Field and laboratory study of pesticide leaching in a Motupiko silt loam (Nelson) and in a Waikiwi silt loam (Southland)

Soil Research ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 44 (6) ◽  
pp. 569 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. Close ◽  
A. K. Sarmah ◽  
M. J. Flintoft ◽  
J. Thomas ◽  
B. Hughes
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Laboratory Study ◽  
Preferential Flow ◽  
Sorption Isotherms ◽  
Soil Sampling ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Pesticide Application ◽  
Transport Behaviour ◽  
Suction Cups ◽  
Pesticide Leaching

Selected pesticides were applied to a Motupiko silt loam located near Wakefield, Nelson, and a Waikiwi silt loam located near Invercargill, Southland, New Zealand, along with bromide as a tracer. Atrazine, bromacil, diazinon, hexazinone, and terbuthylazine were applied to both sites, with procymidone also being applied to the Nelson site, and trifluralin being applied to the Southland site. The persistence and transport behaviour of these compounds were monitored for 15 months using a combination of soil sampling down to a maximum of 1 m and 8 suction cups at each site located between 0.2 and 1.3 m down the profile. The bromide tracer had moved below 0.8 m within 9 months at the Nelson site and below 1.0 m within 12 months at the Southland site. Hexazinone was the most mobile of the pesticides, followed by bromacil at both sites. Diazinon and atrazine dissipated rapidly at both sites, while trifluralin and, to a lesser extent, terbuthylazine and bromacil data indicated some volatilisation losses. The diazinon removal was probably a combination of degradation and volatilisation. There was evidence of some preferential flow at the Southland site, as rainfall was heavy at the time of pesticide application. The Koc values from the sorption isotherms were generally similar to literature values for the Waikiwi soil but were much higher for the Motupiko soil. The exception was diazinon, for which the Koc values were much lower than the literature values for both sites.

Field study of pesticide leaching in a Himatangi sand (Manawatu) and in a Kiripaka bouldery clay loam (Northland). 1. Results

Soil Research ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 457 ◽  
Author(s):  
Murray E. Close ◽  
Robert Lee ◽  
Gujja N. Magesan ◽  
Michael K. Stewart ◽  
George Skuse ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Soil Profile ◽  
Preferential Flow ◽  
Soil Sampling ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Deuterated Water ◽  
Intense Rainfall ◽  
Pesticide Application ◽  
Rapid Degradation ◽  
Structured Soil

Five pesticides, atrazine, diazinon, hexazinone, procymidone, and terbuthylazine, were applied to a Kiripaka bouldery clay loam located near Whangarei, Northland, New Zealand, and a Himatangi sand located near Palmerston North, Manawatu, along with bromide and deuterated water as tracers. Their transport and persistence were monitored for 18 months using soil sampling down to a maximum of 1 m and 8 suction cups at each site located between 0.2 and 1.5 m down the profile. There was rapid leaching of the tracers as well as hexazinone at both sites. Procymidone was much less mobile than the tracers but was very persistent, with significant amounts still present in the profile after 18 months. Atrazine, terbuthylazine, and diazinon had relatively low persistence, mainly due to rapid degradation, and possibly volatilisation for diazinon, with < 10% remaining after 6 months at both sites. There was evidence of preferential flow at the Northland site, which is consistent with the highly structured soil profile and intense rainfall that occurred at the site in the month following pesticide application. Batch sorption experiments measured lower Koc values for the topsoil samples than generally observed in the literature for all 5 pesticides. This indicates that these pesticides will be much more mobile in the Northland Kiripaka soil and slightly more mobile in the Manawatu Himatangi soil than would be expected from the literature values.

Field study of pesticide leaching in an allophanic soil in New Zealand. 1: Experimental results

Soil Research ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 809 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. Close ◽  
G. N. Magesan ◽  
R. Lee ◽  
M. K. Stewart ◽  
J. C. Hadfield
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Field Study ◽  
Soil Sampling ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Deuterated Water ◽  
Complementary Information ◽  
Leaching Process ◽  
Irrigation Period ◽  
Suction Cups ◽  
Allophanic Soil

Seven pesticides, 2,4-D, atrazine, hexazinone, picloram, procymidone, terbuthylazine, and triclopyr, were applied to a Horotiu soil (allophanic loamy silt) located near Hamilton, New Zealand, along with 2 tracer compounds, bromide and deuterated water. Their movement and persistence was monitored for about 2�years using soil sampling down to a maximum of 1 m and 9 suction cups located between 0.2 and 2.5 m down the profile. There was rapid leaching of the tracers as well as hexazinone, picloram, and, to a lesser extent, triclopyr. Procymidone was much less mobile but was very persistent. Atrazine, terbuthylazine, and 2,4-D showed low mobility and persistence at the study site. Bromide and hexazinone were observed in the underlying groundwater following winter recharge and an intensive irrigation period at the end of the study. There was slight adsorption of bromide by the allophane in the soil. The combination of both soil sampling and suction cups gave a more complete description of the leaching process and the distribution of the compound through the profile than either technique by itself. This combination is worthwhile and gives complementary information providing the strengths and limitations of both techniques are appreciated.

0078 Assessing the feasibility of an online survey of transport behaviour and well-being among teenagers in rural new zealand

2015 ◽  
Vol 21 (Suppl 1) ◽  
pp. A20.1-A20
Author(s):  
Aimee Ward ◽  
Rob McGee ◽  
Claire Freeman ◽  
Philip Gendall ◽  
Claire Cameron
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Transport Behaviour

scholarly journals Functional test of pedotransfer functions to predict water flow and solute transport with the dual-permeability model MACRO

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 2245-2282 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Moeys ◽  
M. Larsbo ◽  
L. Bergström ◽  
C. D. Brown ◽  
Y. Coquet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solute Transport ◽  
Water Flow ◽  
Preferential Flow ◽  
General Pattern ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Model Efficiency ◽  
Fate Model ◽  
Solute Leaching ◽  
Pesticide Leaching

Abstract. Estimating pesticide leaching risks at the regional scale requires the ability to completely parameterise a pesticide fate model using only survey data, such as soil and land-use maps. Such parameterisation usually rely on a set of lookup tables and (pedo)transfer functions, relating elementary soil and site properties to model parameters. The aim of this paper is to describe and test a complete set of parameter estimation algorithms developed for the pesticide fate model MACRO, which accounts for preferential flow in soil macropores. We used tracer monitoring data from 16 lysimeter studies, carried out in three European countries, to evaluate the ability of MACRO and this "blind parameterisation" scheme to reproduce measured solute leaching at the base of each lysimeter. We focused on the prediction of early tracer breakthrough due to preferential flow, because this is critical for pesticide leaching. We then calibrated a selected number of parameters in order to assess to what extent the prediction of water and solute leaching could be improved. Our results show that water flow was generally reasonably well predicted (median model efficiency, ME, of 0.42). Although the general pattern of solute leaching was reproduced well by the model, the overall model efficiency was low (median ME = −0.26) due to errors in the timing and magnitude of some peaks. Preferential solute leaching at early pore volumes was also systematically underestimated. Nonetheless, the ranking of soils according to solute loads at early pore volumes was reasonably well estimated (concordance correlation coefficient, CCC, between 0.54 and 0.72). Moreover, we also found that ignoring macropore flow leads to a significant deterioration in the ability of the model to reproduce the observed leaching pattern, and especially the early breakthrough in some soils. Finally, the calibration procedure showed that improving the estimation of solute transport parameters is probably more important than the estimation of water flow parameters. Overall, the results are encouraging for the use of this modelling set-up to estimate pesticide leaching risks at the regional-scale, especially where the objective is to identify vulnerable soils and "source" areas of contamination.

scholarly journals Sorption, Desorption and Mobility of Microencapsulated Chlorpyrifos in Two Typical Soils

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liezhong Chen ◽  
Yanli Li ◽  
Ting Wang ◽  
Yunlong Yu
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Soil ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Sorption Isotherms ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Loamy Soil ◽  
Emulsifiable Concentrate ◽  
Batch Equilibration

Abstract The sorption, desorption, and mobility of microencapsulated chlorpyrifos (CPF-MC) in two typical soils, namely, silt loam and sandy, were investigated in this study. Sorption/desorption experiments were carried out by using the batch equilibration method. Results showed that the sorption isotherms of CPF-MC and emulsifiable concentrate of chlorpyrifos (CPF-EC) in silt loamy soil were similar. However, a considerable difference was observed in the sorption isotherms of two chlorpyrifos (CPF) formulations in sandy soil. The amounts of CPF desorbed from two soils in four desorption steps decreased sequentially in CPF-EC treatments, while the desorbed amounts remained stable in CPF-MC treatments. Hence, the sorption/desorption processes of CPF-EC were mainly controlled by soil affinity to CPF. However, these processes of CPF-MC were affected by the release rate of CPF from capsules. The mobility of two CPF formulations in soil were estimated in vertical columns packed with soils. Results showed that there was leaching of CPF-EC in silt loam column, whereas CPF-MC was not vertically mobile in silt loam column under the same leaching conditions. However, in column with sandy soil, the percentage of CPF-MC leaching from the column was 86.54%, which was higher than the 73.75% that leached from the column in the treatment with CPF-EC.

Effects of Soil Water Content on Oxadiazon Dissipation

Weed Science ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 697-701 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael R. Barrett ◽  
Terry L. Lavy
Keyword(s):  
Oryza Sativa ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Water Content ◽  
Laboratory Study ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Silt Loam

In a Crowley silt loam, between 30 kPa, continuous flood, and alternate flood laboratory treatments at 25 C, dissipation of incorporated oxadiazon [2-tert-butyl-4(2,4-dichloro-5-isopropoxyphenyl)-Δ2-1,3,4-oxadiazolin-5-one] varied little, with an average of 59% remaining after 20 weeks. In the greenhouse, subsurface application of oxadiazon reduced its phytotoxicity but increased its persistence up to four times more than with surface-applied oxadiazon. In the field, 50% of the surface-applied oxadiazon dissipated from the soil within 6 to 11 days when the soil was flush irrigated and then flooded, compared to 15 to 17 days when the soil was irrigated but not flooded in two rice (Oryza sativaL.) management systems. Oxadiazon dissipation in the field was greater during the first 2 or 3 weeks after application than in the laboratory study. This is explained at least partially by the lack of herbicide incorporation in the field.

scholarly journals Simulation of water movement and isoproturon behaviour in a heavy clay soil using the MACRO model

1997 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 835-844 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. J. Besien ◽  
N. J. Jarvis ◽  
R. J. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Clay Soil ◽  
Water Movement ◽  
Agricultural Practice ◽  
Pesticide Application ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Macro Model ◽  
Pesticide Removal ◽  
Drain Flow ◽  
Heavy Clay ◽  
Pesticide Leaching

Abstract. In this paper, the dual-porosity MACRO model has been used to investigate methods of reducing leaching of isoproturon from a structured heavy clay soil. The MACRO model was applied to a pesticide leaching data-set generated from a plot scale experiment on a heavy clay soil at the Oxford University Farm, Wytham, England. The field drain was found to be the most important outflow from the plot in terms of pesticide removal. Therefore, this modelling exercise concentrated on simulating field drain flow. With calibration of field-saturated and micropore saturated hydraulic conductivity, the drain flow hydrographs were simulated during extended periods of above average rainfall, with both the hydrograph shape and peak flows agreeing well. Over the whole field season, the observed drain flow water budget was well simulated. However, the first and second drain flow events after pesticide application were not simulated satisfactorily. This is believed to be due to a poor simulation of evapotranspiration during a period of low rainfall around the pesticide application day. Apart from an initial rapid drop in the observed isoproturon soil residue, the model simulated isoproturon residues during the 100 days after pesticide application reasonably well. Finally, the calibrated model was used to show that changes in agricultural practice (deep ploughing, creating fine consolidated seed beds and organic matter applications) could potentially reduce pesticide leaching to surface waters by up to 60%.

Simulation of picloram, atrazine, and simazine transport through two New Zealand soils using LEACHM

Soil Research ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 53 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. Close ◽  
J. P. C. Watt ◽  
K. W. Vincent
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Preferential Flow ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Estimation Method ◽  
Water Retention Curve ◽  
Retention Curve ◽  
Suction Cup ◽  
Nonlinear Optimisation ◽  
Degradation Rates ◽  
B Coefficients

Picloram, atrazine, simazine, and bromide were applied to 2 sites, a Twyford fine sandy loam and a Te Awa silt loam, located in Hawkes Bay, New Zealand, and monitored at approximately monthly intervals using suction cup samplers for 1200 and 800 days, respectively. Simulations using LEACHM, in combination with the PEST nonlinear optimisation package, were used to estimate soil sorption coefficients and degradation rates. Six different methods were used to estimate Campbell’s a and b coefficients for the water retention curve, and results indicated that solute transport simulations were relatively insensitive to the estimation method. There were indications that preferential flow had occurred at both sites. The Koc values for picloram at both sites were greater than the ‘best available’ value given by Wauchope et al. (1992), indicating less mobility, but the degradation rates were much lower at both sites, particularly in the subsoil. The mobility for atrazine and simazine at the Te Awa site was slightly greater than that indicated from the best available values. The degradation rates were similar to the best available values in the topsoil but the degradation rate for atrazine decreased in the subsoil. The estimates from LEACHM were also compared with estimates using the GLEAMS model.

Effects of sodium-contaminated wastewater on soil permeability of two New Zealand soils

Soil Research ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 877 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Menneer ◽  
C. D. A. McLay ◽  
R. Lee
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Soil Matrix ◽  
Structural Problems ◽  
Structural Deterioration ◽  
Agricultural Industries

There is increasing anecdotal evidence from some land treatment sites in New Zealand that irrigating sodium-contaminated wastewaters onto soils may be causing soil structural problems and reduced permeability. In this study, the effect of irrigating such waste (derived from agricultural industries) on soil physical and chemical properties was investigated in an Allophanic Soil (Te Puninga silt loam) and a Gley Soil (Waitoa silt loam). Wastewater irrigation at the sites investigated had taken place for the previous 5 years, with sodium adsorption ratios (SAR) of the wastewater varying between 17 and 51 (mmol/L)0.5 . Increases in exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) were recorded to 300 mm depth in both soils. At the soil surface (0–20 mm), ESP had increased to 31%, compared with 0.4% at control sites. In laboratory studies using soil from the 0–20 mm layer in non-irrigated sites, leaching distilled water through repacked columns of the soil pretreated with various SAR solutions caused saturated hydraulic conductivity (K sat) to decrease below 100% at SAR greater than 3.5 and 8.5 for the Waitoa silt loam and Te Puninga silt loam, respectively. The decreases in K sat coincided with an increase in dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in collected leachate samples, and no dispersed clay was observed in the leachate. The laboratory studies would predict that effects of past irrigation of industrial wastewater at the study site would be measurable in the field due to the large ESPs that were recorded. Saturated and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity measurements carried out at irrigated sites in the field showed no evidence of reduced conductivity in the surface soil until a pressure head of –120 mm was applied, the decrease being greater for the Te Puninga soil than the Waitoa. These results, along with the laboratory studies, suggest that whereas there may have been some structural deterioration in the soil matrix as a result of irrigation with the wastewater, macropore flow at higher moisture contents in the field was sufficient to overcome any adverse effects. It is suggested that laboratory studies using repacked soil may have limited use in predicting effects of Na-contaminated wastewater on soil hydraulic properties in structured soils. The results also further support suggestions that organic matter dissolution in Na-affected soils may affect soil physical properties.

Quantifying Preferential Flow by Breakthrough of Sequentially Applied Tracers Silt Loam Soil

2000 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 1296-1304 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.-J. S. Kung ◽  
E. J. Kladivko ◽  
T. J. Gish ◽  
T. S. Steenhuis ◽  
G. Bubenzer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Preferential Flow ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Silt Loam Soil ◽  
Loam Soil
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