared with Jasus novaehollandiae and J. lalandei. The action of the gastric mill in I. Peronii is described. The relation between mouthpart structure, proventriculus structure and diet is discussed for I. Peronii and other palinurans. I. Peronii is specialized by simplification of the masticatory structures in relation to the soft and small animal food available at the surface of sublittoral sands and muds.

scholarly journals Development and functional morphology of the foreguts of larvae and postlarvae of three crustacean decapods

2008 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 221-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Abrunhosa ◽  
M. Melo
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Behavior ◽  
Functional Morphology ◽  
Litopenaeus Vannamei ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Filter Press ◽  
Juvenile Stage ◽  
Lateral Tooth ◽  
Gastric Mill ◽  
Digestive Function ◽  
Juvenile Stages

The development of the foregut structure and the digestive function of the decapods Litopenaeus vannamei, Sesarma rectum and Callichirus major larvae and post larvae were examined. The protozoeal foregut of L. vannamei is simple, lacking a cardiopyloric valve and bearing a rudimentary filter press. In mysis, the filter press is more developed. In the juvenile stage, grooves and a small lateral tooth arise. In S. rectum, the foregut has a functional cardiopyloric valve and a filter press. The megalopal and juvenile stages of this species have a gastric mill similar to those in adult crabs. In C. major, the foregut of the zoeae is specialized, with the appearance of some rigid structures, but no gastric mill was found. Calcified structures are observed in the megalopae and they become more developed in the juvenile stage. The results support suppositions, previously reported in other studies, that feeding behavior of each larval and postlarval stage is directly related to the morphological characteristics of the foreguts.

Functional Morphology of the Mouthparts and Gastric Mill in the Hermit Crabs Clibanarius taeniatus (Milne Edwards), Clibanarius virescens (Krauss), Paguristes squamosus McCulloch and Dardanus setifer (Milne-Edwards) (Anomura: Paguridae)

1979 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 683 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Kunze ◽  
DT Anderson
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Hermit Crabs ◽  
Water Current ◽  
Gastric Mill ◽  
Filter Feeding ◽  
Food Material ◽  
Cardiac Stomach ◽  
The Third ◽  
General Arrangement ◽  
Feeding Specialization

The structure of the maxillipeds and mouthparts is generally similar in C. taeniatus, C. virescens, P. squamosus and D. setifer, but differences exist in the setation of these limbs and in the form of the crista dentata of the third maxilliped endopods. The differences in setation are not sharply defined and are not indicative of different feeding processes. The crista dentata are weakly developed in C. taeniatus and C. virescens, strongly developed in P. squamosus and D. setifer, reflecting dietary differences. C. taeniatus is a soft food detritivore, using the chelipeds and third maxillipeds to scoop up food. C. virescens is detritivorous and macrophagous, using the chelae and the crista dentata for triturition. P. squamosus is mainly macrophagous, employing similar methods. D. setifer is macrophagous and predatory, using the chelae to grasp and break up its food and the crista dentata for food transfer. Sorting and ingestion of the food material by the maxillipeds and mouthparts occurs in a similar manner in all species. P. squamosus also filters particulate food from a water current produced by a unilateral action of the exopods of the second and third maxillipeds. Particles filtered from the current by the antennules, antennae, maxilliped exopods, chelipeds and pereiopods are cleaned off by the endopods of the third maxillipeds and passed to the inner mouthparts. No evidence was obtained of filter feeding in the other three species investigated. The structure of the proventriculus, including the detailed arrangement of the ossicles and the general arrangement of the musculature, is similar in C. taeniatus to that described by Meiss and Norman in Pagurus pollicaris. A similar proventriculus structure obtains in C. virescens, P. squamosus and D. setifer as a distinctive feature of pagurids. The gastric mill has a common grinding action in all species, but the development and denticulation of the lateral accessory teeth, lateral teeth, dorsal tooth and cardiopyloric valve are positively correlated with the degree of macrophagy. The filtratory system leading via the ampullae to the digestive glands, in contrast, is generally similar in the four species, irrespective offood type, indicating that the usable part of the food is reduced to a similar consistency in all species before it leaves the cardiac stomach. Present knowledge of feeding mechanisms in pagurids is reviewed. The basic adaptation in this group is to a generalized omnivorous mode of feeding on benthic, particulate, detrital and moderately macroscopic material, variously displayed in different species. Two major trends in feeding specialization have arisen from this. One is macrophagy and predation on large food masses. The other is filter feeding, using either specialized antennae or a number of anterior limbs. All modes of filter feeding in pagurids appear to be modifications of basic cleaning processes involving the endopods of the third maxillipeds. Each of the two specializations, macrophagy and filter feeding, has evolved several times independently within the Paguridae.

Gametocidal genes in wheat and its relatives. IV. Functional relationships between six gametocidal genes

Genome ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 283-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Tsujimoto
Keyword(s):  
Functional Groups ◽  
Single Gene ◽  
Chromosome Breakage ◽  
Aegilops Species ◽  
Functional Relationships ◽  
The Third ◽  
Gene Carriers ◽  
Wheat Hybrids ◽  
Gametocidal Gene ◽  
Gc Gene

Gametocidal (Gc) genes in Aegilops species are known to cause gamete abortion and chromosome breakage when they are introduced into the wheat genetic background. Interactions of five Gc genes so far identified were investigated by analysis of wheat hybrids among lines carrying different gametocidal genes. As a result, the genes were classified into three functional groups. The first group includes two Gc genes of Ae. speltoides (Gc1a and Gc1b) and one gene (Gc-Sl3) on chromosome 2S1 of Ae. sharonensis. These genes were hypostatic to the genes (Gc-Sl1, Gc-Sl2) on chromosome 4S1 of Ae. longissima and Ae. sharonensis, which constitute the second group. In addition, plants carrying Gc genes of both the first and the second group produced progeny with higher frequencies of chromosome breakage than those found in the progeny of single gene carriers. It was concluded that there were specific interactions between these genes to enhance chromosome breakage. On the other hand, there was no interaction between the Gc gene (Gc-C) of Ae. triuncialis, the third group, and Gc genes belonging to the former two groups. These functional groups might be a reflection of the mechanisms by which Gc genes induce gamete abortion and chromosome breakage. Based on functional and local relationships, the symbols of the Gc genes were systematically redesignated.Key words: wheat, Triticum aestivum, Aegilops, gametocidal gene, chromosome breakage.

Functional Morphology of the Upper and Lower Eyelids, Third Eyelid, Lacrimal Gland and Superficial Gland of the Third Eyelid in the Red Kangaroo (Macropus rufus)

2016 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 163-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna Klećkowska-Nawrot ◽  
Karolina Goździewska-Harłajczuk ◽  
Karolina Barszcz ◽  
Maciej Janeczek
Keyword(s):  
Functional Morphology ◽  
Lacrimal Gland ◽  
The Third ◽  
Red Kangaroo ◽  
Macropus Rufus

Morphology of the mouthparts, gastric mill and digestive tract of the giant crab, Pseudocarcinus gigas (Milne Edwards) (Decapoda: Oziidae)

1997 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Heeren ◽  
B. D. Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Gastric Mill ◽  
Dietary Analysis ◽  
The Third ◽  
Gastric Contents ◽  
The Right

Digestive tract histology, morphology of feeding appendages and gastric mill, and examination of gastric contents showed P. gigas to be carnivorous. The digestive tract showed typical decapod form and consisted of oesophagus, anterior and posterior gastric chambers, and midgut and hindgut segments. Dimorphic crushing-type chelipeds present food to the third maxillipeds. The mandibles and third maxillipeds tear the food; however, large fragments still reach the anterior gastric chamber. The mandibles are dimorphic, with the right mandible possessing a pointed beak-like structure. The ossicles of the gastric mill are blunt and used to grind and crush the ingested food. Dietary analysis showed predation on asteroid starfish and gastropod molluscs.

scholarly journals The “Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology” Journal Club Series: PhysioMechanics of Human Locomotion

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 52
Author(s):  
Grazia Maugeri ◽  
Velia D’Agata ◽  
Federico Roggio ◽  
Cristina Cortis ◽  
Andrea Fusco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Morphology ◽  
Sports Medicine ◽  
Journal Club ◽  
Human Locomotion ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Board Members ◽  
The Third

We are glad to introduce the Third Journal Club of Volume five, the third issue. This edition is focused on relevant studies published in the last years in the field of PhysioMechanics of Human Locomotion, chosen by our Editorial Board members and their colleagues. We hope to stimulate your curiosity in this field and to share with you the passion for the Sports Medicine and Movement Sciences seen also from the scientific point of view. The Editorial Board members wish you an inspiring lecture.

scholarly journals THE FUNCTIONAL MORPHOLOGY OF SINGING IN THE CRICKET

1994 ◽  
Vol 195 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-167
Author(s):  
H Pfau ◽  
U Koch
Keyword(s):  
Functional Morphology ◽  
Large Range ◽  
Functional Unit ◽  
Medial Part ◽  
The Third ◽  
Hinge Axis ◽  
The Right ◽  
Opening And Closing ◽  
Median Plate

We describe the functional morphology of the singing apparatus of the cricket. There are three main functional sections of song mechanics, which partly overlap: (1) preparation for singing (lifting of the wings) and the reverse process (lowering of the wings at the end of the song); (2) singing movements (closing and opening of the wings); and (3) movements that adjust the pressure of the plectrum on the file (engagement force). In the case of song preparation, the mesotergum + first axillaries + second axillaries + wings form a functional unit. This unit is moved around a transverse hinge axis, which runs through both fulcrum joints. The muscles suitable for wing lifting are the prothoracic furca muscle and the mesothoracic tegula muscle. Those suitable for wing lowering are the prothoracic dorsolongitudinal muscles and the mesothoracic axillary 4, subalar and furca muscles. Lifting and lowering of the wings are superimposed by bistable mechanisms, which are adjustable (mesothoracic medial dorsolongitudinal muscles). In the case of closing movements (dorsoventral muscles) and opening movements (basalar and subalar muscles), the mesotergum and the wings are moved relative to each other, as for flight movements, but with the wings remaining folded back. The mesotergum is rotated down (closing) and up (opening) around a transverse hinge axis that runs through the caudal joints between the mesotergum and postnota. The path of movement of the wing and its sound-generating structure (i.e. plectrum or file respectively) is determined by an obliquely oriented hinge axis between the mesotergum and first axillary. During opening and closing, the lifted singing position of the wings is stabilized by the medial dorsolongitudinal muscles. We also discuss the role of other muscles that affect singing movements. The third axillary (and its muscle) and the postnotum [and its muscles, the furca muscle and the lateral (short) dorsolongitudinal muscle] are the main elements in the system that adjusts the engagement force of the wings. When left axillary 3 muscle contracts, the medial part of the left third axillary is rotated caudally (in its vertical hinge joint with the first median plate) against the anal part of the wing. The anal part is bent and rotated upwards, increasing the pressure of the left plectrum against the right file. Conversely, the right axillary 3 muscle, which moves the file away from the plectrum, is able to reduce the pressure. The left furca muscle (the antagonist of left axillary 3 muscle) and the left lateral (short) dorsolongitudinal muscle (the 'synergist' of left axillary 3 muscle), and the corresponding muscles on the right side (which have opposite functions), allow a large range of different engagement forces. The results are compared with the work of other authors on the functional morphology of this system and with the results of electrophysiological investigations. New aspects of the evolution of the singing mechanisms are discussed.

scholarly journals Studies in the Functional Morphology and Embryology of Onchidella Celtica (Forbes and Hanley) and their Bearing on its Relationships

1943 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 685-720 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vera Fretter
Keyword(s):  
Digestive Gland ◽  
Functional Morphology ◽  
Posterior Wall ◽  
Storage Space ◽  
Digestive Cells ◽  
The Third ◽  
Feeding Experiments

Onchidella celtica lives in communities in intertidal rock crevices, emerging only when uncovered by the tide during the milder months (March- November). It feeds on young algae and diatoms, rasping them from the rock with the radula which is lubricated by a mucous saliva. The distensible crop and stomach afford ample storage space for the food. The stomach consists of three chambers (Fig. 2), and the dorsal (d) and ventral (v) chitinous plates of the posterior one, the gizzard, crush the contents and help to direct the soluble portion towards the ducts of the digestive gland. There are three of these the two anterior (Id, rd) are large and lead from the initial chamber of the stomach (ic), the third (pd) is small and joins the posterior wall of the gizzard (pzv). The digestive gland secretes into the stomach; no cellulase occurs. Feeding experiments suggest that the digestive cells of the gland absorb only fluid. Lime and excretory cells occur in the crypts of the digestive epithelium, the latter concerned with taking up excretory matter from the blood and elaborating it into spherical masses for evacuation with the faeces

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