Applying biosolids to acid soils in NSW: Are guideline soil metal limits from other countries appropriate?

Soil Research ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 40 (6) ◽  
pp. 1941 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. S. Whatmuff
Keyword(s):  
Metal Uptake ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Acid Soil ◽  
The United States ◽  
Leafy Vegetables ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Soil Metal

In New South Wales (NSW) the use of biosolids (sewage sludge) as a soil amendment has become a major issue for regulatory authorities because of the potential impact of biosolids metal contaminants on agricultural produce. Although guidelines regulating the use of biosolids in other countries are based on extensive data sets, these were collected under different soil and climatic conditions than those found locally. This experiment was carried out to determine whether guideline soil metal limits from other countries are appropriate for regulating biosolids application under acid soil conditions that occur in NSW and whether a more intensive series of field experiments needed to be carried out. The uptake of biosolids Cd and Zn by silverbeet (swiss chard, Beta vulgaris) was assessed on soils differing in pHC (4.2–5.8) (pH measured in 0.01 M CaCl2) and soil metal loading (0.53–2.82 mg Cd/kg and 54–159 mg Zn/kg) in the glasshouse and field. Metal uptake by our field-grown silverbeet was >10-fold higher for Cd and >20-fold higher for Zn than was predicted from the slope of the metal uptake response curve for leafy vegetables used in US EPA biosolids guidelines. For some treatments, leaf tissue Cd levels exceeded the maximum permissible concentration for Cd in foodstuffs, and Zn levels were above phytotoxicity thresholds (with some yield reduction) when silverbeet was grown on soils with Cd and Zn concentrations well below soil metal limit concentrations in the United States biosolids guidelines and equal to levels set in the United Kingdom. In addition, biosolids metal uptake under glasshouse conditions was more than twice that in field-grown plants. These results clearly demonstrate the importance of developing NSW-specific biosolids guidelines. Biosolids regulations in NSW should be based on uptake data for a wide range of important food chain and pasture crop species collected in the field and grown under local conditions.

scholarly journals Field Screening of Cowpea Genotypes for Alkaline Soil Tolerance

HortScience ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 45 (11) ◽  
pp. 1639-1642 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricardo Goenaga ◽  
A. Graves Gillaspie ◽  
Adolfo Quiles
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Virgin Islands ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Alkaline Soil ◽  
Alkaline Soils ◽  
Legume Crop ◽  
Yield Production ◽  
Leaf Chlorosis

Cowpea or Southernpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] is an important legume crop used as a feed for livestock, as a green vegetable, and for consumption of its dry beans, which provide 22% to 25% protein. The crop is very sensitive to alkaline soil conditions. When grown at soil pH of 7.5 or higher, cowpea develops severe leaf chlorosis caused by deficiencies of iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), and manganese (Mn) resulting in stunted plant growth and yield reduction. We evaluated in replicated field experiments at St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands, and Juana Díaz, Puerto Rico, 24 PIs and two commercial cultivars, some of which have shown some tolerance to alkaline soils in unreplicated, seed regeneration plots of the U.S. cowpea collection. Alkaline soil conditions at St. Croix were too severe resulting in average yield of genotypes at this location being significantly lower and 77% less than that at Juana Díaz. Nevertheless, some genotypes performed well at both locations. For example, PIs 222756, 214354, 163142, 582605, 582840, 255766, 582610, 582614, 582576, 582809, and 349674 yielded in the upper half of the group at both locations. Accession PI 163142 ranked third in grain yield production at both locations and outyielded the iron-chlorosis-resistant controls at St. Croix. These genotypes deserve further attention as potential sources of alkaline soil tolerance.

Effects of lime and gypsum on growth of sweet potato in two strongly acid soils

2000 ◽  
Vol 51 (8) ◽  
pp. 1031 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vele P Ila'ava ◽  
Pax Blamey ◽  
Colin J Asher
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Potato ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Acid Soil ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
A Value ◽  
Exchangeable Al ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Potato Growth

There were strong relationships between exchangeable aluminium (Al) and relative top yield, and between soil pH and relative top yield in the Garret and Bisinella soils. Sweet potato plants produced maximum top yields at soil exchangeable Al <3.0 cmol ((+)/kg, with a 10% yield reduction coinciding with a value of approximately 5.0 cmol (+)/kg. The value was lower for the Bisinella soil than the Garret soil. In the case of pH, maximum yield in both soils was evident at a soil pH of 5.0 with 90% of maximum yield being achieved at about pH 4.7. These results suggest that soil pH would be a good index for Al toxicity. The close relationships between sweet potato growth and both exchangeable Al and soil pH need to be explored further to determine whether it will hold across a wide range of acid soil groups.

Effect of time sowing and cultivar on the development and grain yield of irrigated wheat in the Macquarie Valley, New South Wales

1992 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 345 ◽  
Author(s):  
JL Cooper
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
Frost Damage ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Detectable Effect ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Wide Range

Field experiments over 2 seasons in the Macquarie Valley of central New South Wales compared yields under irrigation of 5 wheat varieties with a wide range of maturities sown from 8 April to 27 August.Early maturity wheats (Yecora and Avocet) sown prior to 6 May suffered frost damage, while the winter wheats (WW33G and Burgas) sown after 29 July were not fully vernalised and most tillers failed to produce heads. There was a curvilinear relation between time of sowing and grain yield. Excluding the treatments which suffered frost damage, the earliest time of sowing (8 April) produced the highest yield, with a 6.4% yield reduction between 8 April and 8 May. The yield reduction increased with later sowing date: 13.3, 19.3, and 26.5% during May, June, and July. Anthesis in mid September produced the highest yields for all varieties. Treatments which flowered earlier than mid September suffered frost damage. For each day later than 15 September that anthesis occurred, the mean yield fell by 1.3% or about 68 kg/ha.day. Date of anthesis had no detectable effect on the rate of individual grain growth (1.3 mg/grain.day), but the later anthesis occurred, the shorter the duration of grain development and the lower the final grain weight. Rising temperatures, not moisture stress, seems to be the factor causing the decline in yield with late sowing. This experiment was irrigated to eliminate moisture stress but the decline in yield was similar to that reported for dryland crops.

scholarly journals Yield Performance of Cowpea Plant Introductions Grown in Calcareous Soils

2013 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 247-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricardo Goenaga ◽  
Tomas Ayala ◽  
Adolfo Quiles
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Calcareous Soils ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Alkaline Soil ◽  
Alkaline Soils ◽  
Plant Introductions ◽  
Legume Crop ◽  
Seed Protein Concentration

Cowpea or southernpea (Vigna unguiculata) is an important legume crop used as a feed for livestock, as a green vegetable and for consumption of its dry beans, which provide 22% to 25% protein. The crop is very sensitive to alkaline soil conditions. When grown at a soil pH of 7.5 or higher, cowpea develops severe leaf chlorosis caused by deficiencies of iron, zinc, and manganese resulting in stunted plant growth and yield reduction. We evaluated in replicated field experiments at St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands, and Miami, FL, four PIs and one commercial cultivar, some of which have shown some tolerance to alkaline soils in unreplicated, seed regeneration plots of the U.S. cowpea collection. At both locations, PI 582702 had significantly higher seed protein concentration than the other PIs, averaging 28%. Alkaline soil conditions at St. Croix were severe resulting in average yield of PIs at this location being significantly lower and 69% less than that in Florida. Nevertheless, some PIs performed well at both locations. For example, PI 582605 had significantly higher yield in Florida, whereas in St. Croix, PIs 582605, 582674, and 582702 were the highest yielders. These PIs may serve as an alternative to growers or home gardeners wishing to establish a legume crop in areas where agricultural production is severely restricted by high soil alkalinity.

Yield, product quality and energy use in organic vegetable living mulch cropping systems: research evidence and farmers’ perception

2016 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 200-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Canali ◽  
L. Ortolani ◽  
G. Campanelli ◽  
M. Robačer ◽  
P. von Fragstein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Product Quality ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Living Mulch ◽  
Cash Crop ◽  
Systems Research ◽  
Crop Density ◽  
Wide Range

AbstractThe effects of living mulch (LM) introduction and management strategies on cash crop yield, product quality and energy use were studied in a wide range of European vegetable cropping systems, climatic and soil conditions, as well as species of LM grown as agro-ecological service crops. Nine field experiments were carried out in research stations and commercial farms located in Denmark, Germany, Italy and Slovenia. Farmers’ perception of the feasibility and applicability of the LM technique was also assessed.The results demonstrated that the LM systems with a substitutive design can be effectively implemented in vegetable production if the value of the ecological services (positive externalities) delivered by LM can counterbalance the yield loss due to the cash crop density reduction. The crop density of the system and the length of the period in which the LM and cash crop coexist are oppositely related both for competition and yield. Moreover, if an additive design is used, the LM should be sown several weeks after the cash crop planting. Overall, different cash crop genotypes (i.e., open pollinated/local cultivars in comparison with the hybrids) performed similarly. Use of human labor (HL) and fossil fuel (FF) energy slightly increased in LM systems (7%), and there was a shift in the proportion of FF and human energy consumption. The farmers’ acceptance of the LM techniques was quite high (75% of the interviewed sample), even though their critical considerations about yield quality and quantity need consideration in future research and practical implementation of LM systems.

Music after the Fall

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim Rutherford-Johnson
Keyword(s):  
New Media ◽  
Contemporary Music ◽  
The United States ◽  
Art Music ◽  
Sound Art ◽  
Musical Composition ◽  
Western Art ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Cold War

By the start of the 21st century many of the foundations of postwar culture had disappeared: Europe had been rebuilt and, as the EU, had become one of the world’s largest economies; the United States’ claim to global dominance was threatened; and the postwar social democratic consensus was being replaced by market-led neoliberalism. Most importantly of all, the Cold War was over, and the World Wide Web had been born. Music After The Fall considers contemporary musical composition against this changed backdrop, placing it in the context of globalization, digitization, and new media. Drawing on theories from the other arts, in particular art and architecture, it expands the definition of Western art music to include forms of composition, experimental music, sound art, and crossover work from across the spectrum, inside and beyond the concert hall. Each chapter considers a wide range of composers, performers, works, and institutions are considered critically to build up a broad and rich picture of the new music ecosystem, from North American string quartets to Lebanese improvisers, from South American electroacoustic studios to pianos in the Australian outback. A new approach to the study of contemporary music is developed that relies less on taxonomies of style and technique, and more on the comparison of different responses to common themes, among them permission, fluidity, excess, and loss.

Death in the City

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn A. Sloan
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Inquiry ◽  
The United States ◽  
Violent Death ◽  
Special Relationship ◽  
Intimate Friend ◽  
Counter Narrative ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
European Heritage ◽  
The City ◽  
The Temple

Popular culture has long conflated Mexico with the macabre. Some persuasive intellectuals argue that Mexicans have a special relationship with death, formed in the crucible of their hybrid Aztec-European heritage. Death is their intimate friend; death is mocked and accepted with irony and fatalistic abandon. The commonplace nature of death desensitizes Mexicans to suffering. Death, simply put, defines Mexico. There must have been historical actors who looked away from human misery, but to essentialize a diverse group of people as possessing a unique death cult delights those who want to see the exotic in Mexico or distinguish that society from its peers. Examining tragic and untimely death—namely self-annihilation—reveals a counter narrative. What could be more chilling than suicide, especially the violent death of the young? What desperation or madness pushed the victim to raise the gun to the temple or slip the noose around the neck? A close examination of a wide range of twentieth-century historical documents proves that Mexicans did not accept death with a cavalier chuckle nor develop a unique death cult, for that matter. Quite the reverse, Mexicans behaved just as their contemporaries did in Austria, France, England, and the United States. They devoted scientific inquiry to the malady and mourned the loss of each life to suicide.

The Politics of Precaution

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Vogel
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
The United States ◽  
Hazardous Substances ◽  
Risk Regulation ◽  
Scientific Certainty ◽  
European Public ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Regulatory Controls ◽  
Milk Hormones

This book examines the politics of consumer and environmental risk regulation in the United States and Europe over the last five decades, explaining why America and Europe have often regulated a wide range of similar risks differently. It finds that between 1960 and 1990, American health, safety, and environmental regulations were more stringent, risk averse, comprehensive, and innovative than those adopted in Europe. But since around 1990 global regulatory leadership has shifted to Europe. What explains this striking reversal? This book takes an in-depth, comparative look at European and American policies toward a range of consumer and environmental risks, including vehicle air pollution, ozone depletion, climate change, beef and milk hormones, genetically modified agriculture, antibiotics in animal feed, pesticides, cosmetic safety, and hazardous substances in electronic products. The book traces how concerns over such risks—and pressure on political leaders to do something about them—have risen among the European public but declined among Americans. The book explores how policymakers in Europe have grown supportive of more stringent regulations while those in the United States have become sharply polarized along partisan lines. And as European policymakers have grown more willing to regulate risks on precautionary grounds, increasingly skeptical American policymakers have called for higher levels of scientific certainty before imposing additional regulatory controls on business.

Nutrient-Use Patterns in Nursery Crops

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 557a-557
Author(s):  
Mary Ann Rose ◽  
Barbara Biernacka
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Retention ◽  
The United States ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Woody Ornamentals ◽  
Use Patterns ◽  
Nutrient Demand ◽  
Nutrient Use ◽  
Fertilizer Recommendations ◽  
Retention Characteristics ◽  
Practical Constraints

Long-standing fertilizer recommendations for field-grown nursery and landscape ornamentals are based on maximizing growth, not nutrient efficiency. Further, these recommendations fall short because of failure to consider 1) the extent of crop nutrient removal, 2) varying nutrient retention characteristics of soils across the United States, and 3) a body of research that suggests that woody ornamentals have a limited response to fertilization under most soil conditions. Concern for the environmental impact of fertilization justifies a reevaluation of current nursery fertilization practices, as well a discussion of the practical constraints on the adoption of new approaches, e.g., nutrient demand-driven fertilization. Research on the nutrient use patterns of woody plants will be reviewed with emphasis on implications for increasing fertilization efficiency. OSU research on water availability and nutrient-use interactions also will be presented.

The Right to Bodily Integrity

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alison Brysk
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Assault ◽  
Sexual Violence ◽  
Public Space ◽  
Transitional Justice ◽  
The United States ◽  
Bodily Integrity ◽  
Global Pattern ◽  
Popular Resistance ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Right

In Chapter 7, we profile the global pattern of sexual violence. We will consider conflict rape and transitional justice response in Peru and Colombia, along with the plight of women displaced by conflict from Syria and Central America, and limited international policy response. State-sponsored sexual violence and popular resistance to reclaim public space will be chronicled in Egypt as well as Mexico. We will track intensifying public sexual assault amid social crisis in Turkey, South Africa, and India, which has been met by a wide range of public protest, legal reform, and policy change. For a contrasting experience of the privatization of sexual assault in developed democracies, we will trace campus, workplace, and military rape in the United States.

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