Soil assessment of apple orchards under conventional and organic management

Soil Research ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 44 (8) ◽  
pp. 745 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iris Vogeler ◽  
Rogerio Cichota ◽  
Siva Sivakumaran ◽  
Markus Deurer ◽  
Ian McIvor
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Soil Strength ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Water Infiltration ◽  
Organic Management ◽  
Conventional Management ◽  
Chemical Soil ◽  
Integrated Fruit Production ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Wheel Track

To determine the effect of wheel traffic and two different management practices on soil compaction and its consequences on physical and chemical soil properties, we measured penetration resistance, water infiltration, bulk density, macroporosity, chemical mobility, air permeability, and soil strength in a conventional orchard (integrated fruit-production program) with bare (sprayed with herbicides) rows and an organic apple orchard with grassed rows. Resistance measurements were taken both within the tree row and the wheel track, down to a depth of 0.35 to 0.40 m. The results indicate that compaction is greater in the wheel tracks under both management methods. Compaction in the wheel track was higher under organic than conventional management. Organic management resulted in a higher macroporosity in both the row and the wheel-track than conventional management. The ‘close-to-saturation’ infiltration rate was significantly greater within the row of the organic orchard (0.06 m/h) compared with the row of the conventional orchard (0.02 m/h), and compared with the wheel tracks (0.01 m/h). The precompression stress value in the top 100 mm, a measure of the soil strength, was low on all sites. The chemical mobilities were 57 and 50% in the organic orchard, and 86 and 93% in the conventional orchard, respectively, for wheel track and row. Apart from the compaction in the wheel track of the organic orchard, physical and chemical soil characteristics were in a better condition compared with the conventional orchard.

Does growing Canadian Western Hard Red Spring wheat under organic management alter its breadmaking quality?

2007 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 157-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Mason ◽  
A. Navabi ◽  
B. Frick ◽  
J. O'Donovan ◽  
D. Niziol ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Sodium Dodecyl ◽  
Organic Production ◽  
Test Weight ◽  
Kernel Hardness ◽  
Organic Management ◽  
Breadmaking Quality ◽  
Conventional Management ◽  
Flour Yield

AbstractCanadian Western Hard Red Spring (CWRS) wheat is recognized as premium quality wheat, ideal for breadmaking due to its superior milling qualities, baking characteristics and protein content. Organic wheat production is becoming more prevalent in Canada, due to increasing consumer demand for organic wheat products. Differences may exist in the baking and milling quality of wheat grown under conventional and organic management, a result of the dissimilarity between organic and conventional soil and crop management practices. Five CWRS cultivars released from 1885 to 1997 were grown under conventional and organic management and were assessed for their breadmaking potential. Several traits were investigated, including test weight, protein content, flour yield, kernel hardness and several mixograph parameters. Test weight was higher under conventional management, while no differences in protein content were observed between organic and conventionally grown wheat. Higher sodium dodecyl sulfate sedimentation (SDSS) volume, a reflection of gluten strength, was observed under conventional management, while there was a trend towards higher dough strength under organic management. Cultivars differed in grain protein, flour yield, kernel hardness and mixograph parameters, with Park and McKenzie superior to the others, particularly Red Fife, a much older cultivar. Management×cultivar interaction effects suggest that cultivars exhibit somewhat different baking characteristics when grown in the two management systems. There was no evidence that older cultivars (developed prior to the widespread use of pesticides and fertilizers) are better suited, in terms of breadmaking quality, for organic production.

scholarly journals Vulnerability of pest management in New Zealand apples pesticide toxicity to Aphelinus mali (Hymenoptera Encyrtidae)

2015 ◽  
Vol 68 ◽  
pp. 299-305 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.J. Rogers ◽  
P.L. Lo ◽  
J.T.S. Walker
Keyword(s):  
Pest Management ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Mating Disruption ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Woolly Apple Aphid ◽  
Aphelinus Mali ◽  
Aphid Control ◽  
Pest Outbreaks ◽  
Integrated Fruit Production ◽  
Selective Insecticides

New pest management practices in New Zealands apple sector have provided ecological and economic outcomes that are recognised by growers and exporters Integrated Fruit Production (IFP) pest control systems that combine biological control selective insecticides and mating disruption have been developed to achieve these outcomes Although pest management in apple orchards is now more sustainable it is also highly vulnerable to pesticideinduced disruption The toxicity of four pesticides (spinetoram thiacloprid spinosad and spirotetramat) on the natural enemy of woolly apple aphid Aphelinus mali was examined While applications of spinetoram were the primary cause of aphid outbreaks in 200708 other insecticides can contribute to the instability of this biocontrol system The consequences of applying these disruptive pesticides to aphid control are discussed together with strategies to mitigate the vulnerability of the IFP programme to pest outbreaks

scholarly journals Towards a Sustainable Fruit Industry in Europe: Research and Strategies

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 806F-806
Author(s):  
S. Sansavini
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Market Competition ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Quality Factors ◽  
Fruit Storage ◽  
Training Systems ◽  
Integrated Fruit Production ◽  
Input Techniques ◽  
Quality Control Techniques

The European Union's fruit industry is currently beset by marked surplus output, formidable market competition from non-EU countries, and strong consumer demanded for enhanced quality. This latter issue is particularly complex because it involves not only the fruit's genetic, esthetic, sensory, and taste characters, but also pre- and postharvest produce management practices and their impact on the environment and human health. The main thrust of the response to the challenges posed by these quality factors is integrated fruit production (IFP), a policy sustainable crop growing that the EU can support financially. Research has been directly involved in IFP and the directions in which it is moving. It has developed the first EU guidelines (OILB-ISHS), which initially covered pome crops and were later extended to cover all fruits, and the field, harvest, handling, storage, and market monitoring and quality-control techniques needed to implement them. These methods include biological and integrated disease and pest control, the introduction of plant material resistant to biotic and abiotic stresses, the development of field management practices to enhance plant defense and cropping-control mechanisms, the use of energy-saving irrigation and nutrient input techniques, the modeling of plantations, training systems and tree-bearing control, and advanced fruit storage, packaging, and transport methods. The updated advances in these areas are reported and discussed.

Impact of Nitrogen Management Practices on Total Nitrogen in the Fruits of High Productive Hamlin Orange Trees

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 498e-498
Author(s):  
S. Paramasivam ◽  
A.K. Alva
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Fine Sand ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Perennial Crop ◽  
Total N ◽  
N Removal ◽  
Leaf N Concentration ◽  
N Rates ◽  
Orange Trees

For perennial crop production conditions, major portion of nutrient removal from the soil-tree system is that in harvested fruits. Nitrogen in the fruits was calculated for 22-year-old `Hamlin' orange (Citrus sinensis) trees on Cleopatra mandarin (Citrus reticulata) rootstock, grown in a Tavares fine sand (hyperthermic, uncoated, Typic Quartzipsamments) that received various N rates (112, 168, 224, and 280 kg N/ha per year) as either i) broadcast of dry granular form (DGF; four applications/year), or ii) fertigation (FRT; 15 applications/year). Total N in the fruits (mean across 4 years) varied from 82 to 110 and 89 to 111 kg N/ha per year for the DGF and FRT sources, respectively. Proportion of N in the fruits in relation to N applied decreased from 74% to 39% for the DGF and from 80% to 40% for the FRT treatments. High percentage of N removal in the fruits in relation to total N applied at low N rates indicate that trees may be depleting the tree reserve for maintaining fruit production. This was evident, to some extent, by the low leaf N concentration at the low N treatments. Furthermore, canopy density was also lower in the low N trees compared to those that received higher N rates.

Potential Waste Application of Several Industries Segments in Brazilian Agriculture: Effects on Physical and Chemical Soil Properties

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
Marcos Renan Besen ◽  
Michel Esper Neto ◽  
Bruno Maia Abdo Rahmen Cassim ◽  
Evandro Antonio Minato ◽  
Tadeu Takeyoshi Inoue ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Properties ◽  
Chemical Soil ◽  
Physical And Chemical

scholarly journals The Urban Environment Impact of Climate Change Study and Proposal of the City Micro-Environment Improvement

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 4096
Author(s):  
Jozefína Pokrývková ◽  
Ľuboš Jurík ◽  
Lenka Lackóová ◽  
Klaudia Halászová ◽  
Richard Hanzlík ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Water Infiltration ◽  
Environment Impact ◽  
Management Procedures ◽  
Aging Infrastructure ◽  
Continue Research ◽  
Rainwater Management ◽  
The Given ◽  
The City ◽  
Very High

The water management of cities and villages faces many challenges. Aging infrastructure systems operate for many years after their theoretical lifetime (operation) with a very high need for reconstruction and repair. The solution is proper rainwater management. The investigated area is part of the cadastral area of the Nitra city. This article is based on the use of geographic information systems (GIS) as tools in proposing water retention measures that are needed to improve the microenvironment of the city. We proceeded in several steps, which consisted of area analysis, survey, surface runoff calculations in urbanized areas, proposal of a suitable solution for given location. For real possibilities of rainwater management procedures, a new site on the outskirts of the city was selected. In the given locality, it was possible to use water infiltration as a solution. The locality has suitable conditions of land ownership, pedological conditions, the slope of the area and also the interest of the inhabitants in the ecological solution. The outlined study indicates the need to continue research on the reliability of rainwater management practices.

scholarly journals Biochar Improves Maize Growth but Has a Limited Effect on Soil Properties: Evidence from a Three-Year Field Experiment

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 3617
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Medyńska-Juraszek ◽  
Agnieszka Latawiec ◽  
Jolanta Królczyk ◽  
Adam Bogacz ◽  
Dorota Kawałko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Field Experiment ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Temperate Climate ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Maize Growth ◽  
Chemical Soil ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Biochar application is reported as a method for improving physical and chemical soil properties, with a still questionable impact on the crop yields and quality. Plant productivity can be affected by biochar properties and soil conditions. High efficiency of biochar application was reported many times for plant cultivation in tropical and arid climates; however, the knowledge of how the biochar affects soils in temperate climate zones exhibiting different properties is still limited. Therefore, a three-year-long field experiment was conducted on a loamy Haplic Luvisol, a common arable soil in Central Europe, to extend the laboratory-scale experiments on biochar effectiveness. A low-temperature pinewood biochar was applied at the rate of 50 t h−1, and maize was selected as a tested crop. Biochar application did not significantly impact the chemical soil properties and fertility of tested soil. However, biochar improved soil physical properties and water retention, reducing plant water stress during hot dry summers, and thus resulting in better maize growth and higher yields. Limited influence of the low-temperature biochar on soil properties suggests the crucial importance of biochar-production technology and biochar properties on the effectiveness and validity of its application in agriculture.

scholarly journals First Report of Colletotrichum truncatum Causing Stem Cankers on Jatropha curcas in Burkina Faso

Plant Disease ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 99 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. Ellison ◽  
A. Sawadogo ◽  
S. Braman ◽  
S. Nacro
Keyword(s):  
Burkina Faso ◽  
Jatropha Curcas ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Multiple Infections ◽  
Colletotrichum Truncatum ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Disease Symptoms ◽  
Stem Lesions ◽  
Stem Cankers

A new disease was identified on the biofuel crop Jatropha curcas in 2012 in Burkina Faso that is causing serious yield losses. The disease was found to be widespread in both Sissili and Comoé Provinces. It causes characteristic leaf lesions, fruit necrosis, and cankers on young stems and branches. There was evidence of multiple infections on plants over the growing season, with regrowth evident from below old cankers, but there was little fruit production from infected branches. A detailed monitoring and assessment was undertaken of the disease progress in a severely infected field, over a 7-week period. The disease symptoms progressed from chlorosis through a necrotic phase and, in approximately 83% of replicates, stem cankers developed that resulted in dieback and lodging of branches. Colletotrichum truncatum and a member of the species complex C. gloeosporioides sensu lato were consistently isolated from fresh stem samples showing early symptoms (chlorosis). Koch's postulates were undertaken, to establish the pathogenicity of the two species. No symptoms were observed on plants inoculated with C. gloeosporioides; however, leaf and stem lesions developed after inoculation with C. truncatum, which was reisolated from the diseased tissue, confirming it as the disease-causing agent. Preliminary management practices for the disease are proposed.

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