Impact of Nitrogen Management Practices on Total Nitrogen in the Fruits of High Productive Hamlin Orange Trees

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 498e-498
Author(s):  
S. Paramasivam ◽  
A.K. Alva
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Fine Sand ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Perennial Crop ◽  
Total N ◽  
N Removal ◽  
Leaf N Concentration ◽  
N Rates ◽  
Orange Trees

For perennial crop production conditions, major portion of nutrient removal from the soil-tree system is that in harvested fruits. Nitrogen in the fruits was calculated for 22-year-old `Hamlin' orange (Citrus sinensis) trees on Cleopatra mandarin (Citrus reticulata) rootstock, grown in a Tavares fine sand (hyperthermic, uncoated, Typic Quartzipsamments) that received various N rates (112, 168, 224, and 280 kg N/ha per year) as either i) broadcast of dry granular form (DGF; four applications/year), or ii) fertigation (FRT; 15 applications/year). Total N in the fruits (mean across 4 years) varied from 82 to 110 and 89 to 111 kg N/ha per year for the DGF and FRT sources, respectively. Proportion of N in the fruits in relation to N applied decreased from 74% to 39% for the DGF and from 80% to 40% for the FRT treatments. High percentage of N removal in the fruits in relation to total N applied at low N rates indicate that trees may be depleting the tree reserve for maintaining fruit production. This was evident, to some extent, by the low leaf N concentration at the low N treatments. Furthermore, canopy density was also lower in the low N trees compared to those that received higher N rates.

scholarly journals Nitrogen Fertilizer Management Practices to Enhance Seed Production by `Anaheim Chili' Peppers

1990 ◽  
Vol 115 (2) ◽  
pp. 245-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.O. Payero ◽  
M.S. Bhangoo ◽  
J.J. Steiner
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Seed Mass ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Trickle Irrigation ◽  
Total N ◽  
Leaf Petiole ◽  
Total Seed

The effects of six applied N treatments differing by rates and frequencies of application on the yield and quality of pepper (Capsicum annuum var. annuum L. `Anaheim Chili') grown for seed was studied. The timing of N applications was based on crop phenology, leaf petiole nitrate-nitrogen concentrations (NO3-N) minimum thresholds, and scheduled calendar applications of fixed amounts of N. Solubilized NH4NO3 was applied through a trickle-irrigation system to ensure uniform and timely applications of N. Rate of mature (green and red) fruit production was unaffected by any treatment except weekly applications of 28 kg·ha-1 of N, which stopped production of mature fruit before all other treatments. Early season floral bud and flower production increased with increasing amounts of N. The two highest total N treatments produced more floral buds and flowers late in the season than the other treatments. Total fruit production was maximized at 240 kg N/ha. Differences in total fruit production due to frequency of N application resulted at the highest total N level. Red fruit production tended to be maximized with total seasonal applied N levels of 240 kg·ha-1 and below, although weekly applications of N reduced production. Total seed yield was a function of red fruit production. Pure-1ive seed (PLS) production was a function of total seed production. Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) for red fruit production also decreased with N rates >240 kg·ha-1, but PLS yield and NUE decreased in a near-linear fashion as the amount of total seasonal applied N increased, regardless of application frequency. Season average NO3-N (AVE NO3-N) values >4500 mg·kg-1 had total seed and PLS yields less than those treatments <4000 mg·kg-1. Six-day germination percentage was reduced with weekly N applications of 14 kg·ha-1. Seed mass was reduced with weekly N applications of 28 kg·ha-1. Final germination percent, seedling root length and weight, and field emergence were unaffected by any of the N treatments. These findings indicate that different N management strategies are needed to maximize seed yield compared to fruit yield and, therefore, there may be an advantage to growing `Anaheim Chili' pepper specifically for seed.

scholarly journals Application of the nutrient budgeting model OVERSEER™ to assess management options and Regional Council consent requirements on a Hawke's Bay dairy farm

1999 ◽  
pp. 227-231
Author(s):  
S.F. Ledgard ◽  
G.A. Edgecombe ◽  
A.H.C. Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Nitrate Leaching ◽  
N2 Fixation ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Dairy Farm ◽  
Main Role ◽  
Fruit And Vegetable ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Total N ◽  
Regional Council ◽  
N Removal

OVERSEER™ is a nutrient budgeting model which estimates the inputs, outputs and balances of N, P, K and S for different farming systems. Its main role is as an index of the sustainability of farm systems and to provide information on the potential environmental impacts through estimates of nutrient leaching. OVERSEER was used to assess the N flows and balances associated with different management practices on the farm of Hawke's Bay Dairies Ltd. The 210 ha farm includes a feed-pad for feeding cows with fruit and vegetable processing wastes and pasture which is cut and carried from a 41 ha effluent area (the latter is a requirement of the Regional Council consent). Outputs from OVERSEER for the effluent area revealed that N removal in cut pasture was 1.4 × total N inputs in effluent and clover N2 fixation and the total N balance was -117 kg N/ha/year. This could lead to significant pasture deterioration and would be unsustainable in its current state. Current N inputs for the whole farm system were estimated at 80, 147 and 87 kg N/ha/year in fertiliser, brought-in feed and clover N2 fixation. Outputs of N in milk and nitrate leaching were estimated at 154 and 66 kg N/ha/year, respectively. Hawke's Bay Dairies propose changes in management to exclude the cut-and-carry operation. The effects of these changes on N flows and balances are presented and compared with those from the long-term farmlet trial at the Dairying Research Corporation Number 2 Dairy farm. In the Hawke's Bay Dairies farm, high milk production (2200 kg milksolids/ ha) is being achieved through utilisation of locallyavailable fruit and vegetable wastes which are high in energy and low in protein. This results in very efficient conversion of total N inputs into milk (49%) and lower leaching losses than those measured in farmlet systems based on high (400 kg N/ ha/year) inputs of N fertiliser. Keywords: dairy farm, feed-pad, nitrate leaching, nitrogen model, OVERSEER™

scholarly journals Assessing the Macronutrient Status of Some Selected Soils in Bayelsa State, South-South Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-114
Author(s):  
Kelvin Harrison Diri ◽  
Tate Oyinbrakemi Joseph
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Available Phosphorus ◽  
Total N ◽  
Exchangeable Acidity ◽  
Analysis Of Means

Fertility status of soils within the south-south region of Nigeria varies both inter and intra states. Therefore, the study investigated the macronutrient status of some selected soils in Bayelsa State. Two farm sites in Opume (OPF) and Amassoma (AMF) with records of long term cultivation were randomly selected and soil samples randomly collected from each locality for physico-chemical analyses. Data collected were subjected to statistical analysis of means and a post hoc regression analysis to determine relationships between soils and analyzed parameters. Results revealed that soils were loam to sandy clay loam and acidic with low pH levels. Exchangeable bases (Ca2+, Mg2+, K+) were low in AMF soils compared to OPF soils except for Na+. Organic carbon and organic matter were moderately low in both soils, however, AMF had lower contents. Total N were found to be critically low (0.03%) in both soils. OPF had higher available phosphorus (5.09 mg/kg) while AMF had higher available sulphur (6.55 mg/kg). Base saturation was high moderate in OPF (50.44 %), however, not significantly different (p<0.05) from AMF. Similarly, Effective Cation Exchange Capacity (ECEC) was low in soils of both localities. Regression analysis showed that pH had significant positive relationships with sand, Org C, Org M, available P, TN, % B.S and the basic cations (r=0.534*, 0.841***, 0.837***, 0.855***, 0.736***, 0.856**) with a negative relationship with Exchangeable acidity and SO42- (r=-0.799** and 0.844***). Org C, Org M and TN had significant negative relationships with silt at both localities (r=-0.592**, -0.592** and -0.491*) respectively. These results indicate clearly that the nutrient status of soils in the study areas are mostly controlled by pH and the textural distribution. It also indicates that improved soil management practices can improve the macronutrient status for increased crop production.

scholarly journals Growth and Fruit Production of Highbush Blueberry Fertilized with Ammonium Sulfate and Urea Applied by Fertigation or as Granular Fertilizer

HortScience ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 479-485 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oscar L. Vargas ◽  
David R. Bryla
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Sulfate ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Canopy Cover ◽  
Vaccinium Corymbosum ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Highbush Blueberry ◽  
Leaf N Concentration ◽  
Northern Highbush Blueberry ◽  
N Rates ◽  
Leaf N

Fertigation with liquid sources of nitrogen (N) fertilizers, including ammonium sulfate and urea, were compared with granular applications of the fertilizers in northern highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L. ‘Bluecrop’) during the first 5 years of fruit production (2008–12). The planting was established in Apr. 2006 at a field site located in western Oregon. The plants were grown on raised beds and mulched every 2 years with sawdust. Liquid fertilizers were injected through a drip system in equal weekly applications from mid-April to early August. Granular fertilizers were applied on each side of the plants, in three split applications from mid-April to mid-June, and washed into the soil using microsprinklers. Each fertilizer was applied at three N rates, which were increased each year as the plants matured (63 to 93, 133 to 187, and 200 to 280 kg·ha−1 N) and compared with non-fertilized treatments (0 kg·ha−1 N). Canopy cover, which was measured in 2008 only, and fresh pruning weight were greater with fertigation than with granular fertilizer and often increased with N rate when the plants were fertigated but decreased at the highest rate when granular fertilizer was applied. Yield also increased with N fertilizer and was 12% to 40% greater with fertigation than with granular fertilizer each year as well as 17% greater with ammonium sulfate than with urea in 2011. The response of berry weight to the treatments was variable but decreased with higher N rates during the first 3 years of fruit production. Leaf N concentration was greater with fertigation in 4 of 5 years and averaged 1.68% with fertigation and 1.61% with granular fertilizer. Leaf N was also often greater with ammonium sulfate than with urea and increased as more N was applied. Soil pH declined with increasing N rates and was lower with granular fertilizer than with fertigation during the first 3 years of fruit production and lower with ammonium sulfate than with urea in every year but 2010. Soil electrical conductivity (EC) was less than 1 dS·m−1 in each treatment but was an average of two to three times greater with granular fertilizer than with fertigation and 1.4 to 1.8 times greater with ammonium sulfate than with urea. Overall, total yield averaged 32 to 63 t·ha−1 in each treatment over the first 5 years of fruit production and was greatest when plants were fertigated with ammonium sulfate or urea at rates of at least 63 to 93 kg·ha−1 N per year.

scholarly journals 593 PB 167 EFFECTS OF REDUCED RATES OF NITROGEN ON GROWTH AND MINERAL NUTRITION OF YOUNG `PINEAPPLE' ORANGE TREES

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 517a-517
Author(s):  
A.K. Alva ◽  
D.P.H. Tucker
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Size ◽  
Calcium Nitrate ◽  
Fine Sand ◽  
Nitrate Contamination ◽  
Juice Quality ◽  
Central Florida ◽  
N Rates ◽  
Nitrogen Rates ◽  
Mineral Concentrations ◽  
Orange Trees

Recent trends in increased nitrate contamination of groundwater in parts of Central Florida have prompted this study to evaluate the potential for reducing the rates of nitrate (N) fertilizer to citrus. `Pineapple' orange trees on Swingle citrumelo rootstock growing on Candler fine sand were selected for the study. Fertilizer blends were applied using N as: (1) soluble ammonium nitrate and calcium nitrate in 4 applications per year and (2) controlled-release sources (Meister, Osmocote, Escote in one application per year and IBDU and Neutralene in 2 applications per year). Nitrogen rates varied 18-154, 36-308, and 57-454 g/tree/year during the first, second and third year after planting, respectively. Tree growth and leaf mineral concentrations (during the first 3 years) and fruit size and juice quality (second and third years) were not adversely affected by application of reduced N rates. Fruit yield (third year) was lower in the trees which received ≤ 114 g N/tree/year than in those which received higher rates of N.

scholarly journals Fertilizer 15N balance in a coffee cropping system: a case study in Brazil

2008 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 1459-1469 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatiele Anete Bergamo Fenilli ◽  
Klaus Reichardt ◽  
José Laércio Favarin ◽  
Osny Oliveira Santos Bacchi ◽  
Adriana Lúcia Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Sulfate ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
N Recovery ◽  
15N Balance ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
Perennial Crop ◽  
Deep Drainage ◽  
N Losses ◽  
Total N

Knowledge about the fate of fertilizer nitrogen in agricultural systems is essential for the improvement of management practices in order to maximize nitrogen (N) recovery by the crop and reduce N losses from the system to a minimum. This study involves fertilizer management practices using the 15N isotope label applied in a single rate to determine the fertilizer-N balance in a particular soil-coffee-atmosphere system and to deepen the understanding of N plant dynamics. Five replicates consisting of plots of about 120 plants each were randomly defined within a 0.2 ha coffee plantation planted in 2001, in Piracicaba, SP, Brazil. Nine plants of each plot were separated in sub-plots for the 15N balance studies and treated with N rates of 280 and 350 kg ha-1 during 2003/2004 and 2004/2005, respectively, both of them as ammonium sulfate enriched to a 15N abundance of 2.072 atom %. Plant shoots were considered as separate parts: the orthotropic central branch, productive branches, leaves of productive branches, vegetative branches, leaves of vegetative branches and fruit. Litter, consisting of dead leaves accumulated below the plant canopy, was measured by the difference between leaves at harvest and at the beginning of the following flowering. Roots and soil were sampled down to a depth of 1.0 at intervals of 0.2 m. Samples from the isotopic sub-plots were used to evaluate total N and 15N, and plants outside sub-plots were used to evaluate dry matter. Volatilization losses of NH3 were estimated using special collectors. Leaching of fertilizer-N was estimated from deep drainage water fluxes and 15N concentrations of the soil solution at 1 m soil depth. At the end of the 2-year evaluation, the recovery of 15N applied as ammonium sulfate was 19.1 % in aerial plant parts, 9.4 % in the roots, 23.8 % in the litter, 26.3 % in the fruit and 12.6 % remaining in the 0_1.0 m soil profile. Annual leaching and volatilization losses were very small (2.0 % and 0.9 %, respectively). After two years, only 6.2 % N were missing in the balance (100 %) which can be attributed to other non-estimated compartments and experimental errors. Results show that an enrichment of only 2 % atom 15N allows the study of the partition of fertilizer-N in a perennial crop such as coffee during a period of two years.

scholarly journals Sunny Hollow Orchard: A Decision Case as a Basis for Classroom Discussion

1997 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-191
Author(s):  
Doug S. Foulk ◽  
Emily E. Hoover
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Apple Orchard ◽  
Classroom Discussion ◽  
Susceptible Cultivar ◽  
Perennial Crop ◽  
Management Decisions ◽  
Orchard Management ◽  
Production Practices

This decision case concerns the need to make management decisions in a commercial apple orchard planted largely with `Haralson,' a russet-susceptible cultivar. The growers described in this situation had to decide whether applying GA4+7 for russet suppression was appropriate for their operation, given the financial, cultural and pesticide issues that required addressing. The case is intended for use in fruit production or other intermediate to advanced undergraduate horticulture courses and assumes a knowledge of basic perennial-crop production practices. Students assume the role of a decisionmaker in the complicated issue of orchard management.

scholarly journals Targeting Hotspots to Achieve Sustainable Nitrogen Management in China’s Smallholder-Dominated Cereal Production

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 557
Author(s):  
Qingsong Zhang ◽  
Tingyu Li ◽  
Yulong Yin ◽  
Hao Ying ◽  
Zhenling Cui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Variation ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Smallholder Farmers ◽  
County Level ◽  
Total N ◽  
N Removal ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Using Data ◽  
N Management ◽  
N Use

Agriculture in China, which is dominated by millions of smallholders, consumes 30% of global nitrogen (N) fertilizers and results in a high surplus and vast spatial variability of N. Identifying the N-management practices of smallholder farmers is critical to pursuing sustainable agricultural productivity. However, at the national scale, N budgets and spatial distribution based on first-hand data from smallholder farmers are not well characterized. Here, using data collected from a national survey involving 7.3 million farmers from 2005 to 2014, we quantified N budgets, evaluated their spatial variation, and revealed “hotspots” of low N removal and high N surplus for wheat, maize, and rice systems at the county level. The N surplus for cereal crops was 122–140 kg N ha−1, which is equivalent to an annual N surplus of 11.3 megaton (Mt). Chemical N was the most important contributor to the N surplus, while farmers used manure N less than 10% of the total N input. N budgets exhibited vast spatial variation at the county level, and the hotspots contributed to 56% of the total N surplus in China. Targeted efforts for eliminating hotspots could increase N removal by 13–21%, increase N use efficiency to 0.55–0.70, and significantly reduce the N surplus for all counties and crops, by 42%. Based on farmer survey data, our results provide updated estimates of N budgets and highlight hotspots of N surplus for cereal crop systems in China. They provide a benchmark for the development of new agricultural N management policies and technologies in the country.

Nutrient Concentrations in Soil Solution in an Alfisol under Grapefruit Production

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 498d-498
Author(s):  
Z.L. He ◽  
A.K. Alva ◽  
D.V. Calvert ◽  
D.J. Banks ◽  
Y.C. Li
Keyword(s):  
Soil Solution ◽  
Fine Sand ◽  
Drainage Water ◽  
Tree Canopy ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Sour Orange ◽  
Parallel Study ◽  
Ph Measurements ◽  
The Mean ◽  
N Rates

A field experiment was conducted in a Riviera fine sand (Alfisol) with 25-year-old `White Marsh' grapefruit trees on Sour orange rootstock to monitor the downward transport of nutrients from fertilization practices. Fertilizer was applied as either dry granular broadcast (three applications/year) or fertigation (15 applications/year) at N rates of 56, 112, 168, and 336 kg/ha per year using a N:P:K blend (1.0:0.17:1.0). Soil solution was sampled bi-weekly from suction lysimeters, installed under the tree canopy, about 120 cm from the tree trunk, at two depths representing above (120 cm) and below (180 cm) the hard pan. The concentrations of K, Ca, and Mg were greater at the 180- than at 120-cm depth, whereas, the converse was true with respect to the concentration of P in soil solution. Over a 2-year period, the mean concentrations of P and K varied from 0.031-0.976 and 150-250 mg·L–1, respectively. Increased rate of fertilization also appeared to increase the concentrations of Ca and Mg in the soil solution. This could be due to effects of slight acidification of the soil with increased rates of ammonium form of N. A parallel study on pH measurements has shown evidence of soil acidification, under the tree canopy, with increased rates of ammonium fertilization. In a bedded grove, the soil solution above the hard pan is likely to seep into the water furrow, which is discharged into the drainage water.

Field Measurements and Simulation of Nitrogen Fate under Citrus Production

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 498c-498
Author(s):  
A. Fares ◽  
A.K. Alva ◽  
S. Paramasivam
Keyword(s):  
Mass Balance ◽  
Best Management Practices ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Irrigation Scheduling ◽  
N Leaching ◽  
Citrus Production

Water and nitrogen (N) are important inputs for most crop production. The main objectives of nitrogen best management practices (NBMP) are to improve N and water management to maximize the uptake efficiency and minimize the leaching losses. This require a complete understanding of fate of N and water mass balance within and below the root zone of the crop in question. The fate of nitrogen applied for citrus production in sandy soils (>95% sand) was simulated using a mathematical model LEACHM (Leaching Estimation And Chemistry Model). Nitrogen removal in harvested fruits and storage in the tree accounted the major portion of the applied N. Nitrogen volatilization mainly as ammonia and N leaching below the root zone were the next two major components of the N mass balance. A proper irrigation scheduling based on continuous monitoring of the soil water content in the rooting was used as a part of the NBMP. More than 50% of the total annual leached water below the root zone was predicted to occur in the the rainy season. Since this would contribute to nitrate leaching, it is recomended to avoid N application during the rainy season.

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