scholarly journals The demise of mass migration of the Brown Awl Badamia exclamationis (Fabricius 1775) (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae): a consequence of land clearing in Queensland?

2004 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter S. Valentine

The impacts of human activities on the environment are frequently measured by reference to habitat loss or the successive listing of species as extinct or threatened with extinction. There is another measure of disturbance that relates to significant behavioural change that may fall short, at least for the moment, of species loss. Brower and Malcolm (1991) first drew attention to this new conservation theme of "endangered phenomena". They defined an endangered phenomenon as a "spectacular aspect of the life history of an animal or plant species involving a large number of individuals that is threatened with impoverishment or demise". In this paper the apparent decline of seasonal long-distance migration in a skipper butterfly, the Brown Awl Badamia exclamationis is documented and linked to large scale vegetation clearing in Queensland.

The Condor ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 105 (4) ◽  
pp. 737-755 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grant Ballard ◽  
Geoffrey R. Geupel ◽  
Nadav Nur ◽  
Thomas Gardali

Abstract We analyzed population trends from a constant-effort mist-netting study conducted in central coastal California during the autumns of 1979–1999. Of 31 taxa captured in sufficient numbers, 16 underwent statistically significant declines and none increased. Twice as many species declined from 1989–1999 as compared to 1979–1989. Overall, our results were similar to those of regional Breeding Bird Surveys determined for the same species during the same period. In an attempt to identify possible causes for trends, we grouped species by various life-history categories including nest height, nest type, likelihood of cowbird parasitism, wintering location, winter food preference, and tolerance for human presence on the breeding grounds. All groups underwent significant declines, although high nesters, common cowbird hosts, and Neotropical migrants declined faster than their respective counterparts. While life-history attributes explained differences in trends between groups, there was significant heterogeneity of trends within groups. Capture rates of certain species and groups appeared to be affected by various climate variables, and accelerating declines since 1990 may reflect effects of large-scale climate cycles, particularly on long-distance migrants. We suggest that long-term population trajectories of songbird populations across North America may be better understood in the context of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation. Interpretation of our results is, in some cases, problematic due to the complex interaction of methodological limitations and environmental variables, especially habitat change on the study site. We recommend the use of multiple methods and multiple sites for monitoring trends in songbird population abundance during fall migration. Disminuciones a Largo Plazo y Patrones Década a Década en Tendencias Poblacionales de Aves Canoras en el Oeste de Norte América, 1979–1999 Resumen. Analizamos las tendencias poblacionales de un estudio de esfuerzo constante con redes de niebla realizado en la costa central de California durante los otoños de 1979 a 1999. De las 31 especies capturadas en números suficientes, 16 sufrieron disminuciones estadísticamente significativas y ninguna aumentó. En comparación con el período de 1979 a 1989, el doble de las especies disminuyeron entre 1989 y 1999. En general, nuestros resultados fueron similares a los determinados para las mismas especies en el mismo período por los censos regionales de aves reproductivas. En un intento por identificar las posibles causas de las tendencias, agrupamos las especies de acuerdo a varias categorías de historias de vida incluyendo altura del nido, tipo de nido, probabilidad de parasitismo por Molothrus, localidad de invernada, preferencias alimenticias en el invierno y tolerancia ante la presencia humana en las áreas reproductivas. Todos los grupos sufrieron disminuciones significativas, aunque las aves con nidos altos, los hospederos comunes de Molothrus y los migrantes neotropicales disminuyeron más rápidamente que sus respectivas contrapartes. Aunque los atributos de historia de vida explicaron las diferencias de las tendencias entre grupos, existió una heterogeneidad significativa al interior de los grupos. Las tasas de captura de ciertas especies y grupos parecieron ser afectadas por varias variables climáticas, y las disminuciones aceleradas desde 1990 podrían reflejar efectos de ciclos climáticos a gran escala, particularmente en migrantes de larga distancia. Sugerimos que las tendencias poblacionales a largo plazo de las aves canoras a través de Norte América podrían ser mejor entendidas en el contexto de la oscilación década a década del Pacífico. En algunos casos, la interpretación de nuestros resultados es problemática debido a la compleja interacción entre las limitaciones metodológicas y las variables ambientales, especialmente los cambios en el hábitat en el sitio de estudio. Recomendamos el uso de múltiples métodos y sitios para monitorear las tendencias en la abundancia de las poblaciones de aves canoras durante la migración de otoño.


2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
pp. 160206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theodore W. Hermann ◽  
Donald J. Stewart ◽  
Karin E. Limburg ◽  
Leandro Castello

Amazonian fishes employ diverse migratory strategies, but the details of these behaviours remain poorly studied despite numerous environmental threats and heavy commercial exploitation of many species. Otolith microchemistry offers a practical, cost-effective means of studying fish life history in such a system. This study employed a multi-method, multi-elemental approach to elucidate the migrations of five Amazonian fishes: two ‘sedentary’ species ( Arapaima sp. and Plagioscion squamosissimus ), one ‘floodplain migrant’ ( Prochilodus nigricans ) and two long-distance migratory catfishes ( Brachyplatystoma rousseauxii and B. filamentosum ). The Sr : Ca and Zn : Ca patterns in Arapaima were consistent with its previously observed sedentary life history, whereas Sr : Ca and Mn : Ca indicated that Plagioscion may migrate among multiple, chemically distinct environments during different life-history stages. Mn : Ca was found to be potentially useful as a marker for identifying Prochilodus 's transition from its nursery habitats into black water. Sr : Ca and Ba : Ca suggested that B. rousseauxii resided in the Amazon estuary for the first 1.5–2 years of life, shown by the simultaneous increase/decrease of otolith Sr : Ca/Ba : Ca, respectively. Our results further suggested that B. filamentosum did not enter the estuary during its life history. These results introduce what should be a productive line of research desperately needed to better understand the migrations of these unique and imperilled fishes.


Author(s):  
Václav Paris

This chapter compares two texts written in the same year, 1928, in very different geographical settings: Mário de Andrade’s Macunaíma and Virginia Woolf’s Orlando. Both works narrate, in peculiar allegorical form, the history of their nations embodied in one unusual hero. Macunaíma tells the story of Brazil’s modernization; Orlando begins in Elizabethan England and works its way up to the moment of composition. Although each is deeply idiosyncratic, they arrive at a similar set of conceits for national representation. Orlando famously changes sex halfway through Woolf’s narrative, while Macunaíma changes race, from black to white. To make sense of the contiguities between Macunaíma and Orlando, the chapter reads both as epics responding to the changing discourse of large-scale social Darwinism in the 1920s. In particular, it points out that both authors were aware of fascism’s increasingly rigid interpretations of evolution’s significance. Drawing out the similarities between Andrade and Woolf’s narratives, the chapter explains how Macunaíma and Orlando exemplify and expand this book’s methodology for reading modernist epic fiction comparatively against changing perceptions of evolution. It shows how such a bifocal reading allows us to see connections across traditional disciplinary borders of high and low, center and periphery, European and post-colonial.


1997 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 221-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
Doug Munro

It has been said that “Old movies seen again after many years seem different not because they have altered but because we have.” For the same reason, a rereading of older historical texts will convey different meanings, and reveal deficiencies and perhaps even profundities that were not initially apparent. In this paper, these observations are applied to a piece of research that was special to me at the time. I now see more clearly the extent to which my methods and mindset were a product of time, of place, and of my own training and preferences. So I will retrace my footsteps—insofar as is possible after all these years—and consider how the preconceptions and expectations of the moment affected the outcome. In other words, to reflect on the nature of thinking and writing.My research was not concerned with African but Pacific Islands history. From the mid 1970s through to the early 1980s I engaged in dissertation work in the nineteenth-century history of Tuvalu, formerly the Ellice Islands. Older maps will identify Tuvalu as the southern portion of a British dependency, the Gilbert and Ellice Islands Colony (astride the equator and just east of the International Date Line). The nine Tuvalu islands are tiny even by the standards of coral atolls; by far the largest is Vaitupu at about six square kilometers, and the group remains economically unimportant and strategically insignificant. During the nineteenth century Tuvalu was incorporated into the world economy through the whaling industry and the copra trade, and further exposed to Western influences by missionization. The paucity of exploitable resources, however, coupled with an inhospitable environment and smallness of scale, rendered the islands unsuitable for large-scale European settlement and muted the potential disruptions of outside contacts. But there were aberrant events, such as the Vaitupu Company, which placed individual island communities under strain from time to time.


2014 ◽  
Vol 80 ◽  
pp. 363-378 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma Baysal ◽  
Burçin Erdoğu

The use of marine shells in the manufacture of bracelets and beads is a well-attested phenomenon of the Neolithic and Chalcolithic periods of Western Anatolia, the Aegean, and the Balkans. The site of Gökçeada-Uğurlu, located on an island in the Aegean between mainland Europe and Anatolia, shows evidence for the manufacture and use of bracelets and beads from Spondylus and Glycymeris shell. This use of personal ornamentation ties the site into one of the widest material culture production and trade networks of the prehistoric period. This article explores the possible role of, and influences on, an island site within the wider context of long-distance exchange. The life history of shell products is investigated, showing that a bracelet may have gone through processes of transformation in order to remain in use. The article also questions whether there was a relationship between the use of marine shell and white marble from which similar products were manufactured in contemporary contexts. In its conclusions the article addresses the value of materials and of the personal ornaments they were used to make.


2007 ◽  
Vol 64 (5) ◽  
pp. 1006-1016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hlynur Armannsson ◽  
Sigurdur Th. Jonsson ◽  
John D. Neilson ◽  
Gudrun Marteinsdottir

Abstract Armannsson, H., Jonsson, S. Th., Neilson, J. D., and Marteinsdottir, G. 2007. Distribution and migration of saithe (Pollachius virens) around Iceland inferred from mark-recapture studies. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 64: 1006–1016. Knowledge of the distribution and migration of populations is necessary to identify and conserve stock components and therefore genetic variability. Compared with other gadoid species, little is known about the life history of saithe (Pollachius virens) (known as pollock in the Northwest Atlantic) or its stock components. About 15 800 saithe were tagged near Iceland from 2000 to 2004 to estimate population parameters, to describe saithe dynamics on the Icelandic shelf, and to monitor long-distance migrations, should they occur. A multiplicative model was used to standardize fishing effort to describe the distribution of the tagged population, based on tag returns from the fishery. Saithe have a high affinity to their tagging area, but move considerably within that area. Because of variability in fishing effort among areas, tagged fish exhibit different area-specific catchabilities. The results also indicate seasonal offshore–inshore migrations during summer and variability in migratory routes among different tagging areas related to affinities to different feeding grounds. This could indicate a more complex stock structure than previously thought. Finally, results to date do not indicate large-scale emigration of saithe from Icelandic fishing grounds.


The function of the Sertoli or foot-cells of the mammalian testis has frequently been described, and will not be dealt with in the present brief communication. Neither do we intend to deal with the later stages of the life-history of these cells, except in so far as to draw a parallel between them and the cells performing a similar function in the amphibia. In the embryo testis of a mammal before the tubules are formed it is seen that a number of so-called male ova lie, singly or in groups of about four, among masses of cells, which we will for the moment designate as being of a more or less undifferentiated character. These undifferentiated cells are much smaller and of quite a different character to the male ova (see fig. 1).


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pol Capdevila ◽  
Iain Stott ◽  
James Cant ◽  
Maria Beger ◽  
Gwilym Rowlands ◽  
...  

Accelerating rates of biodiversity loss underscore the need to understand how species achieve resilience, their ability to resist and recover from a/biotic disturbances. Yet, the factors determining the resilience of species remain poorly understood, due to disagreements on its definition and the lack of large-scale analyses. Here, we investigate how the life history of 785 natural populations of animals and plants predict their intrinsic ability to be resilient. We show that demographic resilience can be achieved through different combinations of compensation, resistance, and recovery after a disturbance. We demonstrate that these resilience components are highly correlated with life history traits related to the species' pace of life and reproductive strategy. Species with longer generation times require longer recovery times post-disturbance, while those with greater reproductive capacity have greater resistance and compensation. Our findings highlight the key role of life history traits to understand species resilience, improving our ability to predict how natural populations cope with disturbance regimes.


Urban History ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 148-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colin G. Pooley ◽  
Jean Turnbull

ABSTRACTThe paper uses unusually rich evidence from a manuscript life history written in 1901 from personal diaries to explore the changing relationship between home and workplace in Victorian London. The life history of Henry Jaques demonstrates the way in which decisions about employment and residence were related both to each other and to stages of the family life course. The uncertainty of work, lack of income to support a growing family, rising aspirations, the constant threat of illness, the ease of moving between rented property, close ties between home and workplace, the stresses produced by home working, and the attractions of suburbanization all interacted to shape the residential and employment history of Jaques and his family. The themes exemplified by this detailed life history were also relevant to many other people. Evidence collected from a large-scale project on lifetime residential histories is used to place the experiences of Henry Jaques in a broader context, and to show how they related to the changing social and economic structure of Victorian London.


2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yutaka Nishimoto ◽  
Akira Shimizu ◽  
Jin Yoshimura ◽  
Tomoji Endo

AbstractTo clarify the life history of the Japanese spider wasp Dipogon sperconsus, bionomical studies using bamboo-cane trap nests were carried out in Japan. Based on weekly and consecutive daily surveys of trap nests and rearing of broods from collected nests, we evaluated the production of cells and eggs per day, prey spiders, and seasonal patterns of nesting activities. We found a relatively short critical period of switching from the summer generation into the overwintering generation. We also found that the voltinism is affected by the timing of egg production of the second generation in relation to this critical period. The developmental period for each generation and sex, voltinism and cell production per day were determined based on data for a large number of individuals for the first time.


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