scholarly journals Spatial constraints in large-scale expansion of wind power plants

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (27) ◽  
pp. e2103875118
Author(s):  
Enrico G. A. Antonini ◽  
Ken Caldeira
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Wind Farm ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Geostrophic Wind ◽  
Coriolis Parameter ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Scales ◽  
Wind Power Plants ◽  
Power Densities

When wind turbines are arranged in clusters, their performance is mutually affected, and their energy generation is reduced relative to what it would be if they were widely separated. Land-area power densities of small wind farms can exceed 10 W/m2, and wakes are several rotor diameters in length. In contrast, large-scale wind farms have an upper-limit power density in the order of 1 W/m2 and wakes that can extend several tens of kilometers. Here, we address two important questions: 1) How large can a wind farm be before its generation reaches energy replenishment limits and 2) How far apart must large wind farms be spaced to avoid inter–wind-farm interference? We characterize controls on these spatial and temporal scales by running a set of idealized atmospheric simulations using the Weather and Research Forecasting model. Power generation and wind speed within and over the wind farm show that a timescale inversely proportional to the Coriolis parameter governs such transition, and the corresponding length scale is obtained by multiplying the timescale by the geostrophic wind speed. A geostrophic wind of 8 m/s and a Coriolis parameter of 1.05 × 10−4 rad/s (latitude of ∼46°) would give a transitional scale of about 30 km. Wind farms smaller than this result in greater power densities and shorter wakes. Larger wind farms result instead in power densities that asymptotically reach their minimum and wakes that reach their maximum extent.

scholarly journals Grid-forming control strategies for blackstart by offshore wind farms

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anubhav Jain ◽  
Jayachandra N. Sakamuri ◽  
Nicolaos A. Cutululis
Keyword(s):  
Power System ◽  
Wind Power ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Wind Farm ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Stability Limit ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Wind Power Plants

Abstract. Large-scale integration of renewable energy sources with power-electronic converters is pushing the power system closer to its dynamic stability limit. This has increased the risk of wide-area blackouts. Thus, the changing generation profile in the power system necessitates the use of alternate sources of energy such as wind power plants, to provide blackstart services in the future. This however, requires grid-forming and not the traditionally prevalent grid-following wind turbines. In this paper, four different grid-forming control strategies have been implemented in an HVDC-connected wind farm. A simulation study has been carried out to test the different control schemes for the different stages of energization of onshore load by the wind farm. Their transient behaviour during transformer inrush, converter pre-charge and de-blocking, and onshore block-load pickup, has been compared to demonstrate the blackstart capabilities of grid-forming wind power plants for early participation in power system restoration.

Computational Studies of Voltage Regulation Provided by Wind Farms Through Reactive Power Control

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex Reis ◽  
Leandro Pains Moura ◽  
José Carlos de Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Wind Power ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Wind Farm ◽  
Reactive Power ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Voltage Regulation ◽  
Electrical Networks ◽  
Constant Attention ◽  
Wind Power Plants ◽  
Power Generation Systems

AbstractThe ever-growing demand for energy sources of low environmental impact has given a greater importance to wind farms in many countries. However, due to operational characteristics of these complexes, which are reflected into a variability of the energy produced and in the use of power electronic converters, the interaction between wind power plants and electrical networks shows itself to be an area of high investigative interest. In fact, among the various phenomena that exist, steady state voltage variations constitute a theme that is under the constant attention of electrical system operators. In this context, the present article is directed toward the analysis of a voltage regulation strategy aimed at wind power generation systems composed by synchronous machines and full converters. Once established the methodology that lead to an ancillary operation of the wind farm, the authors present results of computational simulations on ATP/EMTP platform that attest to the efficiency of the strategy.

scholarly journals Evaluation Method of Wind Speed Time-Shifting Characteristics at Multiple Scales and Its Application in Wind Power System

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Han Wang ◽  
Shuang Han ◽  
Yongqian Liu ◽  
Aimei Lin
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Power System ◽  
Wind Power ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Wind Farm ◽  
Evaluation Method ◽  
Multiple Scales ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Physical Method ◽  
Wind Power System

The wind speed sequences at different spatial positions have a certain spatiotemporal coupling relationship. It is of great significance to analyze the clustering effect of the wind farm(s) and reduce the adverse impact of large-scale wind power integration if we can grasp this relationship at multiple scales. At present, the physical method cannot optimize the time-shifting characteristics in real time, and the research scope is concentrated on the wind farm. The statistical method cannot quantitatively describe the temporal relationship and the speed variation among wind speed sequences at different spatial positions. To solve the above problems, a quantification method of wind speed time-shifting characteristics based on wind process is proposed in this paper. Two evaluation indexes, the delay time and the decay speed, are presented to quantify the time-shifting characteristics. The effectiveness of the proposed method is verified from the perspective of the correlation between wind speed sequences. The time-shifting characteristics of wind speed sequences under the wind farms scale and the wind turbines scale are studied, respectively. The results show that the proposed evaluation method can effectively achieve the quantitative analysis of time-shifting and could improve the results continuously according to the actual wind conditions. Besides, it is suitable for any spatial scale. The calculation results can be directly applied to the wind power system to help obtain the more accurate output of the wind farm.

scholarly journals ANALYSIS OF FAULT ON 1.5 MW WIND POWER PLANTS

2014 ◽  
pp. 30-33
Author(s):  
MANONMANI . N ◽  
DIVYA. K ◽  
LOGANATHAN. R
Keyword(s):  
Power Plants ◽  
Wind Farm ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Induction Generator ◽  
Doubly Fed Induction Generator ◽  
Turbine Generator ◽  
Interconnected System ◽  
Wind Power Plants ◽  
Large Size ◽  
Doubly Fed

Large size wind farms are booming day by day. As wind energy generated is highly dynamic and dependent on only wind, the overall system’s performance is important for profitable operation. Faults produced by wind turbine generator systems will impact not only the wind farms but also the interconnected system including the grid if proper protection is not ensured. In this paper it is proposed to model a 1.5MW wind farm using doubly fed induction generator and study the effects of phase to ground faults under various load conditions. For the study the vector control of the Doubly Fed Induction Generator is used.

Modeling Large-Scale Wind Farms for Reliability Analysis Considering Wake Effect

2014 ◽  
Vol 543-547 ◽  
pp. 647-652
Author(s):  
Ye Zhou Hu ◽  
Lin Zhang ◽  
Pai Liu ◽  
Xin Yuan Liu ◽  
Ming Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Power Generation ◽  
Wind Speed ◽  
Wind Power ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Wind Farm ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Wind Power Generation ◽  
Wake Effect ◽  
Effect Model ◽  
The Individual

Large scale wind power penetration has a significant impact on the reliability of the electric generation systems. A wind farm consists of a large number of wind turbine generators (WTGs). A major difficulty in modeling wind farms is that the WTG not have an independent capacity distribution due to the dependence of the individual turbine output on the same energy source, the wind. In this paper, a model of the wind farm output power considering multi-wake effects is established according to the probability distribution of the wind speed and the characteristic of the wind generator output power: based on the simple Jenson wake effect model, the wake effect with wind speed sheer model and the detail wake effect model with the detail shade areas of the upstream wind turbines are discussed respectively. Compared to the individual wake effect model, this model takes the wind farm as a whole and considers the multi-wakes effect on the same unit. As a result the loss of the velocity inside the wind farm is considered more exactly. Furthermore, considering the features of sequentially and self-correlation of wind speed, an auto-regressive and moving average (ARMA) model for wind speed is built up. Also the reliability model of wind farm is built when the output characteristics of wind power generation units, correlation of wind speeds among different wind farms, outage model of wind power generation units, wake effect of wind farm and air temperature are considered. Simulation results validate the effectiveness of the proposed models. These models can be used to research the reliability of power grid containing wind farms, wind farm capacity credit as well as the interconnection among wind farms

Study on Transient Stability Simulation of District Grid Containing High Proportion of Wind Power

2014 ◽  
Vol 1070-1072 ◽  
pp. 275-278
Author(s):  
Li Lin ◽  
Shuang Zhao ◽  
Meng Ze Yu ◽  
Bo Jian Ding
Keyword(s):  
Wind Power ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Wind Farm ◽  
Fault Location ◽  
Transient Stability ◽  
Thermal Power ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Operating Modes ◽  
The Impact

As wind is random, intermittent and instability, with continual installation of wind farms, the impact of large scale wind farm on power system has become an important issue for integration and operation of wind farm. Aiming at studying the transient stability of district grid containing high proportion of wind power, numerical simulations with BPA for an actual district grid of China Southern Power Grid are presented. In these simulations, the interaction between the large-scale wind farm and traditional thermal power plants (TPPs) is investigated taking the different operating modes and fault location into account. The critical clearing time (CCT) is adopted as the measurable indicator to assess the interaction.

scholarly journals Fast Control-Oriented Dynamic Linear Model of Wind Farm Flow and Operation

Energies ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 3346 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonas Kazda ◽  
Nicolaos Cutululis
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Linear Model ◽  
Wind Turbines ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Wind Farm ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Dynamic Linear Model ◽  
Dynamic Flow ◽  
Aerodynamic Interaction ◽  
Fast Control

The aerodynamic interaction between wind turbines grouped in wind farms results in wake-induced power loss and fatigue loads of wind turbines. To mitigate these, wind farm control should be able to account for those interactions, typically using model-based approaches. Such model-based control approaches benefit from computationally fast, linear models and therefore, in this work, we introduce the Dynamic Flow Predictor. It is a fast, control-oriented, dynamic, linear model of wind farm flow and operation that provides predictions of wind speed and turbine power. The model estimates wind turbine aerodynamic interaction using a linearized engineering wake model in combination with a delay process. The Dynamic Flow Predictor was tested on a two-turbine array to illustrate its main characteristics and on a large-scale wind farm, comparable to modern offshore wind farms, to illustrate its scalability and accuracy in a more realistic scale. The simulations were performed in SimWindFarm with wind turbines represented using the NREL 5 MW model. The results showed the suitability, accuracy, and computational speed of the modeling approach. In the study on the large-scale wind farm, rotor effective wind speed was estimated with a root-mean-square error ranging between 0.8% and 4.1%. In the same study, the computation time per iteration of the model was, on average, 2.1 × 10 − 5 s. It is therefore concluded that the presented modeling approach is well suited for use in wind farm control.

Large-Eddy Simulation Study of Log Laws in a Neutral Ekman Boundary Layer

2018 ◽  
Vol 75 (6) ◽  
pp. 1873-1889 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qingfang Jiang ◽  
Shouping Wang ◽  
Peter Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Wind Speed ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Geostrophic Wind ◽  
Coriolis Parameter ◽  
Ekman Boundary Layer ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Large Eddy ◽  
Log Law ◽  
Flux Layer

Abstract The characteristics of wind profiles in a neutral atmospheric boundary layer and their dependence on the geostrophic wind speed Ug, Coriolis parameter f, and surface roughness length z0 are examined utilizing large-eddy simulations. These simulations produce a constant momentum flux layer and a log-law layer above the surface characterized by a logarithmic increase of wind speed with height. The von Kármán constant derived from the mean wind profile is around 0.4 over a wide range of control parameters. The depths of the simulated boundary layer, constant-flux layer, and surface log-law layer tend to increase with the wind speed and decrease with an increasing Coriolis parameter. Immediately above the surface log-law layer, a second log-law layer has been identified from these simulations. The depth of this upper log-law layer is comparable to its counterpart in the surface layer, and the wind speed can be scaled as , as opposed to just in the surface log-law layer, implying that in addition to surface processes, the upper log-law layer is also influenced by Earth’s rotation and large-scale conditions. Here is the friction velocity at the surface, and h is the boundary layer depth. An analytical model is proposed to assist in the interpretation of the log laws in a typical Ekman boundary layer. The physics and implications of the upper log-law layer are discussed.

scholarly journals Optimal location and reactive power injection of wind farms and SVC’s units using voltage indices and PSO

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 3407
Author(s):  
Nazha Cherkaoui ◽  
Abdelaziz Belfqih ◽  
Faissal El Mariami ◽  
Jamal Boukherouaa ◽  
Abdelmajid Berdai
Keyword(s):  
Wind Power ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Wind Farm ◽  
Reactive Power ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Voltage Regulation ◽  
Optimal Location ◽  
Wind Power Plants ◽  
Power Injection ◽  
Power Capability

<p class="Default">Nowadays, the use of the wind energy has known an important increase because it is clean and cheap. However, many technical issues could occur due to the integration of wind power plants into power grids. As a result, many countries have published grid code requirements that new installed wind turbines have to satisfy in order to facilitate its intergration to electrical networks. Among those requirements, the wind farms must be able to participate to ancillary services for instance voltage regulation and reactive power control. Nevertheless, in case of small wind farms having not the necessary reactive power capability to contribute to reactive power support, Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) devices could also be used to participate to reactive power support. In this paper, an optimization method based on particle swarm optimization (PSO) technique is presented. This method allows getting the optimal location and reactive power injection of both wind power plants (WPP) and synchronous var compensators (SVC) with the objective to improve the voltage profile and to minimize the active power losses. The IEEE 14 bus system and a 20 MW wind farm based doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) are used to validate the proposed algorithm. The simulation results are analysed and compared.</p>

Overview of Subsynchronous Oscillation in Grid-connected Wind Farm

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 969-979
Author(s):  
Xu Pei-Zhen ◽  
Lu Yong-Geng ◽  
Cao Xi-Min
Keyword(s):  
Power Systems ◽  
Wind Turbine ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Wind Farm ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Induction Generator ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Stable Operation ◽  
Subsynchronous Oscillation ◽  
Different Types

Background: Over the past few years, the subsynchronous oscillation (SSO) caused by the grid-connected wind farm had a bad influence on the stable operation of the system and has now become a bottleneck factor restricting the efficient utilization of wind power. How to mitigate and suppress the phenomenon of SSO of wind farms has become the focus of power system research. Methods: This paper first analyzes the SSO of different types of wind turbines, including squirrelcage induction generator based wind turbine (SCIG-WT), permanent magnet synchronous generator- based wind turbine (PMSG-WT), and doubly-fed induction generator based wind turbine (DFIG-WT). Then, the mechanisms of different types of SSO are proposed with the aim to better understand SSO in large-scale wind integrated power systems, and the main analytical methods suitable for studying the SSO of wind farms are summarized. Results: On the basis of results, using additional damping control suppression methods to solve SSO caused by the flexible power transmission devices and the wind turbine converter is recommended. Conclusion: The current development direction of the SSO of large-scale wind farm grid-connected systems is summarized and the current challenges and recommendations for future research and development are discussed.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document