Gender roles produce divergent economic expectations

Expectations about economic variables vary systematically across genders. In the domain of inflation, women have persistently higher expectations than men. We argue that traditional gender roles are a significant factor in generating this gender expectations gap as they expose women and men to different economic signals in their daily lives. Using unique data on the participation of men and women in household grocery chores, their resulting exposure to price signals, and their inflation expectations, we document a tight link between the gender expectations gap and the distribution of grocery shopping duties. Because grocery prices are highly volatile, and consumers focus disproportionally on positive price changes, frequent exposure to grocery prices increases perceptions of current inflation and expectations of future inflation. The gender expectations gap is largest in households whose female heads are solely responsible for grocery shopping, whereas no gap arises in households that split grocery chores equally between men and women. Our results indicate that gender differences in inflation expectations arise due to social conditioning rather than through differences in innate abilities, skills, or preferences.

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Hegemony, Gender Stereotypes and Disney: A Content Analysis of Frozen and Snow White

Concordia Journal of Communication Research ◽

10.54416/tzoy1130 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2 ◽

Author(s):

Larisa Arnold ◽

McKenna Seidl ◽

Ariel Deloney

Keyword(s):

Content Analysis ◽

Gender Roles ◽

Social Norms ◽

Gender Stereotypes ◽

Chi Square ◽

Men And Women ◽

Gender Expectations ◽

Traditional Gender Roles ◽

Snow White ◽

Chi Square Test

A content analysis was conducted and focused on the gender roles, gender expectations, and social norms in Disney films. The researchers studied one past Disney film, Snow White and compared it with the most recent Disney film, Frozen to draw distinctions and similarities between them. Through a chi square test of association comparing specific Disney roles of both men and women, minimum differences have been shown between past and recent films. Disney has made changes in their films by removing some overt gender stereotypes from the films; however, they continue to use many of these stereotypical gender expectations. The data suggests that hegemonic principles can be applied to the most recent Disney film Frozen. Disney has hidden traditional gender norms under the guise of being progressive while still utilizing the successful Disney formula of traditional gender roles and expectations.

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Missed Opportunities: Perspectives of Incarcerated Israeli Women and Men on Their Unsuccessful Desistance

Feminist Criminology ◽

10.1177/1557085117724510 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 14 (2) ◽

pp. 241-262 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Keren Gueta ◽

Gila Chen

Keyword(s):

Gender Roles ◽

Women Inmates ◽

Missed Opportunities ◽

Men And Women ◽

Traditional Gender Roles ◽

Key Concepts ◽

Depth Interviews

The current study explores the factors that people incarcerated in Israeli prisons identify as contributing to their unsuccessful desistance. Twenty in-depth interviews were carried out with substance-involved men and women inmates. The findings showed that they faced subjective and sociostructural problems, reflecting interlocking axes of marginalization. However, the men and women constructed their narratives of unsuccessful desistance according to traditional gender roles: The men’s accounts were embedded in key concepts of masculinity such as unemployment, whereas the women’s accounts related to feminine notions such as motherhood. Possible implications for theory and intervention are discussed.

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The Shift in Gender Roles in Amy Tan’s 'The Joy Luck Club' and Khaled Hosseini’s 'The Kite Runner'

Lensa Kajian Kebahasaan Kesusastraan dan Budaya ◽

10.26714/lensa.8.1.2018.1-21 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 1 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Mujad Didien Afandi

Keyword(s):

Gender Roles ◽

Gender Inequality ◽

Conflict Theory ◽

Female Education ◽

Dynamic Changes ◽

Men And Women ◽

Patriarchal System ◽

Traditional Gender Roles ◽

The Family ◽

To Receive

The unfair gender roles under patriarchal system are constructed to preserve gender inequality between men and women. Gender role practices extend gradually to maintain the male hegemony to make women powerless because female traditional gender roles (femininities) create dependency to men. Men are assigned to masculinities equipped with power, whereas women are ascribed to femininities to set boundaries that limit their movement. Yet, the increase of female awareness of gender equality has changed this situation. Gender roles are gradually shifting from traditional to modern as the opportunities to receive education and job open widely to develop women's roles that enable them to give financial contribution to the family. This study was purposed to analyze the shift in gender roles in 'The Joy Luck Club' and 'The Kite Runner'. This study used qualitative design in which Chinese traditional gender roles were described using Confucian perspective, whereas Afghan traditional gender roles were exposed in Islamic perspective. Moreover, Karl Marx's conflict theory was used to analyze the shift in gender roles in both novels. The results of study found that the construction of traditional gender roles in both China and Afghanistan was influenced mostly by patriarchy which perceives men as more superior than women. However, the dynamic changes of gender roles, especially femininities, supported by the increase of female education and occupation provide women with more power to achieve development. Further studies are encouraged to analyze other gender roles which have not discussed in this study.

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Gender Roles and the Gender Expectations Gap

SSRN Electronic Journal ◽

10.2139/ssrn.3797091 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Francesco D'Acunto ◽

Ulrike Malmendier ◽

Michael Weber

Keyword(s):

Gender Roles ◽

Gender Expectations ◽

Expectations Gap

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Mary Astell: Defender of the “Disembodied Mind”

Hypatia ◽

10.1111/j.1527-2001.1998.tb01384.x ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 13 (4) ◽

pp. 40-62 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Cynthia B. Bryson

Keyword(s):

Political Philosophy ◽

Gender Roles ◽

Major Premise ◽

Cartesian Dualism ◽

Men And Women ◽

Traditional Gender Roles ◽

Social Contracts ◽

Intrinsic Difference ◽

Mary Astell ◽

Disembodied Mind

This paper demonstrates how Mary Astell's version of Cartesian dualism supports her disavowal of female subordination and traditional gender roles, her rejection of Locke's notion of “thinking matter” as a major premise for rejecting his political philosophy of “social contracts” between men and women, and, finally, her claim that there is no intrinsic difference between genders in terms of ratiocination, the primary assertion that grants her the title of the first female English feminist.

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GENDER ROLES OF MAIN CHARACTERS IN DANIELLE STEEL’S “FRIENDS FOREVER”

Studia Philologica ◽

10.28925/2311-2425.2021.154 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2 (15) ◽

pp. 30-36

Author(s):

Galyna Tsapro ◽

Olha Chorna

Keyword(s):

Gender Roles ◽

Working Women ◽

Communication Styles ◽

Female Characters ◽

Social Image ◽

Gender Expectations ◽

Best Friends ◽

Traditional Gender Roles ◽

Staying At Home

The research is devoted to the study of protagonists’ gender roles created by Danielle Steel in her book about five best friends. The corpus and discourse analyses have been applied to examine verbal characterization of main characters. Appearance, traits of character, relationships with others, moral values as well as communication styles have been studied. Gender roles have been perceived mostly as prescribed stereotypical norms of social behavior. Gender roles presented in literary works reflect social male and female portrayals but concurrently main characters’ gender portraits shape readers’ images and concepts about gender. Danielle Steel assigns traditional gender roles to her characters sketching their vivid images from childhood till later years. The female characters Izzie and Gabby correspond to traditional gender expectations about girls but still Gabby turns out to have bossy nature that is reflected in her behavior and speech. Three male protagonists, Andy, Billy and Sean, in general possessing quite traditional gender roles, are depicted as completely different personalities with some deviation from gender expectations about men. The main characters’ fathers in general represent an established social image of successful professionals, family providers, most of them being loving and supporting fathers, while the protagonists’ mothers form two contrastive groups of staying at home and working women. The portraits of two working mothers differ greatly, depicting the woman devoting all her time to work and ignoring her daughter’s needs and the other despite being busy at work still being able to take care of her son. Other three women are ideal pictures of affectionate mothers and wives.

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Religion and Gender in Ancient Rome

Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion ◽

10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.634 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Meghan DiLuzio

Keyword(s):

Gender Roles ◽

Social Practices ◽

Natural Order ◽

Ideal Space ◽

Ancient Rome ◽

Daily Lives ◽

Men And Women ◽

Blood Sacrifice ◽

And Gender ◽

Collective Dimension

Roman society was patriarchal, which is to say that it was marked by sexual asymmetry in which males tended to have power over females. As in most ancient societies, religion contributed to a pervasive belief that such an arrangement was part of the “natural” order of things. Ritual practices allowed Romans to perform and internalize ideas about gender roles and the relation between the sexes. This was true in both civic rituals as well as in the ceremonies performed by individuals and households. The ritual sphere was an ideal space for the formation of gender roles because it was fundamentally inclusive. Numerous ancient sources testify to the communal and collective dimension of worship, and not just at births, marriages, and funerals, where women naturally performed a range of important ritual functions. Men and women worshiped the same gods and participated in many of the same civic cults and festivals. They held important public priesthoods and presided over many of the same rituals, including even blood sacrifice. Religion permeated the daily lives of men and women in ancient Rome, playing an important role in the transmission of cultural and social practices and values related to gender.

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Examining the Relationship Between Victimization, Psychopathy, and the Acceptance of Rape Myths

Journal of Interpersonal Violence ◽

10.1177/0886260520966669 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 088626052096666

Author(s):

Eric M. Cooke ◽

Richard H. Lewis ◽

Brittany E. Hayes ◽

Leana A. Bouffard ◽

Danielle L. Boisvert ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gender Roles ◽

Sexual Victimization ◽

Factor Model ◽

Rape Myths ◽

Adolescent And Young Adult ◽

Path Modeling ◽

Gender Based Violence ◽

Men And Women ◽

Traditional Gender Roles ◽

The Relationship

Rape myths are attitudes that implicitly and explicitly blame victims for their own sexual victimization. Greater adherence to rape myths is linked to several negative outcomes, including the neutralization of gender-based violence and the perpetration of sexual violence. Few studies have considered how previous life experiences and individual-level traits influence the development and greater adherence to rape myths. The current study examines how traits associated with the three-factor model of psychopathy (i.e., egocentric, callous, and antisocial dimensions) and adherence to traditional gender roles mediate the relationship between prior childhood/adolescent victimization and the acceptance of rape myths in a sample of college men and women ( N = 789). Path modeling indicates that experiences of psychological victimization (before age 16) increased egocentric psychopathic traits, which then increased the acceptance of rape myths in men. In women, however, sexual victimization (before age 16) increased the acceptance of traditional gender roles, which then influenced the acceptance of rape myths. Additionally, the egocentric facet of psychopathy exerted indirect effects on the acceptance of rape myths through traditional views on gender roles in both men and women. These findings highlight the need to continue to examine egocentric personality traits in relation to the development of rape myths in adolescent and young adult populations. Directions for collegiate programming are discussed.

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