Recharge estimation for the Liverpool Plains

Soil Research ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 335 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Abbs ◽  
M. Littleboy
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Soil Survey ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Weather Data ◽  
Dryland Salinity ◽  
Systems Model ◽  
Cropping Rotation

Dryland salinity is recognised as a major environmental concern on the Liverpool Plains in north-eastern New South Wales. Previous hydrogeological and dryland salinity studies have highlighted the importance of adopting appropriate farming systems to reduce recharge into shallow aquifers. In this study, we applied the cropping systems model PERFECT to investigate the effects of climate, soil, and land use on recharge. Model inputs were derived from a range of sources including historical weather data, soil survey data, and information from landholder surveys. We investigated 47 different soils identified in a published soil survey covering approximately 280 000 ha of the Liverpool Plains. This study demonstrated a significant variation in soil physical properties and estimated recharge within soil types and illustrates the dangers of generalising soils into broad groupings. For example, under a wheat-sorghum rotation, predicted average annual recharge for soils classified as black earths ranged from 28 to 80 mm. Similar variability of predicted drainage is evident within other Great Soil Groups. The results reveal that response cropping alone will not significantly reduce recharge for all soils. Considering one black earth soil, average annual recharge is predicted to be 48 mm for a wheat-sorghum rotation, 22 mm for a response cropping rotation, and 8 mm for a lucerne{response cropping rotation. Therefore, including lucerne within a response cropping system is of benfit in reducing recharge. For all soil types, least recharge is predicted for permanent pasture but this land use is not an attractive option to farmers given the diversity of farming systems in the region. However, for some soils, continuous pasture is appropriate because excessive recharge is estimated for all cropping systems. This study has extended previous modelling work in the region as it considered a much wider range of soil types and cropping systems than previously investigated. Such a modelling approach permits the quantification of the effects of climate, soil type, and land use on recharge below the root-zone.

The performance of organic and conventional cropping systems in an extreme climate year

2003 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 146-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.W. Lotter ◽  
R. Seidel ◽  
W. Liebhardt
Keyword(s):  
Root Zone ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Lower Yield ◽  
Crop Season ◽  
Natural Systems ◽  
Primary Mechanism ◽  
Crop Root ◽  
Related Stress ◽  
Water Holding

AbstractThe 1999 severe crop season drought in the northeastern US was followed by hurricane-driven torrential rains in September, offering a unique opportunity to observe how managed and natural systems respond to climate-related stress. The Rodale Institute Farming Systems Trial has been operating since 1981 and consists of three replicated cropping systems, one organic manure based (MNR), one organic legume based (LEG) and a conventional system (CNV). The MNR system consists of a 5-year maize–soybean–wheat–clover/hay rotation, the LEG of a 3-year maize–soybean–wheat–green manure, and the CNV of a 5-year maize-soybean rotation. Subsoil lysimeters allowed quantification of percolated water in each system. Average maize and soybean yields were similar in all three systems over the post-transition years (1985–1998). Five drought years occurred between 1984 and 1998 and in four of them the organic maize outyielded the CNV by significant margins. In 1999 all crop systems suffered severe yield depressions; however, there were substantial yield differences between systems. Organic maize yielded 38% and 137% relative to CNV in the LEG and MNR treatments, respectively, and 196% and 152% relative to CNV in the soybean plots. The primary mechanism of the higher yield of the MNR and LEG is proposed to be the higher water-holding capacity of the soils in those treatments, while the lower yield of the LEG maize was due to weed competition in that particular year and treatment. Soils in the organic plots captured more water and retained more of it in the crop root zone than in the CNV treatment. Water capture in the organic plots was approximately 100% higher than in CNV plots during September's torrential rains.

scholarly journals LAND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT STRATEGY FOR THE SUSTAINABILITY OF THE UPPER WATERSHED OF PALU (Case Study of Miu Sub Watershed in Sigi Regency)

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 34
Author(s):  
Danang Widjajanto ◽  
Uswah Hasanah
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Rural Development ◽  
Group Discussion ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Buffer Zone ◽  
Soil Survey ◽  
Land Resource ◽  
Soil Erosion Rate

Population growth and regional expansion has increased land needs for settlement, agriculture, and trade in the Palu watershed causing much pressure on the upper part of the watershed where Miu watershed is situated  The general aim of the research was to generate strategy for sustainable land resources management in the Miu watershed as a buffer zone of the Lore-Lindu National Park.  The objective of the research were 1) to predict soil erosion and sedimentation, 2) to analyze the feasibility of dominant farming systems, 3) to analyze rural development, and 4) to analyze community preference on land use priority. The erosion and sedimentation, and feasibility research was conducted through soil survey and socio-economic approach.  The rural development index was determined using secondary data taken from related institution such as demography, regional structure and infra structure, and industrial-trade condition. The preferential analysis of land use priority for 10 years ahead was done using focus group discussion with farmer community leaders.  The soil erosion rate was light - heavy whilst the soil erosion index was low - very high estimated by the USLE.  The relationship between the river debit and suspended load at the upper and lower part of the watershed was found to follow the equation of Y= 0.001X1.366 (R2= 0.65), and Y = 0.001 X1.409 (R2 = 0.66), respectively. Three villages included Pakuli, Pandere, and Bolapapu had high index of rural development whereas low index was found in Lonca, Bangga and Tangkulowi.  The high-low order of land use priority was agro forestry, cacao monoculture, fresh water fishery, wetland rice, ruminant grazing, mixed culture of rice, soy bean, cassava and maize, and poultry farming.

FARMING IN OTAGO

1958 ◽  
pp. 11-26
Author(s):  
A.G. Elliott
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Natural Grasslands ◽  
Total Acreage ◽  
The Many

The land district of Otago, comprising the counties of Waitaki, Waihemo, Waikouaiti, Taieri, Peninsula, Bruce, Clutha, Tuapeka, Lake, Vincent, and Maniototo, contains the greatest variations in climatic conditions, topography, and soil types. Consequently, a detailed description of. the farming systems practised in each of the many categories into which land use may be subdivided is beyond the scope of this paper, which will deal broadly with a description of farming in the principal areas of the region. The fascinating story of settlement, which commenced over 100 years ago, has been published in several books freely available to all interested and some of the results from earlier practices, now recognised to be damaging to soil fertility and stability, will be discussed in a later section. The total acreage in occupation is over 8 million and this extends from the intensively farmed alluvial plains at sea level to the summer grazed natural grasslands at altitudes of over 5,000 ft.

Water excess under simulated lucerne - wheat phased systems in Western Australia

2007 ◽  
Vol 58 (8) ◽  
pp. 826 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. Dolling ◽  
S. Asseng ◽  
M. J. Robertson ◽  
M. A. Ewing
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Weather Data ◽  
Runoff Water ◽  
Long Term Effect ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Water Holding

The long-term effect of lucerne use, in reducing drainage of water below the root zone and runoff (water excess), has not been examined in south-western Australia (Western Australia). The main aims of the paper were to determine how the long-term mean water excess was influenced by the proportion of lucerne in the rotation and the length of the lucerne phase in relation to soil type and location. A simulation model was used to compare scenarios, drawing on historical weather data from 1957 to 2001. Simulations were performed for 2 locations (high and low rainfall) and 2 soil types (high and low water-holding capacity). Lucerne significantly and rapidly (within 2–3 years) reduces the long-term mean water excess in rotations consisting of 2–4 years of lucerne followed by 1–4 years of wheat compared with continuous wheat. For every 10% increase in the percentage of lucerne years in the total rotation length, the mean water excess decreased by 17–20 mm (7–9%) at Kojonup (high-rainfall site) and 7–8 mm (8–9%) at Buntine (low-rainfall site) compared with the water excess associated with continuous wheat at each location. The proportion of lucerne in the rotation had a greater effect on the water excess than the effect of different soil types. Variation in the water excess due to variation in rainfall was greater than the reduction in water excess due to lucerne. This makes the decisions about when to grow lucerne to reduce water excess difficult if livestock enterprises are less profitable than cropping enterprises. The simulations show that lucerne mean yearly biomass ranges from 4.5 to 6.9 t/ha at Kojonup and from 1.6 to 4.7 t/ha at Buntine, depending on soil type and stage of lucerne in the land use sequence. It is worth considering that lucerne has the potential to reduce subsequent wheat yields with removal in autumn.

Runoff, soil loss, and nutrient transport from cropping systems on Red Ferrosols in tropical northern Australia

Soil Research ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 87 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. L. Cogle ◽  
M. A. Keating ◽  
P. A. Langford ◽  
J. Gunton ◽  
I. S. Webb
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Loss ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Action Learning ◽  
Practice Change ◽  
Nutrient Loss ◽  
Weather Data ◽  
Systems Model ◽  
Tropical Australia ◽  
Runoff And Soil Loss

Runoff, soil loss, and nutrient loss were assessed on a Red Ferrosol in tropical Australia over 3 years. The experiment was conducted using bounded, 100-m2 field plots cropped to peanuts, maize, or grass. A bare plot, without cover or crop, was also instigated as an extreme treatment. Results showed the importance of cover in reducing runoff, soil loss, and nutrient loss from these soils. Runoff ranged from 13% of incident rainfall for the conventional cultivation to 29% under bare conditions during the highest rainfall year, and was well correlated with event rainfall and rainfall energy. Soil loss ranged from 30 t/ha.year under bare conditions to <6 t/ha.year under cropping. Nutrient losses of 35 kg N and 35 kg P/ha.year under bare conditions and 17 kg N and 11 kg P/ha.year under cropping were measured. Soil carbon analyses showed a relationship with treatment runoff, suggesting that soil properties influenced the rainfall runoff response. The cropping systems model PERFECT was calibrated using runoff, soil loss, and soil water data. Runoff and soil loss showed good agreement with observed data in the calibration, and soil water and yield had reasonable agreement. Long-term runs using historical weather data showed the episodic nature of runoff and soil loss events in this region and emphasise the need to manage land using protective measures such as conservation cropping practices. Farmers involved in related, action-learning activities wished to incorporate conservation cropping findings into their systems but also needed clear production benefits to hasten practice change.

scholarly journals GIS based Land Use Suitability of Diversified Cropping Systems in Bareli Watershed

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 231-236
Author(s):  
Sagar N. Ingle ◽  
◽  
M. S. S. Nagaraju ◽  
Priya S. Gadge ◽  
D. P. Deshmukh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Land Use Planning ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Soil Survey ◽  
Sustainable Land Use ◽  
Soil Productivity ◽  
Site Suitability ◽  
Land Capability ◽  
Soil Site ◽  
Land Irrigability

A study was undertaken to evaluate the soils in Bareli watershed, Seoni district of Madhya Pradesh for sustainable land use planning. Five soil series namely, Diwartola, Diwara, Bareli-1, Bareli-2 and Bareli-3 were tentatively identified and mapped into twenty-four mapping units and a soil map was generated using remote sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques. The land information generated during soil survey has been used to evaluate land capability, land irrigability, soil productivity and soil-site suitability for some medicinal, aromatic and spices crops. The soils were grouped into land capability sub-classes IVs and IVst and land irrigability sub-classes 2st, 3s, 3st and 4st. Soils of Diwartola, Bareli-1 and Bareli-3 were average and soils of Diwara and Bareli-2 were poor in soil productivity based on limitations of erosion, drainage and physicochemical properties. Soil-site suitability assessment reveals that soils of Bareli-1 were moderately suitable (S2) for cultivation of medicinal and spices crops like Ashwagandha, Mucana, Davana, Lemongrass, Turmeric and Ginger with moderate limitations of effective depth and slope, while, soils of Diwartola and Bareli-3 were marginally suitable (S3) for cultivation of these crops.

Deep drainage and land use systems. Model verification and systems comparison

2005 ◽  
Vol 56 (9) ◽  
pp. 995 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zahra Paydar ◽  
Neil Huth ◽  
Anthony Ringrose-Voase ◽  
Rick Young ◽  
Tony Bernardi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Model Verification ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Moist Soil ◽  
Deep Drainage ◽  
Systems Model ◽  
Drainage Rate ◽  
South Wales

Deep drainage or drainage below the bottom of the profile usually occurs when rain infiltrates moist soil with insufficient capacity to store the additional water. This drainage is believed to be contributing to watertable rise and salinity in some parts of the Liverpool Plains catchment in northern New South Wales. The effect of land use on deep drainage was investigated by comparing the traditional long fallow system with more intense ‘opportunity cropping’. Long fallowing (2 crops in 3 years) is used to store rainfall in the soil profile but risks substantial deep drainage. Opportunity cropping seeks to lessen this risk by sowing whenever there is sufficient soil moisture. Elements of the water balance and productivity were measured under various farming systems in a field experiment for 4 years in the southern part of the catchment. The experimental results were used to verify APSIM (Agricultural Production Systems Simulator) by comparing them with predictions of production, water storage, and runoff. The verification procedure also involved local farmers and agronomists who assessed the credibility of the predictions and suggested modifications. APSIM provided a realistic simulation of common farming systems in the region and could capture the main hydrological and biological processes. APSIM was then used for long-term (41 years) simulations to predict deep drainage under different systems and extrapolate experimental results. The results showed large differences between agricultural systems mostly because differences in evapotranspiration contributed to differences in profile moisture when it rained. The model predicted that traditional long fallow farming systems (2 crops in 3 years) are quite ‘leaky’, with average annual deep drainage of 34 mm. However, by planting crops in response to the depth of moist soil (opportunity or response cropping), APSIM predicted a much smaller annual drainage rate of 6 mm. Opportunity cropping resulted in overall greater water use and increased production compared with long fallowing. Furthermore, modelling indicated that average annual deep drainage under continuous sorghum (3 mm) is much less than under either long fallow cropping or continuous wheat (39 mm), demonstrating the importance of including summer cropping, as well as increasing cropping frequency, to reducing deep drainage.

scholarly journals Modeling Agroecosystem Services under Simulated Climate and Land-Use Changes

ISRN Ecology ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdullah A. Jaradat ◽  
George Boody
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Ecosystem Services ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Land Use Changes ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Crop Rotations ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Future Climate Change ◽  
Change Scenario ◽  
Future Climate Change Scenario

Ecological functioning of the intensive, homogeneous agroecosystems in the Chippewa River Watershed (CRW), MN, USA, can be improved by reducing soil erosion, runoff, and nutrient leaching. These ecosystem services can be achieved through increased perennials in crop rotations to diversify land use and sustain carbon sequestration. We calibrated, validated, and used APSIM software to simulate the effect of 100 yrs each of historical and future climate change scenario (IPCC-A2) on biophysical processes in representative soil types of the predominant farming systems in CRW. The interrelationships between crop rotations, soil types, climate variables, and ecosystem services indicated that not all objectives of sustainable agro-ecosystem are compatible, and tradeoffs among them are necessary. Site-specific and diversified crop rotations that comply with the environmental constraints of climate and soils could lead to more efficient implementation of strategies to improve ecosystem services in the watershed if current management practices of high external inputs and tillage persisted.

scholarly journals Soil management and production of alfisols in the semi-arid tropics. III.* Long-term effects on water conservation and production

Soil Research ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 113 ◽  
Author(s):  
AL Cogle ◽  
M Littleboy ◽  
KPC Rao ◽  
GD Smith ◽  
DF Yule
Keyword(s):  
Land Management ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Farmyard Manure ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Systems Model ◽  
Semi Arid

A calibrated cropping systems model was used to provide long-term biophysical responses of various land managements at two differing semi-arid tropic environments in India. Organic based practices such as farmyard manure or straw amendments and perennial pastures reduced runoff by between 50 and 87%, and are optimum for in situ, water and soil conservation. A consequence of the reduced runoff was an increase in drainage below the root zone. Furthermore, the detrimental effects of cropping on high slopes and long slope lengths showed that it is not feasible to crop on slopes greater than 5%. Our study did not incorporate farmer preferences for land management, but the results can still be used as an integral part of decision making for optimum land management.* Part II, Aust. J. Soil Res. 1996, 34, 103–111.

Preventing Land Use Problems with the Use of the Soil Survey

Soil Horizons ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 6
Author(s):  
Garland H. Lipscomb
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Soil Survey
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